Uso de L-PRF en defectos infraóseos de pacientes con estadios avanzados de periodontitis / Use of L-PRF in intrabone defects in patients with advanced stages of periodontitis

Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue observar el efecto del uso de L-PRF en defectos infraoseos de pacientes con periodontitis en estadios avanzados. Métodos: Se incluyeron 32 defectos infraoseos de 12 pacientes con diagnóstico de Periodontitis estadio III y IV (Workshop 2018). Se realizó raspaje a campo abierto con colocación de membrana de L-PRF. Se incluyeron defectos infraóseos de 1-2-3 paredes y cráter óseo. Se registró la profundidad de sondaje (PS), nivel de inserción clínica (NIC), índice de placa (IP) e índice de sangrado (IS). Se realizaron radiografías periapicale digitales antes de la cirugía y al cuarto mes para observar el llenado óseo. Resultados: De los 32 defectos el 75 % mostró disminución de la profundidad de sondaje (PS) y el 66 % mejoro el nivel de inserción clínica (NIC). Se realizó un análisis de correlación pre y posquirúrgico en PS: MV (p = 0,02), MP/L (p = 0,00), DP/L (p = 0,00) y V (p =0,00). El porcentaje de llenado óseo fue de 62,96 % (DS± 3,88). Conclusiones: La mayoría de los defectos infraóseos mostraron radiográficamente llenado óseo parcial o total con el uso de membranas L-PRF. Además, se mejoraron los parámetros clínicos de profundidad de sondaje y nivel de inserción clínica.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of L-PRF (Leuko- cyte-Platelet Rich Fibrin) usage in intraosseous defects in patients with advanced-stages of periodontitis. Methods: Thirty-two intraosseous defects in 12 patients diagnosed with stage III and IV periodontitis (Workshop 2018) were included in the study. Open flap debridement was performed with the placement of L-PRF membranes. Included defects consisted of 1-2-3 wall defects and osseous craters. Parameters such as probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), and bleeding index (BI) were recorded. Digital periapical radiographs were taken before surgery and at the fourth month to assess bone fill. Results: Out of the 32 defects, 75% showed a reduction in probing depth (PD), and 66% showed improvement in clinical attachment level (CAL). Pre- and post-surgical correlation analysis was performed for PD: MV (p = 0.02), PI/L (p = 0.00), BI/L (p = 0.00), and CAL (p = 0.00). The percentage of bone fill was 62.96% (±3.88 SD). Conclusion: The majority of intraosseous defects exhibited partial or complete radiographic bone fill with the use of L-PRF membranes. Furthermore, clinical parameters such as probing depth and clinical attachment level improved.

Co-Infection by LF-89-Like and EM-90-Like Genogroups of Piscirickettsia Salmonis in Farmed Atlantic Salmon in Chile: Implications for Surveillance and Control of Piscirickettsiosis.

Piscirickettsiosis (SRS), caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis, is the main infectious disease that affects farmed Atlantic salmon in Chile. Currently, the official surveillance and control plan for SRS in Chile is based only on the detection of P. salmonis, but neither of its genogroups (LF-89-like and EM-90-like) are included. Surveillance at the genogroup level is essential not only for defining and evaluating the vaccination strategy against SRS, but it is also of utmost importance for early diagnosis, clinical prognosis in the field, treatment, and control of the disease. The objectives of this study were to characterize the spatio-temporal distribution of P. salmonis genogroups using genogroup-specific real-time probe-based polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to discriminate between LF-89-like and EM-90-like within and between seawater farms, individual fish, and tissues/organs during early infection in Atlantic salmon under field conditions. The spatio-temporal distribution of LF-89-like and EM-90-like was shown to be highly variable within and between seawater farms. P. salmonis infection was also proven to be caused by both genogroups at farm, fish, and tissue levels. Our study demonstrated for the first time a complex co-infection by P. salmonis LF-89-like and EM-90-like in Atlantic salmon. Liver nodules (moderate and severe) were strongly associated with EM-90-like infection, but this phenotype was not detected by infection with LF-89-like or co-infection of both genogroups. The detection rate of P. salmonis LF-89-like increased significantly between 2017 and 2021 and was the most prevalent genogroup in Chilean salmon aquaculture during this period. Lastly, a novel strategy to identify P. salmonis genogroups based on novel genogroup-specific qPCR for LF-89-like and EM-90-like genogroups is suggested.

