Effects of the replacement corn meal by whole mango meal on tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) diet: Digestibility, growth performance, biochemical, and hematological responses.

This study evaluated the digestibility of whole mango (Mangifera indica) meal (WMM) and determined the growth performance, intestinal enzyme activity, and metabolic and hematologic responses of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juveniles fed diets containing different proportions of corn meal (CM) substitution by WMM. Fish fed with graded levels of WMM (0 (control), 80, 160, 240, and 320 g kg diet-1), replacing part of the dietary CM. The apparent digestibility coefficients of WMM were above 96%. Diets with WMM did not affect growth performance or intestinal enzyme activity. However, they showed a positive linear effect on plasma glucose, amino acids, and albumin levels and a negative linear effect on hepatic aspartate aminotransferase activity and hepatic glycogen, plasma cholesterol, and hemoglobin levels. Increased erythrocyte values and decreased plasma triglyceride levels were verified in fish fed 80 and 160 g WMM kg diet-1. In conclusion, the WMM may be a viable alternative to the tambaqui juveniles' diet, and WMM could replace up to 16% of CM without harming the growth and health of tambaqui juveniles.

Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling studies of novel 1,2,3-triazole-linked menadione-furan derivatives as P2X7 inhibitors.

The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is an ion channel that promotes the passage of ions through the membrane through brief stimulation once activated by ATP, its endogenous opener. However, prolonged stimulation with ATP, which occurs in pathological processes, opens a nonselective pore in the plasma membrane, allowing the passage of large molecules and leading to cytokine release or even cell death. In this sense, the search for new inhibitors for this receptor has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. Considering the booming of biomass upgrading reactions in recent years and the continued efforts to synthesize biologically active molecules containing the 1,2,3-triazole ring, in the present work, we aimed to investigate whether triazole-linked menadione-furan derivatives could present P2X7R inhibitory activity. The novel compounds were tested for their inhibitory activity on ATP-induced dye uptake in peritoneal macrophages. Some have shown promising results, having displayed IC50 values lower than that of the P2X7R inhibitor BBG. Molecular docking studies also indicated that the active compounds bind to an allosteric site on P2X7R, presenting potential P2X7R inhibition.

Juglone: A Versatile Natural Platform for Obtaining New Bioactive Compounds.

Juglone is a metabolite produced by several species of plants, in particular Juglans nigra. Additionally, juglone is a 1,4-naphthoquinone that has several biological actions. Antimicrobial, antifungal, sedative, oxidizing, antihypertensive, and especially anti-proliferative actions have been described for juglone. This justifies that 1,4-naphthoquinone is a privileged structure for Medicinal Chemistry, and it is useful for the development of new prototypes with varied actions. In this work, we make a profound review of juglone synthesis methodology, the biological actions of juglone, and mainly the synthesis and pharmacological actions of juglone derivatives. We hope that the potent biological actions described for these derivatives in this review will stimulate the continuous design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of new juglone derivatives.

(3,3'-Methylene)bis-2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones induce cytotoxicity against DU145 and PC3 cancer cells by inhibiting cell viability and promoting cell cycle arrest.

We developed a novel method for the synthesis of bis-naphthoquinones (BNQ), which are hybrids of lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) and 3-hydroxy-juglone (3,5-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone). The anticancer activity of three synthesized compounds, named 4 (RC10), 5 (RCDFC), and 6 (RCDOH) was evaluated in vitro against two metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines, DU145 and PC3, using MTT assays. We found that 4 (RC10) and 5 (RCDFC) induced cytotoxicity against DU145 and PC3 cells. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that these two compounds promoted cell cycle arrest in G1/S and G2/M phases, increased Sub-G1 peak and induced inhibition in cell viability. We also showed that these effects are cell-type context dependent and more selective for these tested PCa cells than for HUVEC non-tumor cells. The two BNQ compounds 4 (RC10) and 5 (RCDFC) displayed promising anticancer activity against the two tested metastatic PCa cell lines, DU145 and PC3. Their effects are mainly associated with inhibition of cell viability, possibly through apoptotic cell death, besides altering the SubG1, G1/S and G2/M phases of cell cycle. 5 (RCDFC) compound was found to be more selective than 4 (RC10), when comparing their cytotoxic effects in relation to HUVEC non-tumoral cells. Future work should also test these compounds in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs to evaluate their effects on further sensitizing drug-resistant metastatic PCa cells.

