Diabetes incidence in Austria: The role of famines on diabetes and related NCDs.

Undernutrition in early life associates with increased risk for type 2 diabetes in later life. Whether similar associations hold for other diseases remains unclear. We aim to quantify how perinatal exposure to famines relates to the risk of becoming incident with type 2 diabetes in later life. Using population-wide medical claims data for Austrians aged >50y, yearly diabetes incidence was measured in an epidemiological progression model. We find incidence rates that increase from 2013 to 2017 and observe two famine-related birth cohorts of 5,887 patients with incidence rate increases for diabetes of up to 78% for males and 59% for females compared to cohorts born two years earlier. These cohorts show increased risks for multiple other diagnoses as well. Public health efforts to decrease diabetes must not only focus on lifestyle factors but also emphasize the importance of reproductive health and adequate nutrition during pregnancy and early postnatal life.

Trends in diabetes incidence in Austria 2013-2017.

This study aims to quantify whether age and sex groups in Austrian regions are equally affected by the rise of type 2 diabetes. Population-wide medical claims data was obtained for citizens in Austria aged above 50 year, who received antihyperglycemic treatments or underwent HbA1c monitoring between 2012 and 2017. Diabetes incidence was measured using an epidemiological diabetes progression model accounting for patients who discontinued antihyperglycemic therapy; the erratic group. Out of 746,184 patients, 268,680 (140,960 females) discontinued their treatment and/or monitoring for at least one year. Without adjusting for such erratic patients, incidence rates increase from 2013 to 2017 (females: from 0·5% to 1·1%, males: 0·5% to 1·2%), whereas they decrease in all groups after adjustments (females: - 0·3% to - 0·5%, males: - 0·4% to - 0·5%). Higher mortality was observed in the erratic group compared to patients on continued antihyperglycemic therapy (mean difference 12% and 14% for females and males, respectively). In summary, incidence strongly depends on age, sex and place of residency. One out of three patients with diabetes in Austria discontinued antihyperglycemic treatment or glycemic monitoring for at least one year. This newly identified subgroup raises concern regarding adherence and continuous monitoring of diabetes care and demands further evaluation.

Disease Management Program in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, long-term results of the early and established program cohort: A population-based retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term follow up of the early and the effectiveness of the established program of the Austrian Disease Management Program (DMP) 'Therapie aktiv-Diabetes im Griff' for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus concerning mortality, major macrovascular complications, costs and process quality of care parameters. METHODS: We conducted a propensity score matched cohort study based on routine health insurance data for type 2 diabetic patients. The observational period from the matched early program cohort starts from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2017 and includes 7181 DMP participants and 21543 non-participants. In the established matched program cohort, 3087 DMP participants and 9261 non-participants were observed within January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017. RESULTS: In the early program cohort, 22.1% of the patients in the DMP-group and 29.7% in the control-group died after 8 years follow-up (HR = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.66-0.73). A difference of € 1070 (95% bootstrap-T interval: € 723 - € 1412) in mean total costs per year was observed. In the established program cohort, 10.4% DMP participants died 4 years after enrollment, whereas in the control-group 11.9% of the patients died (HR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.78-0.99). Healthcare utilization is higher in the DMP-group (75%-96%) compared to the control-group (63%-90%). CONCLUSIONS: The 8-year long-term follow up of the DMP program showed a relevant improvement of survival and healthcare costs of patients with type 2 diabetes. The established program cohort had improved survival and quality of care. Our findings indicate that the DMP "Therapie aktiv" provides a long-term advantage for type 2 diabetes patients.

Cancer care near the end-of-life in Austria: A retrospective data analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Since end-of-life care (EOL) is an internationally accepted indicator for the quality of oncological care we aimed to investigate the current EOL care situation for Austrian cancer patients especially concerning the place of death cancer treatment hospitalisation near death and palliative care. METHODS: A retrospective data analysis was carried out based on Austrian routine inpatient data of the years 2012 to 2016. Data including the date of death of adult patients with a main hospital discharge diagnosis of a neoplasm were included. All analyses were source-related and based on the place of residence. RESULTS: In total 80818 cancer patients have died between 2012 and 2016 of whom 53.4% died in the inpatient setting. Palliative care at the EOL (last hospitalisation) was present in 12.9% of patients whereby more than 50% were admitted two to 14 days before death. Considering cancer treatment at the EOL (30 days before death) 6.9% of cancer patients have received chemotherapy 1.7% radiation therapy and 0.75% were treated with a monoclonal antibody. CONCLUSION: In international comparison Austria appears to do well on quality indicators concerning ICU-admission and chemotherapy treatment average on hospital death and poorly on hospital admissions and timely referral for palliative care.

Publicly accessible evidence of health-related quality of life benefits associated with cancer drugs approved by the European Medicines Agency between 2009 and 2015.

