Expresión de miRNAs en orina como herramienta de diagnóstico y pronóstico en cáncer de próstata / Expression of urine miRNAs as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in prostate cancer

Resumen Introducción: El cáncer de próstata es la principal causa de muerte por cáncer en México, el diagnóstico inicial se hace mediante la medición del antígeno prostático específico y el tacto rectal de la próstata. Sin embargo, hay limitaciones que incluye la capacidad para distinguir con precisión los pacientes con y sin cáncer y aquellos que presentan una forma agresiva de la enfermedad. Los microRNAs se encuentran alterados en el tejido prostático canceroso, incluyendo aquellos casos fármaco resistentes. Los miRNAs son reguladores de la expresión génica y se encuentran involucrados en diversos procesos patológicos. Se ha demostrado que estas moléculas son detectables en orina. Objetivo: Esta revisión presenta la información sobre cuáles son los miRNAs reportados en orina como posibles marcadores para el diagnóstico, pronóstico y respuesta a la terapia en cáncer de próstata. Resultados: De la búsqueda realizada en la bibliografía, se encontraron 13 miRNAs en los diferentes estudios, miR-19a, miR-19b, miR-21, miR-148a, miR-375, miR-125b-5p, miR-151-5p, miR-141, miR-200b, miR-221, miR-107, miR-26b-5p, miR-205-5p. Teniendo algunos miRNAs como miR-375, miR-21, miR-141 encontrados en varios estudios. Limitaciones del estudio o implicaciones: Se puede concluir es factible obtener la medición por métodos no invasivos de miRNAs en pacientes con cáncer de próstata. Originalidad o valor: Es un estudio de revisión respecto a los miRNAs obtenidos en muestras de orina en pacientes con cáncer de próstata.

Abstract Introduction: Prostate cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in Mexico, the initial diagnosis is made by measuring the Prostate Specific Antigen and the digital rectal examination of the prostate. However, there are limitations including the ability to accurately distinguish patients with and without cancer and those with an aggressive form of the disease. MicroRNAs are altered in cancerous prostate tissue, including drug-resistant cases. MiRNAs are regulators of gene expression and are involved in various pathological processes. These molecules have been shown to be detectable in urine. Objective: This review presents the information on which are the miRNAs reported in urine as possible markers for the diagnosis, prognosis and response to therapy in prostate cancer. Results: From the literature search, 13 miRNAs were found in the different studies, miR-19a, miR-19b, miR-21, miR-148a, miR-375, miR-125b-5p, miR-151-5p , miR-141, miR-200b, miR-221, miR-107, miR-26b-5p, miR-205-5p. Having some miRNAs like miR-375, miR-21, miR-141 found in various studies. Limitations of the study or implications: It can be concluded that it is feasible to obtain the measurement of miRNAs by non-invasive methods in patients with prostate cancer. Originality or value: It is a review study regarding miRNAs obtained in urine samples in patients with prostate cancer.

Ferritina sérica en el pronóstico de mortalidad en pacientes con neumonía severa por SARS-CoV-2 / Serial ferritin in the prognosis of mortality in patients with severe pneumonia due to SARS-CoV-

Señor editor: Los pacientes infectados con el nuevo coronavirus, designado como síndrome respiratorio agudo severo coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), desarrollan la enfermedad Covid-19, que puede causar neumonía grave y generar un compromiso de múltiples órganos. La tormenta de citocinas inflamatorias constituye la liberación excesiva e incontrolada de citocinas proinflamatorias, dentro de las cuales se cuentan las liberadas por los macrófagos (IL-6, IL-10 y TNF-α) que aumentan durante la enfermedad de Covid-19, y son responsables de la injuria a órganos.

Mr. Editor: Patients infected with the new coronavirus, designated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), develop Covid-19 disease, which can cause severe pneumonia and generate multiple organ involvement. The inflammatory cytokine storm is the excessive and uncontrolled release of proinflammatory cytokines, including those released by macrophages (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α), which increase during Covid-19 disease and are responsible for organ injury.