Strategies for the Synthesis of Mono- and Bis-Thionaphthoquinones.

The subclass of compounds that have the nucleus 1, 4-naphthoquinone is the most diverse class of quinones, which have a large number of substances and have useful applications ranging from medicinal chemistry to application in materials with special properties. The introduction of one or two substituents with the sulfur heteroatom in the naphthoquinone nucleus generates products containing alkyl and aryl groups that amplify certain biological properties against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. There are several methods of preparing these compounds, mainly from low molecular weight naphthoquinones with two electrophilic sites capable of reacting with sulfides generating diversity and new classes of compounds, including new sulfur heterocycles and sulfur heterocycles fused with naphthoquinones. These compounds have been shown to be bioactive against several biological targets. This review will describe the methods of their synthesis and, when applicable, their biological activities.

Optimization of 1,4-Naphthoquinone Hit Compound: A Computational, Phenotypic, and In Vivo Screening against Trypanosoma cruzi.

Chagas disease (CD) still represents a serious public health problem in Latin America, even after more than 100 years of its discovery. Clinical treatments (nifurtimox and benznidazole) are considered inadequate, especially because of undesirable side effects and low efficacy in the chronic stages of the disease, highlighting the urgency for discovering new effective and safe drugs. A small library of compounds (1a-i and 2a-j) was designed based on the structural optimization of a Hit compound derived from 1,4-naphthoquinones (C2) previously identified. The biological activity, structure-activity relationship (SAR), and the in silico physicochemical profiles of the naphthoquinone derivatives were analyzed. Most modifications resulted in increased trypanocidal activity but some substitutions also increased toxicity. The data reinforce the importance of the chlorine atom in the thiophenol benzene ring for trypanocidal activity, highlighting 1g, which exhibit a drug-likeness profile, as a promising compound against Trypanosoma cruzi. SAR analysis also revealed 1g as cliff generator in the structure-activity similarity map (SAS maps). However, compounds C2 and 1g were unable to reduce parasite load, and did not prevent mouse mortality in T. cruzi acute infection. Phenotypic screening and computational analysis have provided relevant information to advance the optimization and design of new 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives with a better pharmacological profile.

Selective and Sensitive Pull Down of Amyloid Fibrils Produced in Vitro and in Vivo by the Use of Pentameric-Thiophene-Coupled Resins.

Protein aggregation is a hallmark of several degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and familial amyloidosis (Finnish type) (FAF). A method to isolate and detect amyloids is desired for the diagnosis of amyloid diseases. Here, we report the synthesis of pentameric thiophene amyloid ligand (p-FTAA) linked to agarose resin for selective purification of amyloid aggregates produced in vitro and in vivo. Using amyloid fibrils produced in vitro from α-synuclein, gelsolin, and Aß1-40 and gelsolin amyloid aggregates extracted from tissue homogenates of a mouse model of FAF, we observed that p-FTAA resin was able to pull down amyloid aggregates. The functionalized resin was also able to pull down oligomers produced in vitro from the A30P variant of α-synuclein. The methodology described here can be useful for the diagnosis of amyloidogenic disease and also can be used to purify amyloid fibrils from biological samples, rendering the fibrils available for more accurate structural and biochemical characterization.

Antibacterial naphthoquinone derivatives targeting resistant strain Gram-negative bacteria in biofilms.

The aims of this study were the planning, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of 2-hydroxy-3-phenylsulfanylmethyl-[1,4]-naphthoquinones against Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains, searching for potential lead compounds against bacterial biofilm formation. A series of 12 new analogs of 2-hydroxy-3-phenylsulfanylmethyl-[1,4]-naphthoquinones were synthesized by adding a thiol and different substituents to a ο-quinone methide using microwave irradiation. The compounds were tested against Gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, S. simulans ATCC 27851, S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 and a hospital Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain), as well as Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, P. aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 15290, Serratia marcescens ATCC 14756, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 4352 and Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 23355) strains, using the disk diffusion method. Ten compounds showed activity mainly against Gram-negative strains with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC = 4-64 µg/mL) within the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) levels. The biofilm inhibition data showed compounds, 9e, 9f, 9j and 9k, are anti-biofilm molecules when used in sub-MIC concentrations against P. aeruginosa ATCC 15442 strain. Compound (9j) inhibited biofilm formation up to 63.4% with a better profile than ciprofloxacin, which is not able to prevent biofilm formation effectively. The reduction of P. aeruginosa ATCC 15442 mature biofilms was also observed for 9e and 9k. The structure modification applied in the series resulted in 12 new naphthoquinones with antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria strains (E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and ATCC 15442). Four compounds decreased P. aeruginosa biofilm formation effectively.