RXam2, a NLR from cassava (Manihot esculenta) contributes partially to the quantitative resistance to Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis.

KEY MESSAGE: The overexpression of RXam2, a cassava NLR (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat) gene, by stable transformation and gene expression induction mediated by dTALEs, reduce cassava bacterial blight symptoms. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a tropical root crop affected by different pathogens including Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm), the causal agent of cassava bacterial blight (CBB). Previous studies have reported resistance to CBB as a quantitative and polygenic character. This study sought to validate the functional role of a NLR (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat) associated with a QTL to Xpm strain CIO151 called RXam2. Transgenic cassava plants overexpressing RXam2 were generated and analyzed. Plants overexpressing RXam2 showed a reduction in bacterial growth to Xpm strains CIO151, 232 and 226. In addition, designer TALEs (dTALEs) were developed to specifically bind to the RXam2 promoter region. The Xpm strain transformed with dTALEs allowed the induction of the RXam2 gene expression after inoculation in cassava plants and was associated with a diminution in CBB symptoms. These findings suggest that RXam2 contributes to the understanding of the molecular basis of quantitative disease resistance.

[Personal and familial features associated with organ donation in Chilean adults]. / Características sociales y familiares asociadas a la decisión de ser donante de órganos y tejidos en población adulta, Coquimbo, Chile 2019.

BACKGROUND: The rates of organ donation are alarmingly low in Chile. AIM: To determine the relationship between social and family characteristics that influence the decision to donate organs and tissues among adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The questionnaire developed in Spain by the international collaborative project on organ transplantation and donation, developed and validated in Chile was applied to 383 adults aged 40 ± 17 years (mostly women), living in Coquimbo, Chile. RESULTS: Seventy seven percent of respondents would agree to be a donor. The main features of eventual donors are: being young adult in 62% of respondents, single in 48%, with complete secondary education in 29%, non-practicing Catholic in 37% and being informed on television about transplantation in 66%. In a logistic regression model, the features significantly associated with being an eventual donor were the decision of donating organs of relatives (Odds Ratio [OR] 9.1 95% confidence intervals [CI] 4.8-17-2), commenting and knowing the opinion of relatives (OR 2.3 95%CI 1.2-4.1), especially parents and partner, and a lower age (OR 0.98 95% CI 0.96-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: The decision to donate organs is influenced by commenting and knowing the opinion of relatives, especially parents and partners. Also, a lower age is associated with a better attitude towards donation.

Insectos acuáticos asociados a arroyos de la Serranía de La Macuira - La Guajira, Colombia / Aquatic insects associated with streams of the Serranía de la Macuira - La Guajira, Colombia

RESUMEN Los insectos acuáticos tienen gran importancia en los ecosistemas fluviales, debido a su alta abundancia y diversidad e indicadores de calidad de agua. En este trabajo, se caracterizaron las comunidades de insectos acuáticos en La Macuira, norte de La Guajira colombiana. Se seleccionaron cinco arroyos intermitentes, como sitios de muestreo: Mekijanoü, Chaamaalüü, Kanewerü, Mmalaüü y Kajashiwoü. Para la colecta de los organismos, se empleó una red Surber, durante cinco minutos. Además, se tomaron muestras de hojarasca (cerca de 500g) del fondo del río. Las muestras recolectadas en los diferentes microhábitats en cada sitio, se integraron para conformar una muestra compuesta y posterior análisis de la diversidad; además, se calculó el índice de calidad de agua BMWP/Col en cada uno de los arroyos, para conocer la calidad de sus aguas. Se colectaron en total 545 individuos, distribuidos en 25 géneros, 19 familias y 7 órdenes. Se registran, por primera vez, para la Serranía de la Macuira, los géneros Heterelmis, Corydalus, Rhagovelia, Mayobaetis, Tholymis y Mecistogaster. El arroyo Mekijanoü presentó la mayor abundancia (411 individuos) y riqueza de géneros, en la que predominó la presencia de Heterelmis y Kajashiwoü, la menor abundancia (20 individuos), fluctuada por la formación de pozos y la poca conectividad. Los valores del índice BMWP/Col oscilaron entre 41 y 87, lo cual, indica que cuatro arroyos presentaron una moderada contaminación y uno se encontraba ligeramente contaminado.