OBJECTIVE: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is one of the most important patient-relevant study end-points for the direct measurement of the benefit of cancer drugs. Therefore, our aim is to detect cancer indications with no published information on HRQoL at the time of European Medicines Agency (EMA) approval and monitor any reported HRQoL evidence updates after at least three years of follow-up. METHODS: We included all cancer indications that were approved by the EMA between January 2009 and October 2015. Our main sources of information were the EMA website, clinicaltrials.gov and a systematic literature search in PubMed. Information on HRQoL outcomes was extracted alongside evidence on median overall survival. RESULTS: In total, we identified 110 indications, of which more than half (n = 58, 53%) were lacking available information on HRQoL assessments at the time of EMA approval. After a monitoring period of at least three years, 24 updates were identified, resulting in 34 (31%) therapies where information on HRQoL was still not available. For the 76 therapies with reported information on HRQoL, cancer-specific instruments were mostly used (n = 49/76). Regarding cumulative evidence on median overall survival and HRQoL, 33 (n = 33/110, 30%) as well as 15 (n = 15/110, 14%) cancer drugs were lacking information on both study end-points at the time of approval and after monitoring, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that there is an urgent need of routine re-evaluation of reimbursed cancer drugs with initially missing information on major outcomes. Standardisation of the typology and quality of HRQoL assessments need to be improved to allow better comparability of results.

[End-of-life therapy for patients dying with cancer: a retrospective database study]. / Krebserkrankungen ­ Therapie am Lebensende: eine retrospektive Datenanalyse.

BACKGROUND: The topic of "medical oversupply at the end-of-life" is being discussed intensively internationally. The aim of this paper is to present the data of end-of-life care in one region in Austria (Lower Austria). METHODS: The data basis for the end-of-life indicators was the routine data (secondary data analysis) of the Lower Austrian District Health Insurance Fund (NÖGKK) from 2015. The basic population consisted of persons with inpatient hospitalization with a cancer diagnosis. Primary endpoints included place of death and time of death, hospital admission, and special end-of-life therapies (30 days before death). NÖGKK insured persons older than 16 years and a subpopulation older than 65 years were evaluated. RESULTS: 2788 cancer patients (NÖGKK insured) were included. 61.1% died in a hospital, 17.9% of them on the day of admission. In 16.2% of all patients, death occurred on a palliative care unit, 9.3% died in an intensive care unit. The hospitalization rate 30 days before death was 61.6%. Hospital admission was more common in men than in women. 9.4% of total deaths received chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or monoclonal antibodies within the last 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: In international comparison, the region of Lower Austria shows very high hospital admission and hospital mortality rates. Further investigations for the entire country (all regions) are therefore desirable. The establishment of a discussion about the medical oversupply at the end-of-life in Austria, including appropriate care concepts and care models, is needed.

The Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Austrians Disease Management Program in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study.

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of the Austrian Disease Management Program (DMP) 'Therapie aktiv-Diabetes im Griff' for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus concerning patient-relevant outcomes (mortality, myocardial infarction and stroke) and costs. METHODS: Based on routine health insurance data, we conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study using a propensity score (PS) matched control group design. The DMP-group consists of participants enrolled in the program during 2008 and 2009 (n = 7181). Out of 208.532 patients with no participation in the DMP up to 2013, PS-matched controls were selected with a matching ratio 1:3. In the PS-model, patient's characteristics, form of antidiabetic drug therapy, several prescriptions, the number of hospital admissions and days, main discharge diagnoses and costs at baseline were included. RESULTS: Over a follow-up period of four years, we observed a significantly lower mortality rate in the DMP-group (9.4%) in comparison with the control group (15.9%, p<0.001). The cumulative number of hospital days and mean annual hospital costs were lower for DMP-participants resulting in significantly lower mean annual total costs, amounting to € 8226.80 per patient in the DMP-group and € 9231.10 in the control group respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation shows a survival benefit and an average reduction of costs for participants in the DMP compared with the control-group. Despite we took great effort to ensure comparable groups, we cannot entirely rule out an influence by residual and unmeasured confounding due to the observational study design and the use of routine data. However, the results indicate that the disease management program implemented in Austria improves quality of care for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Quantifying low-value services by using routine data from Austrian primary care.

BACKGROUND: Open debates about the reduction of low-value services, unnecessary diagnostic tests and ineffective therapeutic procedures and initiatives like "Choosing Wisely "in the USA and Canada are still absent in Austria. The objectives of this study are: (i) to establish a list of ineffective or low-value services possibly provided in Austrian primary care, (ii) to explore how many of these services are quantifiable using routine data and (iii) to estimate the number of affected beneficiaries and avoidable costs arising from the provision of these services. METHODS: In May 2014, we identified low-value care services relevant for primary care in Austria. For our analysis we used routine data sets from the Austrian health insurance. All analysis refer to the insured population of the Lower Austrian Sickness Fund (n = 1 168 433) in the year 2013. RESULTS: (i) We found 453 low-value services possibly offered in Austrian primary care. (ii) Only 34 (7.5%) services were quantifiable using routine data. (iii) In the year 2013, these 34 services were provided to at least 246 131 beneficiaries and the estimated avoidable costs arising were at least 11.38 million Euros. This accounts for 1.2% of overall spending of the Lower Austrian Sickness Fund for drugs and services provided by primary care doctors in the year 2013. CONCLUSION: The absence of a homogeneous, transparent and accessible coding system for diagnosis in Austrian primary care restrained our assessment. However, our study findings illustrate the potential utility and limitations of using claims-based measures to identify low-value care.