Efficient Catalytic Oxidation of 3-Arylthio- and 3-Cyclohexylthio-lapachone Derivatives to New Sulfonyl Derivatives and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activities.

New sulfonyl-lapachones were efficiently obtained through the catalytic oxidation of arylthio- and cyclohexylthio-lapachone derivatives with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a Mn(III) porphyrin complex. The antibacterial activities of the non-oxidized and oxidized lapachone derivatives against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated after their incorporation into polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) micelles. The obtained results show that the PVP-formulations of the lapachones 4b-g and of the sulfonyl-lapachones 7e and 7g reduced the growth of S. aureus.

Effect of increased testicular temperature on seminal plasma proteome of the ram.

The present study evaluated the effects of heat stress on the ram seminal plasma proteome. Six Morada Nova rams were scrotal insulated for 8 days. Scrotal circumference, sperm parameters, and seminal fluid proteins were evaluated before (Day 0) and twice during scrotal insulation (Days 4 and 8), and weekly until semen parameters returned to preinsulation values (normal). Seminal proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. Scrotal circumference decreased from 30 ± 0.4 cm on Day 0 to 22.6 ± 0.6 cm on Day 36 (P < 0.05) and became equivalent to preinsulation values on Day 71. Motile sperm became nearly absent from Day 8 to Day 64 but returned to normal on Day 113. Percentage of normal sperm changed similarly and returned to normal on Day 106. Rams were azoospermic between Days 29 and 64, and sperm concentration came back to normal on Day 92. The number of spots/two-dimensional gel reduced from 256 ± 31 on Day 0 to 104 ± 14 on Day 29 (when rams were azoospermic) and then increased to 183 ± 9 on Day 113 (P < 0.05), similar to spot counts before insulation. The intensities of 24 spots, referring to 17 seminal plasma proteins, were affected by treatment (P < 0.05). After insulation, seminal plasma had greater expression of actin (two isoforms), albumin, heat shock protein 70 kDa, protein DJ-1, HRPE773-like, C-reactive protein precursor, bodhesin-2 (one isoform), spermadhesins. Most protein spots had the greatest intensity between Days 8 and 29, returning to preinsulation values on Day 113 (when many sperm criteria returned to normal). Proteins downregulated after scrotal insulation included dipeptidyl peptidase 3, isoforms of heat shock protein 90 kDa, RSVP22, MMP2 and of Bdh2. In this case, RSVP22 was reduced on Day 113 and all others, on Day 134. Expression of MMP2 and HSP90.1 was reduced throughout the study. Integrin ß5, V-type H(+)-ATPase subunit A, ZBTB 42-like protein, isoforms of Bdh2, PSP-I, and RSVP22 were upregulated after testis insulation. Intensities of these spots were maximum (P < 0.05) 8 days after insulation started or on Day 29. Expression of most of such proteins returned to normal on Day 113. In conclusion, scrotal insulation affected testis and sperm parameters of rams, indicating alterations in both spermatogenesis and sperm maturation. Changes of seminal plasma proteome were coincidental with variations in semen parameters. Proteins affected by heat challenge are potentially involved in sperm protection, maturation, and fertilization.

Synthesis and anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of new 3-phenylthio-nor-ß-lapachone derivatives.

We report herein a straightforward and efficient one-step reaction to prepare new nor-ß-lapachone derivatives tethered with phenylthio groups at position 3 of the furan ring. We have screened the compounds on bloodstream trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, aimed at finding a new prototype with high trypanocidal activity. The new compounds possess a broad range of activity (IC50/24h from 9.2 to 182.7 µM), higher than the original quinone (391.5 µM) and four of them higher than standard drug benznidazole (103.6 µM). The most active was compound 13b (9.2 µM), being 11 times active than benznidazole and the less toxic derivative to heart muscle cells.