ABSTRACT Aquatic insects are high importance in aquatic ecosystems due to their high abundance and diversity and water quality indicators. In this work, assemblages of aquatic insects were studied in La Macuira, northern La Guajira, Colombia. Five intermittent streams were selected as sampling sites such as Mekijanoü, Chaamaalüü, Kanewerü, Mmalaüü and Kajashiwoü. Surber net was used for collecting of organisms for five minutes; also, samples of leaf litter were taken manually of the streambed. The samples collected were integrated to form a sample composed on each site, and then analyze this diversity; also, the water quality index BMWP/Col was estimated for each site. A total of 545 individuals were collected, grouped in 25 genus, 19 families and 7 orders. The genus Heterelmis, Corydalus, Rhagovelia and Mayobaetis, Tholymis and Mecistogaster are recorded for the first time for the Serranía de la Macuira. The Mekijanoü stream presented the high abundance (411 individuals) and genera, in which Heterelmis predominated. In contrast, Kajashiwoü presented the lowest abundance (20 individuals) fluctuated by the formation of wells and poor connectivity between them. The BMWP/Col index whose ranged from 41 to 87, indicating that four streams showed a moderate contamination and one was slightly contaminated.

Características sociales y familiares asociadas a la decisión de ser donante de órganos y tejidos en población adulta, Coquimbo, Chile 2019 / Personal and familial features associated with organ donation in Chilean adults

Background: The rates of organ donation are alarmingly low in Chile. Aim: To determine the relationship between social and family characteristics that influence the decision to donate organs and tissues among adults. Material and Methods: The questionnaire developed in Spain by the international collaborative project on organ transplantation and donation, developed and validated in Chile was applied to 383 adults aged 40 ± 17 years (mostly women), living in Coquimbo, Chile. Results: Seventy seven percent of respondents would agree to be a donor. The main features of eventual donors are: being young adult in 62% of respondents, single in 48%, with complete secondary education in 29%, non-practicing Catholic in 37% and being informed on television about transplantation in 66%. In a logistic regression model, the features significantly associated with being an eventual donor were the decision of donating organs of relatives (Odds Ratio [OR] 9.1 95% confidence intervals [CI] 4.8-17-2), commenting and knowing the opinion of relatives (OR 2.3 95%CI 1.2-4.1), especially parents and partner, and a lower age (OR 0.98 95% CI 0.96-0.99). Conclusions: The decision to donate organs is influenced by commenting and knowing the opinion of relatives, especially parents and partners. Also, a lower age is associated with a better attitude towards donation.

Kaempferol Induces Cell Death and Sensitizes Human Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines to Cisplatin.

