Surface roughness of indirect composites using different polishing systems / Rugosidade superficial de resinas compostas indiretas utilizando diferentes sistemas de polimento

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface roughness of indirect composites after polishing with aluminum oxide (Al2O3) discs. Material and Methods: One-hundred and eighty specimens were confectioned with 6 indirect composites using a prefabricated matrix, resulting in six groups (n-30): Group SO - Solidex, Group SI - Signum, Group SF - Sinfony, Group OP - Opallis; Group RE - Resilab, Group EP - Epricord, Group AD - Adoro. Each group was divided into three subgroups according to the polishing (n-10): Subgroup C (Control) – without polishing (polyester strip); Subgroup S – polishing with Sof-Lex discs; Subgroup T - polishing with TDV discs. The surface roughness was measured with a profilometer. Results: The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests (5%), resulting in p = 0.00. The mean values (±standard-deviation) measured in Ra (µm) for each Group/Subgroup were: RE/C - 0.14 (± 0.14) a; EP/C - 0.18 (± 0.46) ab; SO/C - 0.24 (± 0.22) abc; SF/S - 0.24 (± 0.17) abc; SF/C - 0.26 (± 2.54)abc; SI/C - 0.30 (± 0.34)abcd; SO/T - 0.33(± 0.42) abcd; AD/S - 0.34(± 0.88)abcd; AD/C - 0.37(± 0.60)ab; SI/S - 0.37(± 1.39)bcd; SO/S - 0.43(± 0.26) cd; EP/S – 0.44 (± 1.02) cd; RE/S - 0.54(±2.02) de; SI/T - 0.65(± 0.88)ef; RE/T - 0.83 (± 0.54) fg; SF/T - 0.85 (± 0.21) fg; AD/T - 0.88 (± 1.74) fg; EP/T - 0.91(± 0.89) g. Conclusion: It is concluded that polyester strip resulted in significantly lowest surface roughness; polishing with TDV discs resulted in significantly higher surface roughness compared to Sof-Lex discs and that the surface roughness results depend on the composite tested

Objetivo: O objetivo este estudo foi avaliar a rugosidade superficial de resinas compostas indiretas após polimento com discos de óxido de alumínio (Al2O3). Material e Métodos: Foram confeccionados 180 espécimes de 6 resinas compostas indiretas utilizando uma matriz pré-fabricada, resultando em 6 grupos (n - 30): Grupo SO - Solidex, Grupo SI - Signum, Grupo SF - Sinfony, Grupo OP - Opallis; Grupo RE - Resilab, Grupo EP - Epricord, Grupo AD - Adoro. Cada grupo foi dividido em três subgrupos, de acordo com a técnica de polimento: Subgrupo C - não foi realizado polimento (tira de poliéster); Subgrupo S: polimento com discos Sof-Lex; Subgrupo T: polimento com discos TDV. A rugosidade superficial foi mensurada com um rugosímetro. Resultados: Os resultados foram analisados pelos testes estatísticos de ANOVA e Tukey (5%), obtendo-se p = 0,00. Os valores de média (± desvio-padrão) medidos em Ra (μm) para cada Grupo/ Subgrupo foram: RE/C – 0,14 (± 0,14) a; EP/C – 0,18(± 0,46) ab; SO/C – 0,24 (± 0,22)abc; SF/S – 0,24 (± 0,17) abc; SF/C – 0,26 (± 2,54) abc; SI/C – 0,30 (± 0,34) abcd; SO/T – 0,33 (± 0,42) abcd; AD/S – 0,34 (± 0,88) abcd; AD/C – 0,37 (± 0,60) ab; SI/S – 0,37(± 1,39) bcd; SO/S – 0,43 (± 0,26) cd; EP/S – 0,44 (± 1,02) cd; RE/S – 0,54 (±2,02)de; SI/T – 0,65 (± 0,88) ef; RE/T – 0,83 (± 0,54) fg; SF/T – 0,85 (± 0,21) fg; AD/T - 0,88 (± 1,74 ) fg; EP/T - 0,91(± 0,89) g. Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que a tira de poliéster resultou na menor rugosidade superficial; o polimento com discos TDV apresentou média significantemente maior de rugosidade em relação ao polimento com discos Sof-Lex e que o resultado de lisura superficial depende da resina composta testada.

