Cultural adaptation to Bolivian Quechua and psychometric analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire PHQ-9.

OBJECTIVE: Cultural adaptation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-PHQ-9 to Bolivian Quechua and analysis of the internal structure validity, reliability, and measurement invariance by sociodemographic variables. METHODS: The PHQ-9 was translated and back-translated (English-Quechua-English) to optimise translation. For the cultural adaptation, experts, and people from the target population (e.g., in focus groups) verified the suitability of the translated PHQ-9. For the psychometric analysis, we performed a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to evaluate internal validity, calculated α and ω indices to assess reliability, and performed a Multiple Indicator, Multiple Cause (MIMIC) model for evaluating measurement invariance by sex, age, marital status, educational level and residence. We used standard goodness-of-fit indices to interpret both CFA results. RESULTS: The experts and focus groups improved the translated PHQ-9, making it clear and culturally equivalent. For the psychometric analysis, we included data from 397 participants, from which 73.3% were female, 33.0% were 18-30 years old, 56.7% reported primary school studies, 63.2% were single, and 62.0% resided in urban areas. In the CFA, the single-factor model showed adequate fit (Comparative Fit Index = 0.983; Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.977; Standardized Root Mean Squared Residual = 0.046; Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation = 0.069), while the reliability was optimal (α = 0.869-0.877; ω = 0.874-0.885). The invariance was confirmed across all sociodemographic variables (Change in Comparative Fit Index (delta) or Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (delta) < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The PHQ-9 adapted to Bolivian Quechua offers a valid, reliable and invariant unidimensional measurement across groups by sex, age, marital status, educational level and residence.

The short-form of the Cyberchondria Severity Scale (CSS-12): Adaptation and validation of the Spanish version in young Peruvian students.

BACKGROUND: Cyberchondria is defined as the increase in health-related anxiety or anguish associated with excessive or repeated online searches for health-related information. Our objective was to cross-culturally adapt and validate the CSS-12 scale for Peruvian Spanish speakers, to determine whether the Bifactor model works as well in our population as in previous studies' and to explore whether the Bifactor-ESEM is a more suitable model. METHODS: We performed a cultural adaptation using the Delphi method and a validation study on medical students between 2018 and 2019. Reliability was evaluated by using Cronbach's alpha (α) and McDonald's omega (Ω) for internal consistency, and Pearson's r and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), for test-retest reliability. We evaluated construct validity by contrasting four measurement models for the CSS-12 and the convergent validity against health anxiety. RESULTS: The Spanish CSS-12 showed excellent reliability (α = .93; Ω = .93; ICC = .93; r = .96). The Bifactor ESEM model showed the best fit, supporting a unidimensional measure of the general cyberchondria. This measure was positively associated with health anxiety (r = .51). CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish CSS-12 provides a valid and reliable unidimensional measure of cyberchondria, which is distinguishable from the more general health anxiety. This can be applied to similar populations and future research. The Bifactor-ESEM model appears to offer a more accurate and realistic representation of the multifaceted nature of cyberchondria. We provide a free-to-use form of the Spanish CSS-12 as supplemental material.

Factors associated with health anxiety in medical students at a private university in Lima, Peru.

INTRODUCTION: There are few studies that examine the factors associated with the different levels of health anxiety in medical students. The objective was to determine the factors associated with the levels of health anxiety in medical students in 2018. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out with 657 medical students from a private Peruvian university. Participants answered a questionnaire from which information was collected regarding levels of health anxiety (SHAI). For the analysis, linear regression was used to calculate crude and adjusted betas, and their 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The mean health anxiety score was 14 ±â€¯6.7. An association between health anxiety and the year of study is reported, with the second year showing the highest scores. In addition, an association between health anxiety and smoking is highlighted, as there are higher levels in occasional smokers, as well as a weak inverse correlation with age. No association was found with sex, place of birth, or having a first-degree relative that is a doctor or health worker. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that age, year of studies and smoking are associated with health anxiety levels. More studies are required, especially of a longitudinal nature.