Cisplatin is a first-line chemotherapeutic drug commonly used to treat patients with head and neck cancer; nevertheless, cisplatin resistance poses a main challenge for its clinical efficacy. Recent studies have shown that kaempferol, a natural flavonoid found in various plants and foods, has an anticancer effect. The following study evaluated the cytotoxic effects of kaempferol on head and neck tumor cells and their mechanism of action, evaluating the effects on proliferation, the oxygen consumption rate, transmembrane potential, tumor cell migration and induction of apoptosis. Moreover, we determined the effects of a combination of kaempferol and cisplatin on head and neck tumor cells. We found that kaempferol inhibited the oxygen consumption rate and decreased the intracellular ATP content in tumor cells. This novel mechanism may inhibit the migratory capacity and promote antiproliferative effects and apoptosis of tumor cells. Additionally, our in vitro data indicated that kaempferol may sensitize head and neck tumor cells to the effects of cisplatin. These effects provide new evidence for the use of a combination of kaempferol and cisplatin in vivo and their future applications in head and neck cancer therapy.

Morphological variability in a red seaweed: confirmation of co-occurring f. lessonii and f. chauvinii in Chondracanthus chamissoi (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales).

Variability in thallus morphology is common in red seaweeds. Two co-occurring forms have been described for Chondracanthus chamissoi based mainly on blade width. To determine whether two distinct forms or a range of intermediate morphologies occur in C. chamissoi, thalli were collected from three localities in southern Chile in autumn-winter, repeating the sampling in one locality in spring and in summer. In each occasion, individual sporophytic and male and female gametophytic clumps were collected, and the longest blade with intact apex from each clump was evaluated. Blade length, width, density of spines, axis curvature and thickness, and pinnule length and width were evaluated in each blade. Principal components analyses separated two groups of thalli, one group with narrow, thick, and curved (concavo-convex) blades, with few spines consistent with f. lessonii, and another with broad, thin, and flat blades, with many spines consistent with f. chauvinii. These variables also had bimodal frequency distributions. Pinnule measurements were mainly associated with differences among sporophytes and gametophytes. Age (length), phase of the life cycle, and sex were not related to the forms. Furthermore, thalli of both forms were collected side by side in the study sites and throughout the year so the occurrence of the two forms was not attributable to local environmental conditions. In this species, secondary basal disks are produced after attachment of apexes to the substratum. These disks may produce blades with a modified morphology in a way similar to proliferations and regenerations described for Schottera nicaeensis.

La biopolítica de la deuda: relación acreedor-deudor / The biopolitics of debt: creditor-debtor relationship / A biopolítica da dívida: relação credor-devedor

Resumen El presente artículo propone un análisis de los dispositivos biopolíticos que se encuentran detrás de la figura del crédito o la deuda en el campo de la educación superior, a partir de una lectura histórica de la deuda y la relación acreedor-deudor en su interior, planteada esta como una relación de poder. Desde la comprensión de la deuda como un dispositivo de control biopolítico constitutivo del aparato neoliberal, esta se traslada al campo de la educación a través de la figura de crédito educativo, que está disponible a toda la población y facilita el acceso a la educación superior, y alimenta así un ideal de inversión a largo plazo con la promesa infinita de la conquista de un sujeto "empresario de sí mismo", que se encuentra en una procura permanente de recursos que le permitan mantener la inversión en sí mismo como aparato productivo. Así, este análisis consigue plantear el ideal del sujeto aparentemente independiente, que se sumerge en la deuda como mecanismo de acceso a los recursos que le acercan a la meta de ser "su propio jefe", como la esencia de uno de los engranajes principales en los modos de sujeción de la conducta, propios del neoliberalismo, y su mecanismo de la deuda, aplicados al campo de la educación. Sobre esta base tiene lugar una "pedagogía de la deuda" en la cual emergen como elementos indispensables en la fabricación de dicho sujeto la universidad y la educación superior.

Abstract This article proposes an analysis of the biopolitical devices that are behind the figure of credit or debt in the higher education field, based on a historical reading of the debt and the creditor-debtor relationship, explained as a relationship of power. From the understanding of the debt as a biopolitical constitutive device of control of the neoliberal apparatus, it is transferred to the field of education through the figure of educational credit, which is available to the entire population and facilitates access to higher education. And thus feeds an idea of long-term investment with the infinite promise of the conquest of a subject "entrepreneur of himself," who finds himself in a permanent pursuit of resources that allow him to maintain the investment in himself as a productive apparatus. Therefore, this analysis manages to pose the idea of the apparently independent subject, who immerses himself in the debt as a mechanism of access to resources that bring him closer to the goal of being "his own boss", as the essence of one of the main gears in modes of subjection of behavior, typical of neoliberalism, and its mechanism of debt, applied to the field of education. On this basis, there is a "debt pedagogy" in which the university and higher education emerge as indispensable elements in the manufacture of said subject.