Avaliação da resistência flexural e módulo de elasticidade de diferentes resinas compostas indiretas / Assessment of flexural strength and elastic modulus of different indirect composite resins

Este estudo teve o propósito de investigar as propriedades flexurais de seis marcas comerciais de resinas compostas indiretas e duas resinas compostas para uso direto. Dez espécimes (2 x 2 x 12 mm) de cada material foram confeccionados de acordo com as recomendações dos fabricantes: Grupo I - Signum (Heraeus Kulzer), Grupo 2 - Solidex (Shofu Inc.), Grupo 3 - Resilab (Wilcos), Grupo 4 - Adoro (Ivoclair Vivadent), Grupo 5 - Admira (Voco), Grupo 6 - Sinfony (3M/Espe), Grupo 7 - Filtek Supreme (3M/ESPE) e Grupo 8 - Venus (Heraeus Kulzer). Os espécimes foram armazenados a 37 graus por 24 horas. Em seguida, foram submetidos ao ensaio de miniflexão na máquina de Ensaio Universal EMIC a uma velocidade de 0,75 mm/min, para determinar o módulo de elasticidade e resistência à flexão três pontos para cada compósito estudado.

Ultrasonic versus high-speed cavity preparation: analysis of increases in pulpal temperature and time to complete preparation.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The use of ultrasonic tips has become an alternative for cavity preparation. However, there are concerns about this type of device, particularly with respect to intrapulpal temperatures and cavity preparation time. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze pulpal temperature increases generated by an ultrasonic cavity preparation with chemical vapor deposition (CVD) tips, in comparison to preparation with a high-speed handpiece with a diamond rotary cutting instrument. The time required to complete the cavity preparation with each system was also evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thermocouples were positioned in the pulp chamber of 20 extracted human third molars. Slot-type cavities (3 x 3 x 2 mm) were prepared on the buccal and the lingual surfaces of each tooth. The test groups were: high-speed cavity preparation with diamond rotary cutting instruments (n=20) and ultrasonic cavity preparation with CVD points (n=20). During cavity preparation, the increases in pulpal temperature, and the time required for the preparation, were recorded and analyzed by Student's t test for paired samples (alpha=.05). RESULTS: The average pulpal temperature increases were 4.3 degrees C for the high-speed preparation and 3.8 degrees C for the ultrasonic preparation, which were statistically similar (P=.052). However, significant differences were found (P<.001) for the time expended (3.3 minutes for the high-speed bur and 13.77 minutes for the ultrasound device). CONCLUSIONS: The intrapulpal temperatures produced during cavity preparation by ultrasonic tips versus high-speed bur preparation were similar. However, the use of the ultrasonic device required 4 times longer for the completion of a cavity preparation.

Avaliação do pH das soluções de hipoclorito de sódio 1 % e 2.5 % e digluconato de clorexidina 2 % em função do tempo / Evaluation of pH of 1% and 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite solution and 2 % chlorexidine gluconate in differents periods of time

Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar os valores de pH entre a solução de digluconato de clorexidina 2% manipulada, e o hipoclorito de sódio 1% e 2,5% manipulado e comercial em diferentes períodos de tempo. Foram utilizadas diferentes concentrações e apresentações (comerciais ou manipuladas) das soluções de hipoclorito de sódio e clorexidina. O pH das amostras foi aferido com um pHmetro digital submergindo o eletrodo em 2ml de cada solução em intervalos de 0, 1, 7, 14 e 30 dias após a abertura dos frascos das soluções. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste de dispersão (Minitab versão 14) e verificou-se que a marca comercial Carrefour apresentou maiores valores de pH em relação às demais soluções e que a Clorexidina 2% (Byoformula) mostrou valores inferiores de pH em relação a todas as soluções testadas... Conclui-se que as soluções irrigadoras testadas apresentaram estabilidade de pH durante 30 dias e a solução de clorexidina 2% mostrou os menores valores de pH.

