Tensión individualismo-gregarismo en la configuración psicológica del ser humano, I: apuntes sobre el surgimiento y las variaciones históricas del yo / Individualism-Gregariousness Tension in the Psychological Configuration of the Human Being, I: Notes on the Emergence and Historical Variations of the Self

This article presents the idea of articulating the concepts of individualism and gregariousness as two elements in tension in the psychological configuration of human beings, and the historical variations in self-configurations. The essay explores the genesis and evolution of the archetypes of the self developed in the different historical contexts throughout the history of humanity. This analysis connects with the functional and contextual perspective facilitating an inclusive vision of the behavioral repertoires that are articulated through the concepts of individualism, gregariousness, and the self. The main characteristics of the two groups of self-configurations emerged throughout the history of the human being are described: archetypes of gregarious selves, and archetypes of individualistic selves. Differentiating three individualistic archetypes such as romantic self, modernist self, and postmodernist self (AU)

Autoabandono del tabaco en una muestra española. Un estudio exploratorio / Self-quitting in a Spanish sample. An exploratory study

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Values in nursing students and professionals: An exploratory comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Many studies have explored personal values in nursing, but none has assessed whether the predictions made by the theory of intergenerational value change are true for the different generations of nursing professionals and students. This theory predicts a shift in those personal values held by younger generations towards ones focussed on self-expression. RESEARCH QUESTION: The purpose of the study was to identify intergenerational differences in personal values among nursing professionals and nursing students and to determine whether generational value profiles fit the predictions made by the theory. RESEARCH DESIGN: An exploratory comparative design with a cross-sectional survey method was used. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT: Participants were recruited from four public hospitals and 10 Primary Care Centres in medium-size cities in Spain. A sample of 589 nurses and 2295 nursing students participated in the study. An open survey method was used to collect data that were classified grouping reported values into categories following a method of value lexicon construction and analysed by contingency tables with Pearson's χ (2) and standardized residuals. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: Approval to conduct the study was obtained from the Deans of the nursing schools and the Directors of Nursing of the institutions. Anonymity was guaranteed, participation was voluntary and participants were informed of the purpose of the study. FINDINGS: The results can be synthesized in two age-related trends in the reporting of values among three groups of participants. First, among younger nurses and students, some nursing core values (e.g. ethical and professional) decreased in importance, while other values centred on social relationships and personal well-being increased. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study shows intergenerational change in personal values among both nursing students and young nursing professionals. Findings suggest the need to pay more attention to value training and professional socialization during the schooling period.

Aplicación de un programa de mejora de la adherencia en pacientes hipertensos debutantes / No disponible

OBJETIVO: Comprobar la eficacia de un programa para la mejora de la adherencia en pacientes hipertensos de reciente diagnóstico. DISEÑO: Estudio cuasi-experimental. Emplazamiento: Cuatro Centros de Atención Primaria de la provincia de Almería. PARTICIPANTES: Ciento veinte sujetos entre 18 y 65 años que habían sido diagnosticados como hipertensos en un periodo inferior a 12 meses. MEDICIONES PRINCIPALES: Los participantes fueron divididos en tres grupos: grupo de intervención A que recibió una instrucción educativa, grupo de intervención B que recibió la instrucción educativa y un procedimiento de feedback; y grupo control C que recibió el tratamiento habitual. La adherencia se determinó en función del estilo de vida (patrones de alimentación, actividad física, tabaco, alcohol) y tratamiento farmacológico. RESULTADOS: En el caso de la alimentación y actividad física, tras la intervención se observaron diferencias significativas entre los grupos de actuación (p < 0,05), encontrando mejores niveles de adherencia en los sujetos del grupo B con respecto a estas variables. También se observaron mejores patrones de adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico en dichos pacientes. No se hallaron resultados significativos con respecto al alcohol y tabaco. CONCLUSIONES: En la población de estudio, los pacientes que recibieron la instrucción educativa y feedback tuvieron mejores niveles de adherencia que aquellos que solo recibieron la instrucción o el tratamiento habitual

OBJECTIVE: To test the effectiveness of a program to improve treatment adherence in new onset hypertensive PATIENTS: DESIGN: This is a quasi-experimental study. LOCATION: Four health centers in Almeria. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 120 subjects between 18 and 65 years, diagnosed with hypertension within the previous 12 months. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The participants were divided into three groups: intervention group A, which received educational instruction, intervention group B, educational instruction and feedback process, and the control group C, received usual care. Adherence was determined by lifestyle (diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol) and drug treatment. RESULTS: As regards diet and physical activity, there were significant differences between performance groups after intervention (p < 0,05), with better adherence levels being found in group B subjects for these variables. Better adherence to pharmacological treatment was also observed in these PATIENTS: No significant results were found regarding alcohol and smoking. CONCLUSIONS: In the study population, patients undergoing educational instruction and feedback had better adherence levels than those who received only instruction or usual treatment

Valores personales en estudiantes y profesionales de enfermería / Personal Values among Students and Nurses / Valores pessoais em estudantes e profissionais de enfermagem

El estudio explora el contraste intergeneracional entre valores personales en estudiantes y profesionales de enfermería y su ajuste a las predicciones de la teoría del cambio de valores. La muestra estuvo formada por 369 estudiantes y profesionales de enfermería distribuidos en tres grupos: estudiantes (n = 150), profesionales menores de 40 años (n = 114), y profesionales entre 41 y 60 años (n = 105). Los participantes informaron de sus valores en orden de prioridad en un cuestionario abierto. Los informes se organizaron en categorías de valores para analizar las diferencias entre grupos. Se encuentran dos tendencias en el informe de valores personales, que se ajustan en algunos casos a lo predicho por la teoría del cambio de valores y, en otros casos, la contradicen. Se discute la importancia de estos hallazgos y la necesidad de potenciar una formación orientada hacia los valores de la profesión de enfermería. El estudio contribuye al conocimiento del cambio de valores personales en profesionales de enfermería.