Resumo O presente artigo propõe uma análise dos dispositivos biopolíticos que estão por trás da figura do crédito ou a dívida no campo do ensino superior, desde em uma leitura histórica da dívida e do relacionamento credor-devedor dentro dela, levantada ela como uma relação de poder. Desde a compreensão da dívida como um dispositivo de controle biopolítico constitutivo do aparelho neoliberal, esta é transferida para o campo da educação através da figura do crédito educacional, que está disponível para toda a população e facilita o acesso ao ensino superior, e assim alimenta um ideal de investimento em longo prazo com a infinita promessa da conquista de um sujeito "empresário de si mesmo", que se encontra em uma busca permanente de recursos que lhe permitam manter o investimento em si mesmo como um aparelho produtivo. Assim, esta análise consegue levantar o ideal do sujeito aparentemente independente, que se submerge na dívida como um mecanismo de acesso aos recursos que o aproximam ao objetivo de ser "seu próprio chefe", como a essência de uma das engrenagens principais nos modos de sujeição do comportamento, próprio do neoliberalismo, e seu mecanismo da dívida, aplicados ao campo da educação. Nesta base, tem lugar uma "pedagogia da dívida" na qual emergem como elementos indispensáveis na fabricação do referido sujeito à universidade e o ensino superior.

[Skin and tissue bank: Operational model for the recovery and preservation of tissues and skin allografts]. / Banco de piel y tejidos: un modelo operativo para la recuperación y preservación de aloinjertos de piel y tejidos.

Tissue storage is a medical process that is in the regulation and homogenisation phase in the scientific world. The international standards require the need to ensure safety and efficacy of human allografts such as skin and other tissues. The activities of skin and tissues banks currently involve their recovery, processing, storage and distribution, which are positively correlated with technological and scientific advances present in current biomedical sciences. A description is presented of the operational model of Skin and Tissue Bank at INR as successful case for procurement, recovery and preservation of skin and tissues for therapeutic uses, with high safety and biological quality. The essential and standard guidelines are presented as keystones for a tissue recovery program based on scientific evidence, and within an ethical and legal framework, as well as to propose a model for complete overview of the donation of tissues and organ programs in Mexico. Finally, it concludes with essential proposals for improving the efficacy of transplantation of organs and tissue programs.

Missed Nursing Care in Hospitalized Patients / Omisión en atención de enfermería para pacientes hospitalizados / Omissao no atendimento de enfermagem para pacientes hospitalizados

Objective: Determine missed nursing care in hospitalized patients and the factors related to missed care, according to the perception of the nursing staff and the patient. Method: Correlational descriptive study of a sample of 160 nurses and hospitalized patients, using the MISSCARE Nursing Survey. Results: Nursing personnel indicated there were fewer care omissions in continuous evaluation interventions (M = 94.56; SD = 11.10). The greatest number of omissions pertained to basic care interventions (M = 80.2; SD=19.40). Patients mentioned there were fewer omissions in continuous evaluation interventions (M = 96.32; SD=7.96), while the greatest number of omissions pertained to patient discharge and education (M=45.00; SD=23.22). The factors that contributed to missed nursing care, according to the nursing staff, were related to human resources (M = 80.67; SD=17.06) and material resources (M = 69.72; SD = 23.45); patients mentioned human resources and communication. Conclusions: Nursing care that is not carried out according to the needs of the patient, or is omitted or delayed, was identified. This aspect is relevant, since nursing care is fundamental to the recovery of hospitalized patients.