This study compared the pH values among 2% chlorexidine gluconate solution manipulated, and 1% and 2,5% sodium hypochlorite solution manipulated and commercial in different periods of time. Different concentrations and presentations were used (commercial or manipulated) of sodium hypochlorite and chlorexidine gluconate solutions. The pH of samples was measured by digital pHmetro submerging the electrode in 2ml of solution in intervals of 0, 1, 7, 14 and 30 days after opening of the flasks of solutions. The results were submitted to dispersion test (Minitab 1.4 version) and it was verified that commercial mark Carrefour presented higher pH values in relation to other solutions and that 2% chlorexidine (Byoformula) it showed small pH values in relation to all of tested solutions... It concluded that: endodontic irrigants presented pH stability for 30 days and 2% chlorexidine solution showed the smallest pH values.

Increases in intrapulpal temperature during polymerization of composite resin.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The polymerization of dental composite resins can generate increases in intrapulpal temperature that may damage the pulp. The development of new polymerization devices such as the argon laser makes the assessment of these temperatures important. PURPOSE: This study compared increases in temperature generated by argon laser and halogen light when polymerizing a bonding system and a composite resin, and also sought to determine whether both types of polymerization lights generate temperature increases below the safe limit of 5.5 degrees C. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thermocouples linked to a temperature reading system were positioned in the pulp chamber of 10 extracted bovine incisors. Class V cavities were prepared, etched, and filled with a 1-bottle bonding system (Single Bond) and composite resin (Z-100). The test groups were as follows (n = 5 for all groups): halogen light for bonding system (HB); halogen light for composite resin (HC); argon laser for bonding system (LB), and argon laser for composite resin (LC). The polymerization parameters were halogen light operated at 600 mW/cm2 for 40 seconds, which served as control, and argon laser operated at 200 mW for 10 seconds. Data were analyzed by a 2-way (light versus material) analysis of variance (ANOVA) (alpha = .05). RESULTS: The average temperature increases were 2.35 degrees C (HB), 2.69 degrees C (HC), 1.25 degrees C (LB), and 1.5 degrees C (LC). Significant differences between halogen light and argon laser (P = .002), but not between composite and bonding system, were demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: The argon laser produced significantly lower increases in pulpal temperature than the halogen light, independent of the thickness of the polymerized material.

Water flow in high-speed handpieces.

OBJECTIVES: This study measured the water flow commonly used in high-speed handpieces to evaluate the water flow's influence on temperature generation. Different flow speeds were evaluated between turbines that had different numbers of cooling apertures. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Two water samples were collected from each high-speed handpiece at private practices and at the School of Dentistry at São José dos Campos. The first sample was collected at the customary flow and the second was collected with the terminal opened for maximum flow. The two samples were collected into weighed glass receptacles after 15 seconds of turbine operation. The glass receptacles were reweighed and the difference between weights was recorded to calculate the water flow in mL/min and for further statistical analysis. RESULTS: The average water flow for 137 samples was 29.48 mL/min. The flow speeds obtained were 42.38 mL/min for turbines with one coolant aperture; 34.31 mL/min for turbines with two coolant apertures; and 30.44 mL/min for turbines with three coolant apertures. There were statistical differences between turbines with one and three coolant apertures (Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons test with P < .05). CONCLUSION: Turbine handpieces with one cooling aperture distributed more water for the burs than high-speed handpieces with more than one aperture.

Effects of copper vapor laser irradiation (lambda = 510.6 nm) on the enamel and dentine of human teeth: an ultra-structural morphologic study.