Perfil hematológico de cabras Saanen e mestiças (1/2 Saanen e 1/2 Anglo-nubiana) criadas em clima tropical do Ceará / Hematological profile of Saanen and mixed-breed (1/2 Saanen x 1/2 Anglo-Nubian) raised in the tropical climate of Ceará, Brazil

Objetivou-se verificar a influência das condições climáticas sobre o perfil hematológico de cabras Saanen e mestiça (1/2 Saanen x 1/2 Anglo-nubiana), bem como determinar valores de referência para esses animais criados no Ceará. Foram utilizadas 30 cabras que tiveram o sangue coletado mensalmente durante a época chuvosa (fevereiro a maio) e seca (agosto a novembro) para realização do eritrograma e leucograma. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste t-Student e Mann Whitney, quando constatada distribuição paramétrica e não paramétrica dos dados, respectivamente, com significância quando p<0,05. Procedeu-se ainda um estudo de correlações simples de Pearson dos parâmetros hematológicos com variáveis ambientais e fisiológicas. O número de hemácias foi maior em cabras Saanen e na época chuvosa, enquanto que o hematócrito foi maior na época seca (p<0,05). Os leucócitos e linfócitos foram maiores em cabras mestiças nas duas épocas (p<0,05). Nos dois genótipos, os leucócitos e linfócitos foram maiores na época seca e os neutrófilos segmentados maiores na época chuvosa (p<0,05). Os demais parâmetros não diferiram (p>0,05). As hemácias e neutrófilos segmentados apresentaram uma correlação negativa com a temperatura ambiente, porém positiva com a umidade do ar e a temperatura retal (p<0,05). O hematócrito correlacionou-se positivamente com a temperatura ambiente e frequência respiratória (p<0,05). Os leucócitos e linfócitos mostraram uma correlação negativa com a temperatura retal (p<0,05). Conclui-se, portanto, que fêmeas Saanen sofrem mais influência das variações climáticas e a época chuvosa tem maior impacto negativo sobre os parâmetros hematológicos. Os valores obtidos poderão servir como referência para esses genótipos no Ceará...

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of climatic conditions on the hematological profile of Saanen and mixed-breed (1/2 Saanen x 1/2 Anglo-Nubian) goats, as well as to define reference values for these animals bred in Ceará, Brazil. Thirty goats were utilized and blood samples were collected monthly during the rainy (February to May) and dry (August to November) periods to obtain an erythrogram a leukogram. The averange were compared by the t-Student test and Mann Whitney test, with parametric and non-parametric distribution of the data, respectively, where p<0.05 was considered significant. A study was carried out of simple Pearson correlations of the hematological parameters with environmental and physiological variables. The number of red blood cells (RBCs) was higher in the Saanen goats and in the rainy period, while the hematocrit was higher in the dry period (p<0.05). The leukocytes and lymphocytes were higher in the 1/2S1/2AN goats in the two periods (p<0.05). In the two genotypes, the leukocytes and lymphocytes were higher in the dry season and the segmented neutrophils higher in the rainy season (p<0.05). The other parameters did not differ (p>0.05). The RBCs and segmented neutrophils displayed a negative correlation with air temperature, but positive with relative humidity and rectal temperature (p<0.05). The hematocrit positively correlated with air temperature and respiratory rate (p<0.05). The leukocytes and lymphocytes showed a negative correlation with rectal temperature (p<0.05). It was therefore concluded that Saanen females are more affected by climatic variations and that the rainy season has a greater negative impact on hematological parameters. The values obtained could serve as a reference for these genotypes in Ceará...

Potential of 2-hydroxy-3-phenylsulfanylmethyl-[1,4]-naphthoquinones against Leishmania (L.) infantum: biological activity and structure-activity relationships.

Naphtoquinones have been used as promising scaffolds for drug design studies against protozoan parasites. Considering the highly toxic and limited therapeutic arsenal, the global negligence with tropical diseases and the elevated prevalence of co-morbidities especially in developing countries, the parasitic diseases caused by various Leishmania species (leishmaniasis) became a significant public health threat in 98 countries. The aim of this work was the evaluation of antileishmanial in vitro potential of thirty-six 2-hydroxy-3-phenylsulfanylmethyl-[1,4]-naphthoquinones obtained by a three component reaction of lawsone, the appropriate aldehyde and thiols adequately substituted, exploiting the in situ generation of o-quinonemethides (o-QM) via the Knoevenagel condensation. The antileishmanial activity of the naphthoquinone derivatives was evaluated against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and their cytotoxicity was verified in mammalian cells. Among the thirty-six compounds, twenty-seven were effective against promastigotes, with IC50 values ranging from 8 to 189 µM; fourteen compounds eliminated the intracellular amastigotes, with IC50 values ranging from 12 to 65 µM. The compounds containing the phenyl groups at R1 and R2 and with the fluorine substituent at the phenyl ring at R2, rendered the most promising activity, demonstrating a selectivity index higher than 15 against amastigotes. A QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationship) analysis yielded insights into general structural requirements for activity of most compounds in the series. Considering the in vitro antileishmanial potential of 2-hydroxy-3-phenylsulfanylmethyl-[1,4]-naphthoquinones and their structure-activity relationships, novel lead candidates could be exploited in future drug design studies for leishmaniasis.