Objetivo: determinar el cuidado de enfermería no prestado a pacientes hospitalizados y los factores relacionados con la atención no prestada, según la percepción del personal de enfermería y la del paciente. Método: estudio descriptivo correlacional de una muestra de 160 enfermeras y pacientes hospitalizados, utilizando la Encuesta de Enfermería MISSCARE. Resultados: el personal de enfermería indicó que hubo menos omisiones de atención en intervenciones continuas de evaluación (M = 94,56; DE = 11,10). El mayor número de omisiones se refirió a intervenciones de atención básica (M = 80,2; DE = 19,40). Los pacientes mencionaron que hubo menos omisiones en intervenciones continuas de evaluación (M = 96,32; DE = 7,96), mientras que el mayor número de omisiones correspondió a dar de alta al paciente y a la educación (M = 45,00; DT = 23,22). Los factores que contribuyeron a la atención de enfermería no prestada, de acuerdo con el personal de enfermería, estuvieron relacionados con recursos humanos (M= 80,67; DE = 17,06) y recursos materiales (M = 69,72; DE = 23,45); los pacientes mencionaron los recursos humanos y la comunicación como factores determinantes en este sentido. Conclusiones: se identificó el cuidado de enfermería que no se lleva a cabo de acuerdo con las necesidades del paciente, o que se omite o retrasa. Este aspecto es relevante ya que la atención de enfermería es fundamental para la recuperación de los pacientes hospitalizados.

Objetivo: determinar o cuidado de enfermagem nao prestado a pacientes hospitalizados e os fatores relacionados com o atendimento nao prestado, segundo a percepqao da equipe de enfermagem e a do paciente. Método: estudo descritivo correlacional de uma amostra de 160 enfermeiras e pacientes hospitalizados, no qual se utilizou a Pesquisa MISSCARE. Resultados: a equipe de enfermagem indicou que houve menos omissoes de atendimento em intervenqoes continuas de avaliaqao (M = 94,56; DE = 11,10). O maior número de omissoes se referiu a intervenqoes de atendimento básico (M = 80,2; DE = 19,40). Os pacientes mencionaram que houve menos omissoes em intervenqoes continuas de avaliaqao (M = 96,32; DE = 7,96), enquanto o maior número de omissoes correspondeu a dar alta ao paciente e a educaqao (M = 45,00; DT = 23,22). Os fatores que contribuiram para o atendimento de enfermagem nao prestado, de acordo com a equipe de enfermagem, estiveram relacionados com recursos humanos (M= 80,67; DE = 17,06) e recursos materiais (M = 69,72; DE = 23,45); os pacientes mencionaram os recursos humanos e a comunicaqao como fatores determinantes nesse sentido. Conclusoes: identificou-se o cuidado de enfermagem que nao se realiza de acordo com as necessidades do paciente, que se omite ou atrasa. Esse aspecto é relevante já que a atenqao de enfermagem é fundamental para a recuperaqao dos pacientes hospitalizados.

[Steroid drugs and GM-CSF modulates activity of Egr-1 in glioma cells]. / Fármacos esteroides y el GM-CSF modulan la actividad de Egr-1 en células de glioma.