Características de la maternidad adolescente en un hospital del segundo nivel del contexto ecuatoriano / Characteristics of adolescent motherhood in a second-level hospital in the Ecuadorian context

La vulnerabilidad de los adolescentes se acentúa durante la maternidad debido a las posibles complicaciones biopsicosociales para el binomio madre-hijo. Así, se desarrolló un estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal, con un enfoque cuantitativo, cuya población estuvo integrada por 62 madres adolescentes, en puerperio inmediato, ingresadas en el Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia en el contexto de un hospital del segundo nivel de atención de la ciudad de Riobamba, durante el primer semestre del año 2019. Predominaron las edades perte-necientes a la etapa de la adolescencia tardía (77,4%), las autoidentificadas como mestizas, las que profesaban religión católica, el estado civil de unión libre o solteras y las de profesión de ama de casa. También, aquellas que no planificaron su embarazo (71%) y las que consideraron como deseado a su hijo. La mayoría de los adolescentes declararon no usar métodos anticoncep-tivos, no tener antecedentes patológicos familiares (67,74%) ni personales de interés (45,16%); aunque, entre estos últimos destacaron las infecciones de vías urinarias, que también constitu-yeron la principal enfermedad durante el embarazo. Preponderaron las embarazadas que se hicieron más de 5controles prenatales, las que cumplieron con las indicaciones y acudieron a las consultas de seguimiento, así como, la ausencia de complicaciones en los recién nacidos. El autoconcepto de las adolescentes puérperas participantes no se afectó gravemente en ninguna de estas, existiendo un predominio de afección entre moderada y leve, además de la categoría ninguna. En relación con el desempeño, predominaron aquellas en las que no se afectó.

The vulnerability of adolescents is accentuated during motherhood due to possible biopsychoso-cial complications for the mother-child binomial. An observational, descriptive, and cross-sec-tional study was developed with a quantitative approach. The population was made up of 62 adolescent mothers, in the immediate puerperium, admitted to the Gynecology and Obstetrics Service in the context of a second-level hospital of attention in the city of Riobamba, during the first semester of the year 2019. The predominated results were: the ages belonging to the late adolescence stage (77.4%), those self-identified as mestizo, those who professed a Catholic religion, the civil status of free union or single and those of the profession of housewife. Besides, those ones who did not plan their pregnancy (71%) and those ones who considered their child as desired. Most of the adolescents declared that they did not use contraceptive methods, did not have a family pathological history (67.74%) or personal history of interest (45.16%); although, among the latter, urinary tract infections stood out, which were also the main disease during pregnancy. The preponderance of pregnant women who underwent more than 5 prenatal check-ups, those who complied with the indications and attended follow-up consultations, as well as the absence of complications in the newborns. The self-concept of the participating puer-peral adolescents was not seriously affected in any of them, with a predominance of affection between moderate and mild, including the category none. In relation to performance, those ones that were not affected predominated.

Valoración de enfermería en gestantes con ruptura prematura de membranas / Nursing assessment in pregnant women with premature rupture of membranes

El proyecto se realizó con el objetivo de describir la valoración de Enfermería por dominios según NANDA-Internacional, en gestantes con diagnóstico de RPM, ingresadas en el Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia del Hospital Provincial General Docente Riobamba, Ecuador, durante el periodo octubre 2018 - enero 2019. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, con enfoque cuantitativo, de corte transversal; cuya población de estudio quedó constituida por 61 individuos. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante la aplicación de una entrevista estructurada a cada paciente y de la revisión de documentos (historias clínicas). Se observaron 8 dominios alterados. El 63% de las mujeres participantes tuvo insuficientes controles prenatales. En el 78.7% de los partos se reportó líquido amniótico de aspecto claro. El 73.7% de las gestantes presentó antecedentes de infección. Las mayores afectaciones fueron en los dominios referidos a sexualidad/reproducción y promoción de la salud. La mayoría presentó RPM entre las 39 y 40.6 semanas y la FCF normal. Predominaron las madres adolescentes que declararon no planificar su embarazo.