Factores asociados con la ansiedad por la salud en estudiantes de Medicina de una universidad privada en Lima, Perú / Factors Associated with Health Anxiety in Medical Students at a Private University in Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Introducción: Existen pocos estudios que examinen los factores asociados con los distintos niveles ansiedad por la salud en los estudiantes de Medicina. El objetivo es determinar los factores asociados con los niveles de ansiedad por la salud en estudiantes de Medicina en el ario 2018. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico con 657 estudiantes de Medicina de una universidad privada peruana. Los participantes respondieron a un cuestionario donde se recopiló la información respecto a los niveles de ansiedad por la salud (SHAI). Para el análisis se empleó la regresión lineal para calcular los betas, brutos y ajustados, y sus intervalos de confianza del 95%. Resultados: El promedio de la puntuación de ansiedad por la salud fue de 14 ± 6,7. Se reporta una asociación entre la ansiedad por la salud y el año de estudio, y el segundo año es el que revela puntuaciones más altas. Además, pone de manifiesto la asociación entre la ansiedad por la salud y el consumo de tabaco, pues hay niveles más altos en los fumadores ocasionales, así como una débil correlación inversa con la edad. No se revela asociación con el sexo, el lugar de nacimiento, tener un familiar de primer grado médico o un familiar de primer grado personal saiario. Conclusiones: El presente estudio evidenció que la edad, el año de estudios y el consumo de tabaco se asocian con los niveles de ansiedad por la salud. Se requieren más estudios, especialmente de naturaleza longitudinal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: There are few studies that examine the factors associated with the different levels of health anxiety in medical students. The objective was to determine the factors associated with the levels of health anxiety in medical students in 2018. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out with 657 medical students from a private Peruvian university. Participants answered a questionnaire from which information was collected regarding levels of health anxiety (SHAI). For the analysis, linear regression was used to calculate crude and adjusted betas, and their 95% confidence intervals. Results: The mean health anxiety score was 14 ± 6.7. An association between health anxiety and the year of study is reported, with the second year showing the highest scores. In addition, an association between health anxiety and smoking is highlighted, as there are higher levels in occasional smokers, as well as a weak inverse correlation with age. No association was found with sex, place of birth, or having a first-degree relative that is a doctor or health worker. Conclusions: The present study showed that age, year of studies and smoking are associated with health anxiety levels. More studies are required, especially of a longitudinal nature.

Factors Associated with Health Anxiety in Medical Students at a Private University in Lima, Peru. / Factores asociados con la ansiedad por la salud en estudiantes de Medicina de una universidad privada en Lima, Perú.

INTRODUCTION: There are few studies that examine the factors associated with the different levels of health anxiety in medical students. The objective was to determine the factors associated with the levels of health anxiety in medical students in 2018. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out with 657 medical students from a private Peruvian university. Participants answered a questionnaire from which information was collected regarding levels of health anxiety (SHAI). For the analysis, linear regression was used to calculate crude and adjusted betas, and their 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The mean health anxiety score was 14±6.7. An association between health anxiety and the year of study is reported, with the second year showing the highest scores. In addition, an association between health anxiety and smoking is highlighted, as there are higher levels in occasional smokers, as well as a weak inverse correlation with age. No association was found with sex, place of birth, or having a first-degree relative that is a doctor or health worker. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that age, year of studies and smoking are associated with health anxiety levels. More studies are required, especially of a longitudinal nature.

Mortalidad y años de vida potencialmente perdidos por tuberculosis en el Perú, 2013 / Mortality rates and years of potential life lost because of tuberculosis in Peru, 2013

RESUMEN Objetivos: Determinar la razón de años de vida potencialmente perdidos (AVPP) y la mortalidad por tuberculosis en el Perú en el 2013. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de diseño ecológico de tipo transversal analítico a partir de la base de datos de defunciones totales del Perú del 2013. Se halló la tasa de mortalidad específica por edad y sexo debida a tuberculosis, así como la tasa ajustada según departamento. También, se determinó la razón de AVPP debida a tuberculosis estratificadas por grupos de edad y sexo. Resultados: En el 2013, ocurrieron 2 717 defunciones por tuberculosis; la tasa de mortalidad general fue de 544 y la de tuberculosis, 8,9 (ambas por 100 mil habitantes). El mayor porcentaje de fallecidos fueron varones y la principal causa de tuberculosis fue pulmonar. Los AVPP por tuberculosis en el 2013 fueron 57 314, con una razón de 1,9 por 1000 habitantes. Conclusión: La tasa de mortalidad por tuberculosis en el 2013 mostró un comportamiento desigual, concentrándose en los más pobres, el ámbito urbano y la selva; siendo Ucayali el departamento con mayor tasa de mortalidad. Los varones presentaron una mortalidad superior y la tasa de mortalidad específica por edad fue mayor en los grupos más longevos. Finalmente, el grupo etario de 45 a 59 años y los varones fueron los que tuvieron mayor AVPP

ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine the years of potential life lost (YPLL) and the mortality rates because of tuberculosis (TB) in Peru in 2013. Materials and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study with an ecological design was performed, taking information from the total Peruvian deceased person database for year 2013. We looked for the specific age- and sexadjusted mortality rates for tuberculosis, as well as adjusted rates for each department. Also, the YPLL rate for tuberculosis was determined, stratified for age and sex groups. Results: During 2013, there were 2727 fatal cases of tuberculosis, the overall mortality rate was 544, and that for TB was 8.9 (both per 100,000 inhabitants). Most of the deceased subjects were male, and the main form of TB was pulmonary. YPLL because of TB in 2013 were 57314, which translates into a 1.9 per 1,000 inhabitant rate. Conclusion: The mortality rate for tuberculosis in 2013 had an uneven behavior, being mostly concentrated in the poorest strata, urban areas, and the jungle, being Ucayali the department that had the highest mortality rate. Males had higher mortality rates, and the age-specific mortality rate was higher in the elderly. Finally, the 45- to 59- year old age group and males were those who had higher YPLL values