INTRODUCTION: The Egr-1 protein is a transcriptional factor responsive to early growth. Transcriptional regulation of the promoter has been described like responsive to physical stress, osmotic changes, and cellular growth marker. However, there is no report about the pharmacological effect on the transcriptional regulation in gliomas. Hereby we report the modulation of the Egr-1 promoter transcriptional activity induced by the Granulocytes Macrophages Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) and steroid drugs in human glioma cells (CH235-GM Grade II, U373-GM Grade III, D54-GM Grade IV) using a reporter system transduced by a recombinant adenoviral vector AdEgr-1/luc7. METHODS: Human glioma cells shows with different malignity grade (CH235-GM Grado II; U373-GM Grado III; D54-GM Grado IV) were transduced with no replicative adenoviral vector AdEgr-1/Luc7 and exposed to drugs as progesterone, ß-estradiol and betametasone, and GM-CSF. Transcriptional activity of the egr-1 promoter was quantified by Luciferase reporter gene, cloned downstream to the tata box. Luciferase activity was quantified from whole cell proteins using luminometry assays. RESULTS: U373-GM cell line with GM-CSF, shows an increment on transcriptional activity of Egr-1 promoter, also in endogen way. U373-GM showed a positive regulation of Egr-1, with steroid drugs on the times analyzed. Steroid drugs as progesterone, ß-estradiol and betametasone, shows a pleiotropic behavior on CH235-GM and D54-GM, glioma cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition or activation response of Egr-1 promoter shows new framework to explore a mechanism of action of steroid drugs on genetic and epigenetic regulation on tumoral process.

Hidronefrosis bilateral por prolapso urogenital / Bilateral hydronephrosis urogenital prolapse

El prolapso urogenital es el descenso de los órganos pélvicos más allá  de su posición habitual. Esta patología es más prevalente entre mujeres de edad avanzada, postmenopaúsicas y multíparas. Una sexta parte de las pacientes que poseen prolapso urogenital, esencialmente el prolapso uterino, pueden tener cierto grado de hidronefrosis debido principalmente a compresión distal de los uréteres, siendo infrecuente la presencia de hidronefrosis no es tratada de forma oportuna puede progresar al desarrollo de una insuficiencia renal aguda y por consiguiente a una insuficiencia renal crónica. La hidronefrosis es la complicación más grave del prolapso urogenital, por lo general se corrige mediante la intervención quirúrgica del prolapso urogenital y se revierte espontáneamente en la mayoría de los casos. Es necesario un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno para evitar complicaciones mayores a las pacientes.

Cobertura de defecto lateral del brazo con colgajo de perforantes de la arteria toracodorsal: reporte de caso / Coverage of a lateral arm defect with a thoracodorsal artery perforator flap: a case report

La cirugía plástica en el ámbito de la reconstrucción ha evolucionado de manera significativa, y cada vez se enfoca más en obtener el mejor resultado funcional con una menor morbilidad del área donante. Los estudios anatómicos que se han desarrollado a lo largo de la historia han permitido la descripción y la utilización de los colgajos de perforantes, que son, en el momento, una estrategia fundamental en las opciones de los cirujanos reconstructivos. Con el presente reporte se describe un caso clínico en el que se reconstruyó, con éxito, un defecto lateral en el brazo tras la resección de una lesión neoplásica por medio de un colgajo de perforantes de la arteria toracodorsal.

Reconstructive plastic surgery continues to achieve a number of outstanding results aimed at greater functionality with reduced donor area morbidity. The literature of anatomical studies provides multiple descriptions on the uses of perforator flaps, which are currently one of the fundamental options available to reconstructive surgeons. In this report, we describe the case in which a lateral arm defect was successfully reconstructed following resection of a neoplastic lesion by using a thoracodorsal artery perforator flap.

Análisis bibliométrico de los trabajos de grado del área organizacional de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad Santo Tomás / Bibliometric research of the works of degree into the organizational area in the Faculty of Psychology at the Santo Tomas University

El propósito de esta investigación fue realizar un análisis bibliométrico de los trabajos de grado del área organizacional de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad Santo Tomás. Primero, se hizo una revisión todos los trabajos de grado de Psicología (1307 tesis) de los cuales se seleccionaron 247 del área producidos durante 26 años, cerca del 19%, -período comprendido entre 1985-2005-. Luego, se diseñó una base de datos y de acuerdo con las variables previamente establecidas se sistematizaron los datos. El estudio fue de tipo descriptivo y se realizan dos tipos de análisis, uno de carácter descriptivo bibliométrico y el segundo, corresponde al análisis de datos textuales. Se encontró que de los 247 trabajos revisados se revelo que 1995 fue el año en el que se desarrollaron mayor número de tesis (50 trabajos); los enfoques teóricos de abordaje de las tesis son de: enfoque sistémico (51 trabajos) seguidos por el enfoque cognitivo comportamental (26). Por último, se presento un valioso aporte metodológico, y es la inclusión del análisis de datos textual a la bibliometría, el cual revelo en primer lugar la relación entre la Psicología social y la Psicología organizacional; en segundo lugar se evidenciaron dos periodos donde las temáticas giran en torno a una visión clásica de la psicología organizacional y en últimos 10 años un énfasis en una perspectiva critica de la psicología de las organizaciones.