This research was carried out in order to describe the assessment of Nursing by domains according to NANDA-International in pregnant women with a diagnosis of PROM admitted to the Gynecology and Obstetrics Service of the Provincial General Hospital of Riobamba-Ecuador, during the period October 2018 - January 2019. A cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out with a quantitative approach; whose study population was made up of 61 individuals. The data were collected by applying a structured interview to each patient and reviewing documents (medical records). 8 altered domains were observed. 63% of the participating women had insufficient prenatal controls. Clear-looking amniotic fluid was reported in 78.7% of deliveries. 73.7% of pregnant women presented a history of infection. The greatest affectations were in the domains referring to sexuality / reproduction and health promotion. The majority presented PROM between 39 and 40.6 weeks and normal FHR. Adolescent mothers who declared not planning their pregnancy predominated.

Nosocomial transmission of extensively drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains in a tertiary level hospital.

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic infectious agent that affects primarily immunocompromised individuals. A. baumannii is highly prevalent in hospital settings being commonly associated with nosocomial transmission and drug resistance. Here, we report the identification and genetic characterization of A. baumannii strains among patients in a tertiary level hospital in Mexico. Whole genome sequencing analysis was performed to establish their genetic relationship and drug resistance mutations profile. Ten genetically different, extensively drug resistant strains were identified circulating among seven wards. The genetic profiles showed resistance primarily against aminoglycosides and beta-lactam antibiotics. Importantly, no mutants conferring resistance to colistin were observed. The results highlight the importance of implementing robust classification schemes for advanced genetic characterization of A. baumannii clinical isolates and simultaneous detection of drug resistance markers for adequate patient's management in clinical settings.

Características definitorias y factores relacionados del proceso de maternidad en adolescentes puérperas / Defining characteristics and related factors of the maternity process in postpartum adolescents

La maternidad en adolescentes ocasiona dificultades socioeconómicas que repercuten en la salud madre-hijo, por lo que los profesionales de Enfermería las incluyen en los planes de cuidado acciones destinadas al apoyo del proceso de maternidad durante el puerperio, brindando acompañamiento, en el desempeño del rol y en la prevención de posibles complicaciones. El presente estudio describe las características definitorias y factores relacionados del diagnóstico enfermero: Proceso de maternidad ineficaz en adolescentes puérperas atendidas en un hospital de segundo nivel de la ciudad de Riobamba. Se realizó un estudio cuali-cuantitativo, descriptivo, de campo, transversal, en una población integrada por 62 madres en edades comprendidas entre 10 a 19 años, aplicando una entrevista con base en las características definitorias y factores relacionados del diagnóstico enfermero mencionado. Entre las características definitorias predomina el acceso insuficiente a los sistemas de apoyo relacionado con confianza materna baja

Maternity in adolescents causes socioeconomic difficulties that have an impact on mother-child health, so nursing professionals include specific actions to support the maternity process during the puerperium in the care plans, providing accompaniment, in the role and in the prevention of possible complications. The present study describes the defining characteristics and related factors of the nursing diagnosis: Inefficient maternity process in postpartum adolescents treated in a second level hospital in the city of Riobamba. A quali-quantitative, descriptive, field, cross-sectional study was carried out in a population of 62 mothers between the ages of 10 and 19, applying an interview based on the defining characteristics and related factors of the nursing diagnosis mentioned. Insufficient access to support systems related to low maternal confidence prevails among the defining characteristics.

Evaluation of the effect of heat damage on DNA extracted from the dental pulp of restored teeth.