The study explores the generational contrast between personal values in students and nurses and their adjustment to the predictions of the theory of changing values. The sample was comprised of 369 students and nurses who were divided into three groups: students (n = 150), nurses under age 40 (n = 114), and nurses between 41 and 60 years of age (n = 105). The participants reported their values on an open questionnaire, in order of priority. The reports were organized into value categories to analyze the differences between groups. Two trends were found in the report on personal values: in some cases, they fit what is predicted by the theory of changing values; in others, they contradict it. The importance of these findings and the need to empower training oriented towards the values of the nursing profession is discussed. The study contributes to what we know about the change in personal values among nursing professionals.

Este estudo explora o contraste intergeracional entre valores pessoais em estudantes e profissionais de enfermagem e seu ajuste às predições da teoria da mudança de valores. A amostra esteve conformada por 369 estudantes e profissionais de enfermagem distribuídos em três grupos: estudantes (n = 150), profissionais menores de 40 anos (n = 114) e profissionais entre 41 e 60 anos (n = 105). Os participantes informaram sobre seus valores em ordem de prioridade num questionário aberto. Os relatórios foram organizados por categorias de valores para analisar as diferenças entre grupos. Constataram-se duas tendências no relatório de valores pessoais que se ajustam, em alguns casos, ao dito pela teoria da mudança de valores; em outros casos, contradizem-na. Discute-se a importância dessas constatações e a necessidade de potencializar uma formação orientada aos valores da profissão de enfermagem. O estudo contribui para o conhecimento da mudança de valores pessoais em profissionais de enfermagem.

Aplicación de un programa de mejora de la adherencia en pacientes hipertensos debutantes.

OBJECTIVE: To test the effectiveness of a program to improve treatment adherence in new onset hypertensive patients. DESIGN: This is a quasi-experimental study. LOCATION: Four health centers in Almeria. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 120 subjects between 18 and 65 years, diagnosed with hypertension within the previous 12 months. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The participants were divided into three groups: intervention group A, which received educational instruction, intervention group B, educational instruction and feedback process, and the control group C, received usual care. Adherence was determined by lifestyle (diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol) and drug treatment. RESULTS: As regards diet and physical activity, there were significant differences between performance groups after intervention (p<0,05), with better adherence levels being found in group B subjects for these variables. Better adherence to pharmacological treatment was also observed in these patients. No significant results were found regarding alcohol and smoking. CONCLUSIONS: In the study population, patients undergoing educational instruction and feedback had better adherence levels than those who received only instruction or usual treatment.

Drinking motives among Spanish and Hungarian young adults: a cross-national study.

AIMS: To investigate differences and similarities in college students' drinking motives in Spain and in Hungary. METHODS: A total of 550 Spanish (mean age 22.7, SD = 3.2) and 997 Hungarian (mean age 22.4, SD = 2.7) college students completed the Drinking Motive Questionnaire Revised Short Form (DMQ-R SF) and answered other alcohol-related questions. Data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, t-test and structural equation modeling. RESULTS: The DMQ-R SF demonstrated good psychometric properties in both countries. The rank order of the motives (social > enhancement > coping > conformity) was identical in the two countries. However, Hungarian students scored higher on enhancement, social and coping motives than Spanish students. In both the Hungarian and the Spanish population, enhancement motives were associated with drinking frequency and drunkenness, while coping motives were associated with alcohol-related problems. Among Spanish students, a significant relationship was found between alcohol-related problems and enhancement motives as well. CONCLUSION: Despite the substantial differences in the drinking culture of both countries, drinking motives showed overwhelming similarities (e.g. rank order of motives and the particular relationships between motives and alcohol outcomes). Only few differences (e.g. Hungarian college students indicated a higher level of motives) were found in cross-national comparison. Our results imply that programs targeting risky drinking motives are likely to be successfully adapted to different drinking cultures in Europe.

Cambio en las conductas de riesgo y salud en estudiantes universitarios argentinos a lo largo del periodo educativo / Changes in Risk and Health Behaviors in Argentinian University Students throughout the Educational Period

The present study has as main goal the exploration of risk behaviors in a sample of 85 university undergraduated students from the Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina. All participants responded to a annonymous questionnaire with items related to health habits in food, sleep, exercise, substance use, and beliefs about health status. The results indicated that incoming students differ in their risk profiles from the students of last course. In addition, 42% of the students of last course reports not to have received information about health in university. A high percentage of students report positive beliefs on his/her health status regardless to the report of several risk behaviors. We discuss if the university education context need to pay more attention to health education (AU)

Se comparan las conductas de riesgo y de salud en 85 estudiantes universitarios de ambos sexos del primer y último año de la Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina, mediante un cuestionario sobre hábitos de salud y riesgo. Los resultados indicaron que los estudiantes de primero y último año difieren en sus perfiles de riesgo siendo el grupo de último año el que presenta un perfil de riesgo peor que sus compañeros de primer curso. Además, el 42% de los estudiantes de último curso informa no haber recibido información sobre salud a lo largo de su formación, ni ha mejorado sus hábitos de vida. En ambos grupos un elevado porcentaje de estudiantes mantienen creencias positivas sobre su estado de salud, aunque presenten numerosas conductas de riesgo. Se discute el papel del período de formación universitaria en la educación para la salud y el cambio en las conductas de riesgo de los estudiantes a lo largo de su estancia en la universidad (AU)