The aim of this research was to make a bibliometric analysis of the works of works of degree into the organizational area in the faculty of psychology at the Santo Tomas University. First, a general overhaul of the works of degree of Psychology was made (1307 theses) of which were selected 247 of the organizational area produced during 26 years (close to the 19%) of history of the Faculty - period between 1985-2005-. Then, a data base was designed and in agreement with the variables previously established (author, year, thematic, director, juries, approach, methodology, design, type of statistical analysis and references) the data were systematized. This study was a descriptive one and tow types of analysis were made, one is a bibliometric descriptive and the second, corresponds to the analysis of textual data. It was find that into the 247 works revised, in 1995 were the year in which more number of thesis were developed (50 works): the theorist perspectives more used in that works were: systemic (51 works), followed by cognitive-behaviorist (26). Finally, a worth methodology contribution is presented, and it is the inclusion of the textual data analysis in the bibliometric study, which revels the relation between Social and Organizational Psychology. In a second place, it was evident two periods: one characterized by a classic vision of organizational psychology, and other, in the last 10 years, whit an emphasis in a psychological critical perspective in the organizations.

Priones, infecciones y confusiones en las encefalopatías espongiformes "trasmisibles": ciencia basada en la otra evidencia III: revisión / Prions infections and confusions in the transmissible espongiform encephalopathies: the other evidence-based science III: review

Una serie de enfermedades de tipo neurológico, caracterizadas patológicamente por presentar espongiosis del sistema nervioso central incluye, en los humanos, a la Enfermedad de Creutzfeld-JaKob y la llamada nueva variante, el Kuru, el Síndrome de Gertsman-Straussler-Scheinker y el Insomnio Familiar Fatal, así como la enfermedad de las vacas locas y el Scrapie en animales. El agente etiológico de dichas entidades se ha considerado que corresponde a un agente unas veces con características transmisibles, otras con características hereditarias o en ocaciones con ambas cualidades, el cual no contiene ácidos nucleicos, no se filtra, no se inactiva, no se ha cultivado y no se ha podido ver al microscopio electrónico, llevando estos hechos a comparar estos "agentes" con los así llamados virus de computador. Sin embargo, y a pesar de casi medio siglo de investigación, no se ha logrado explicar claramente que, como y porque tales, "agentes" aparecen en ciertos individuos y producen las patologías arriba anotadas. Por el contrario, durante todos estos años si se ha logrado documentar que dichas entidades agrupadas como amiloidosis transmisibles, enfermedades virales, lentas encefalopatías espongiformes, demencias transmisibles o enfermedades priónicas, se presentan en individuos con ciertas alteraciones genéticas, sometidos a la acción de estresantes inmunológicos universales. La posibilidad de que los elementos llamados priones, sean la consecuencia y no la causa de estas patologías neurodegenerativas es cada vez mas fuerte, llevándonos a sugerir que estas enfermedades, tanto en humanos como en animales, parecen tener otras etiologías diferentes a la priónica, dentro de las que sobresale una intoxicación sistemática, secundaria a la acción de los pesticidas y a la ingestión de diversas clases de micotoxinas provenientes de hongos de la familia Aspergillus, Penicillium y Fusarium, principalmente, la cual es, desafortunadamente, aún muy poco comprendida, en esta moderna sociedad del conocimiento