OBJECTIVE: A morphological and ultra-structural study of copper vapor laser (lambda = 510.6 nm) effects on enamel and dentine was performed to show the effects of this radiation. METHODS: A total of 15 human molars were cut in half; 15 pieces were separated for irradiation on enamel and 15 for dentine. These two groups were further divided into five experimental groups, including a control group, comprised of three half-sections each, irradiated by a CVL laser with a power of 7 W, a repetition rate of 15,000 pulses/sec and exposed at 500, 600, and 800 msec and 1 sec irradiation times with a 5-sec interval between irradiations. RESULTS: In an ultra-structural SEM exam, we observed that on the enamel surfaces irradiated for 1 sec there was morphological alteration that consisted of catering, flaking, and melting on the surfaces. There was no alteration for the other exposure times. On the dentine teeth irradiated for 1 sec, we observed an evident ultra-structural alteration of melted tissue and loss of morphological characteristics. In the dentine group irradiated by 800 msec, we observed ablation and a partial loss of morphological characteristics. In the dentine groups irradiated by 500 and 600 msec, no alteration was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that irradiation with CVL promoted morphologic changes in the enamel as well as in the dentine and demonstrated a need for future studies in order to establish a safe protocol for further use in the odontological practice.

Pulpal temperature increases with Er:YAG laser and high-speed handpieces.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: During tooth preparation, both high-speed handpieces and lasers generate heat, which, if not controlled, can cause pulpal necrosis. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare temperature increases produced by a high-speed dental handpiece with those produced by a relatively new instrument, the Er:YAG (erbium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet) laser. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty bovine mandibular incisors were reduced to an enamel/dentin thickness of 2.5 mm. Class V preparations were completed to a depth of 2.0 mm, measured with a caliper or by a mark on the burs. A thermocouple was placed inside the pulp chamber to determine temperature increases (degrees C). Analysis was performed on the following groups (n=10): Group I, high-speed handpiece without water cooling, Group II, high-speed handpiece with water cooling (30 mL/min), and Group III, the noncontact Er:YAG laser (2.94 microm at 350 mJ/10 Hz) with water cooling (4.5 mL/min). The temperature increases were recorded by a computer linked to the thermocouples. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The Dunn multiple comparison test was used as post hoc test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: The average temperature rises were: 11.64 degrees C (+/- 4.35) for Group I, 0.96 degrees C (+/- 0.71) for Group II, and 2.69 degrees C (+/- 1.12) for Group III. There were no statistical differences between Groups II and III; both II and III differed from Group I significantly (P=.000 and P=.002, respectively). CONCLUSION: The preparations made with the high-speed and the laser instrument generated similar heat increases under water cooling. Water cooling was essential to avoid destructive temperature increases when using both the high-speed handpiece and laser.

High-speed cavity preparation techniques with different water flows.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Cavity and tooth preparations generate heat because the use of rotary cutting instruments on dental tissues creates friction. Dental pulps cannot survive temperature increases greater than 5.5 degrees C. PURPOSE: This study evaluated the efficiency of 3 different water flows for 2 different tooth preparation techniques to determine which are safe for use. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thermocouples were placed in the pulpal chambers of 30 bovine teeth, and 1 of 2 tooth preparation techniques was used: a low-load intermittent tooth preparation technique or a high-load tooth preparation technique without intervals. Water flows of 0, 30, and 45 mL/min were associated with each technique, for a total of 6 different groups. The results were analyzed with a 2-factor analysis of variance (P<.05). RESULTS: Temperature increases with the high-load technique were 16.40 degrees C without cooling (group I), 11.68 degrees C with 30 mL/min air-water spray cooling (group III), and 9.96 degrees C with 45 mL/min cooling (group V). With the low-load tooth preparation technique, a 9.54 degrees C increase resulted with no cooling (group II), a 1.56 degrees C increase with 30 mL/min air-water spray cooling (group IV), and a 0.04 degrees C decrease with 45 mL/min cooling (group VI). The low-load technique was associated with more ideal temperature changes. CONCLUSION: The results of this study confirm the necessity of using a low-load technique and water coolants during cavity and tooth preparation procedures.

Mais ética nas pesquisas / More thics in research

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