Synthesis and evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of 1,2-furanonaphthoquinones tethered to 1,2,3-1H-triazoles in myeloid and lymphoid leukemia cell lines.

Leukemia is the most common blood cancer, and its development starts at diverse points, leading to distinct subtypes that respond differently to therapy. This heterogeneity is rarely taken into account in therapies, so it is still essential to look for new specific drugs for leukemia subtypes or even for therapy-resistant cases. Naphthoquinones (NQ) are considered privileged structures in medicinal chemistry due to their plethora of biological activities, including antimicrobial and anticancer effects. Nitrogen-containing heterocycles such as 1,2,3-1H-triazoles have been identified as general scaffolds for generating glycosidase inhibitors. In the present study, the NQ and 1,2,3-1H-triazole cores have been combined to chemically synthesize 18 new 1,2-furanonaphthoquinones tethered to 1,2,3-1H-triazoles (1,2-FNQT). Their cytotoxicities were evaluated against four different leukemia cell lines, including MOLT-4 and CEM (lymphoid cell lines) and K562 and KG1 (myeloid cell lines), as well as normal human peripheral blood mononucleated cells (PBMCs). The new 1,2-FNQT series showed high cytotoxic potential against all leukemia cell lines tested, and some compounds (12o and 12p) showed even better results than the classical therapeutic compounds such as doxorubicin or cisplatin. Others compounds, such as 12b, are promising because of their high selectivity against lymphoblastic leukemia and their low activity against normal hematopoietic cells. The cells of lymphoid origin (MOLT and CEM) were generally more sensitive than the myeloid cell lines to this series of compounds, and most of the compounds that showed the highest cytotoxicity were similarly active against both cell lines.

Synthetic 1,4-pyran naphthoquinones are potent inhibitors of dengue virus replication.

Dengue virus infection is a serious public health problem in endemic areas of the world where 2.5 billion people live. Clinical manifestations of the Dengue infection range from a mild fever to fatal cases of hemorrhagic fever. Although being the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral infection in the world, until now no strategies are available for effective prevention or control of Dengue infection. In this scenario, the development of compounds that specifically inhibit viral replication with minimal effects to the human hosts will have a substantial effect in minimizing the symptoms of the disease and help to prevent viral transmission in the affected population. The aim of this study was to screen compounds with potential activity against dengue virus from a library of synthetic naphthoquinones. Several 1,2- and 1,4-pyran naphthoquinones were synthesized by a three-component reaction of lawsone, aldehyde (formaldehyde or arylaldehydes) and different dienophiles adequately substituted. These compounds were tested for the ability to inhibit the ATPase activity of the viral NS3 enzyme in in vitro assays and the replication of dengue virus in cultured cells. We have identified two 1,4-pyran naphthoquinones, which inhibited dengue virus replication in mammal cells by 99.0% and three others that reduced the dengue virus ATPase activity of NS3 by two-fold in in vitro assays.

Recent advances in the synthesis of new antimycobacterial agents based on the 1H-1,2,3-triazoles.

The 1H-1,2,3-triazoles have been studied for many years as an important class of heterocyclic compounds and still attracting considerable attention due to their several application such as, organocatalyst, ionic liquid and broad range of biological activities, including several neglected diseases as tuberculosis. This review emphasizes the recent advances of these triazoles and their perspective in the development of new bioactive chemical entities against tuberculosis.

Biological evaluation of hydroxynaphthoquinones as anti-malarials.