We evaluate structural damage effects of heat on DNA obtained from the dental pulp of restored premolars. We studied three groups (A, B and C) each group comprised twenty premolars extracted from five patients. Three of the four premolars of each donator were restored with different materials: amalgam, glass ionomer and resin, and one unrestored premolar was used as control. The group A was not exposed to heat, while B and C groups were exposed to 100 °C and 300 °C, respectively. The DNA damage was evaluated as percentage of genotyping of 15 Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) and amelogenin and by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed 100% genotyping in all unheated premolars; however, the increase in heat decreased genotyping percentage due to DNA degradation. The amplifications from the premolars restored with glass ionomer and those unrestored were less affected, amplifying by approximately 80% at 300 °C. FTIR revealed that DNA structural damage occurred in the phosphate region, and changes in ribose were also shown; in addition, we detected presence of ß- three-calcium-phosphate (ß - TCP) due to heat treatment. Moreover, the phosphate region of DNA was a good indicator of DNA integrity related to the ratio of 1230/1085 cm-1 in the second derivative (asymmetric/symmetric PO2), which was major in premolars restored with glass ionomer heated at 100 °C, and this ratio is related to less DNA alterations and better genotyping; however this changes only were detected at 100 °C, suggesting that dental restoration with this material only protects dental pulp at temperatures below 300 °C.

Mitochondrial T16189C Polymorphism Is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in the Mexican Population.

Genetic factors, such as the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) T16189C polymorphism, have been associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), but this association has not been studied in Mexico to date. The aim of the present study was to determine whether this polymorphism contributes to MetS in the Mexican population. We recruited 100 unrelated volunteer subjects who were divided into 2 groups: with MetS (MetS group) and without MetS (control group). All subjects were genotyped for the mtDNA T16189C polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. The mitochondrial T16189C polymorphism was detected in 24 (24%) of 100 subjects analyzed. The frequency of the mtDNA T16189C polymorphism was higher in the MetS group with 21 (32.3%) of 65 testing positive compared to 3 (8.5%) of 35 in the control group, indicating that this polymorphism is a probable risk factor for MetS in the Mexican population (odds ratio 5.0909, 95% CI 1.3977-18.5424, P = 0.0136). Our results may contribute to early diagnosis of MetS, which is essential for establishing changes in early stages of the disease to avoid further complications and pathologies, thereby preventing the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in Mexico.

Variaciones en el consumo individual de sal en presencia o ausencia de chile en la comida, en una comunidad de México / Variations in the individual consumption of table salt in the presence or absence of chile in food, in a community of México

El presente estudio se llevó a cabo en una comunidad del Altiplano Mexicano, con el objeto de determinar el consumo familiar e individual de sal en tres barrios de dicha comunidad, que cubren una gama de lo urbano a lo rural. Asimismo, se buscó estudiar si la degustación individual de sal agregada a preparaciones típicas de la región variaba con la presencia o ausencia de chile en la comida. Los resultados obtenidos revelaron que hay gran variabilidad en el consumo familiar de sal, encontrándose la media de consumo más alta en el barrio más urbano (Temascalcingo) (47.2 g/día), en tanto que las medias de consumo en los otros dos barrios (Boquí-intermedio y Bonshó más del tipo rural, 28.2 y 33.9 al día, respectivamente), resultaron más bajas, sin diferencia estadística entre estos últimos. A nivel individual, también hubo diferencias en el consumo de sal en los tres barrios, asociadas ea edad y sexo. Los consumos más elevados se encontraron en el barrio urbano entre los hombres de 15 a 22 años (9 g/día), mientras que entre las mujeres de 7 a 14 años del mismo barrio, los consumos más altos fueron de 6.37 g/día. Respecto a la degustación individual de sal, en dos de los tiempos de comida (desayuno y comida), se constató una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la adición de sal al platillo en presencia o ausencia de chile en la preparación, lo que sugiere que la presencia del chile desplaza a la sal como sazonador en la comida. A la vez, esto podría explicar el menor consumo ...