BACKGROUND: The hydroxynaphthoquinones have been extensively investigated over the past 50 years for their anti-malarial activity. One member of this class, atovaquone, is combined with proguanil in Malarone®, an important drug for the treatment and prevention of malaria. METHODS: Anti-malarial activity was assessed in vitro for a series of 3-alkyl-2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones (N1-N5) evaluating the parasitaemia after 48 hours of incubation. Potential cytotoxicity in HEK293T cells was assessed using the MTT assay. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential of Plasmodium were measured using the fluorescent dye Mitrotracker Red CMXROS. RESULTS: Four compounds demonstrated IC50s in the mid-micromolar range, and the most active compound, N3, had an IC50 of 443 nM. N3 disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential, and after 1 hour presented an IC50ΔΨmit of 16 µM. In an in vitro cytotoxicity assay using HEK 293T cells N3 demonstrated no cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 16 µM. CONCLUSIONS: N3 was a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport, had nanomolar activity against cultured Plasmodium falciparum and showed minimal cytotoxicity. N3 may serve as a starting point for the design of new hydroxynaphthoquinone anti-malarials.

Novel 1H-1,2,3-, 2H-1,2,3-, 1H-1,2,4- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole derivatives: a patent review (2008 - 2011).

INTRODUCTION: The triazoles represent a class of five-membered heterocyclic compounds of great importance for the preparation of new drugs with diverse biological activities because they may present several structural variations with the same numbers of carbon and nitrogen atoms. Due to the success of various triazoles that entered the pharmaceutical market and are still being used in medicines, many companies and research groups have shown interest in developing new methods of synthesis and biological evaluation of potential uses for these compounds. In this review, the authors explored aspects of patents for the 1H-1,2,3-, 2H-1,2,3-, 1H-1,2,4- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole families, including prototypes being considered in clinical studies between 2008 and 2011. AREAS COVERED: The triazoles have been studied for over a century as an important class of heterocyclic compounds and still attract considerable attention due to their broad range of biological activities. More recently, there has been considerable interest in the development of novel triazoles with anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, antimicrobial, antimycobacterial, antitumoral and antiviral properties and activity against several neglected diseases. This review emphasizes recent perspective and advances in the therapeutically active 1H-1,2,3-, 2H-1,2,3-, 1H-1,2,4- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole derivative patents between 2008 and 2011, covering the development of new chemical entities and new pharmaceuticals. Many studies have focused on these compounds as target structures and evaluated them in several biological targets. EXPERT OPINION: The preparation of 1H-1,2,3-, 2H-1,2,3-, 1H-1,2,4- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole derivatives brings to light several issues. There is a need to find new, more efficient preparations for these triazoles that take into consideration current issues in green chemistry, energy saving and sustainability. New diseases are discovered and new viruses and bacteria continue to challenge mankind, so it is imperative to find new prototypes for these new diseases. Of great urgency is finding prototypes against bacteria that continue to increase resistance and for neglected diseases that affect a large part of humanity, especially the poor and vulnerable.

Addition of thiols to o-quinone methide: new 2-hydroxy-3-phenylsulfanylmethyl[1,4]naphthoquinones and their activity against the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (3D7).

A series of 36 new phenylsulfanylmethyl[1,4]naphthoquinones (7-42) were synthesized by a three-component reaction that involves lawsone, the appropriate aldehyde and thiols with variable substitution patterns. These reactions involve the in situ generation of o-quinone methides (o-QM) via Knoevenagel condensation and 1,4-nucleophilic addition under conventional heating or microwave irradiation. The new naphthoquinones obtained by this methodology were shown to have moderate to good in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7).

Augmentation of catecholamine release elicited by an Eugenia punicifolia extract in chromaffin cells

Plant extracts of Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC., Myrtaceae, are used in Amazon region of Brazil to treat diarrhea and stomach disturbances, and as hypoglycemic medicine. We have recently shown that an aqueous extract of E. punicifolia augmented cholinergic neurotransmission in a rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation. In this study, we investigated the effects of an E. punicifolia dichloromethane extract (EPEX) in a neuronal model of cholinergic neurotransmission, the bovine adrenal chromaffin cell. EPEX augmented the release of catecholamine triggered by acetylcholine (ACh) pulses but did not enhance ACh-evoked inward currents, which were inhibited by 30 percent. Since EPEX did not cause a blockade of acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase, it seems that EPEX is not directly activating the cholinergic system. EPEX also augmented K+-elicited secretion without enhancing the whole-cell inward calcium current. This novel and potent effect of EPEX in enhancing exocytosis might help to identify the active component responsible for augmenting exocytosis. When elucidated, the molecular structure of this active principle could serve as a template to synthesise novel compounds to regulate the exocytotic release of neurotransmitters.