A Phase III Clinical Trial of the Epidermal Growth Factor Vaccine CIMAvax-EGF as Switch Maintenance Therapy in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients.

PURPOSE: EGFR is a well-validated target for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). CIMAvax-EGF is a therapeutic cancer vaccine composed of human recombinant EGF conjugated to a carrier protein and Montanide ISA51 as adjuvant. The vaccine is intended to induce antibodies against self EGFs that block EGF-EGFR interaction. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: To evaluate overall survival, safety, immunogenicity, and EGF concentration in serum after CIMAvax-EGF, a randomized phase III trial was done in patients with advanced NSCLC. Four to 6 weeks after first-line chemotherapy, 405 patients with stage IIIB/IV NSCLC were randomly assigned to a vaccine group, which received CIMAvax-EGF or a control group, treated with best supportive care. RESULTS: Long-term vaccination was very safe. Most frequent adverse reactions were grade 1 or 2 injection-site pain, fever, vomiting, and headache. Vaccination induced anti-EGF antibodies and decreased serum EGF concentration. In the safety population, median survival time (MST) was 10.83 months in the vaccine arm versus 8.86 months in the control arm. These differences were not significant according the standard log rank (HR, 0.82; P = 0.100), but according a weighted log rank (P = 0.04) that was applied once the nonproportionality of the HR was verified. Survival benefit was significant (HR, 0.77; P = 0.036) in the per-protocol setting (patients receiving at least four vaccine doses): MST was 12.43 months for the vaccine arm versus 9.43 months for the control arm. MST was higher (14.66 months) for vaccinated patients with high EGF concentration at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Switch maintenance with CIMAvax-EGF was well tolerated and significantly increased MST of patients that completed induction vaccination. Baseline EGF concentration predicted survival benefit. Clin Cancer Res; 22(15); 3782-90. ©2016 AACR.

Therapeutic vaccination with an EGF-based vaccine in lung cancer: a step in the transition to a chronic disease.

The trend of increased survival in advanced tumors suggests the possibility of the transformation of cancer into a chronic disease. That goal will require therapeutic weapons with low toxicity that can be used chronically. Here we summarize the development of a therapeutic vaccine consisting in recombinant EGF chemically linked to a protein from Neisseria meningitides. In mice, the vaccine elicited antibodies to self-EGF and had anti-tumor activity. Clinical trials have shown that the vaccine is also immunogenic and well tolerated in humans. The vaccination produced a decrease in plasma EGF concentration. Advanced lung cancer patients eliciting high antibody titers of EGF had better survival. The vaccine can be used long term and integrated with other treatment modalities.

Clinical development and perspectives of CIMAvax EGF, Cuban vaccine for non-small-cell lung cancer therapy.

INTRODUCTION: CIMAvax EGF is a therapeutic anticancer vaccine developed entirely in Cuba and licensed in Cuba for use in adult patients with stage IIIB/IV non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The vaccine is based on active immunotherapy by which an individual's immune response is manipulated to release its own effector antibodies (Abs) against the epidermal growth factor (EGF). OBJECTIVE: Review pre-clinical and clinical research conducted during development of CIMAvax EGF, primarily studies published by Cuban investigators in international peer-reviewed scientific journals. Methods An automated search for "vaccine" and "EGF" was conducted in PubMed, resulting in 17 articles published by Cuban authors between January 1, 1994 and September 30, 2009. Main findings were described and discussed, along with unpublished preliminary findings of an initial ongoing phase III clinical trial. RESULTS: Articles reviewed describe five phase I/II and one phase II clinical trials conducted in Cuba in 1995-2005. A non-controlled 1995-1996 study resulted in the earliest published scientific evidence of the feasibility of inducing an immune response against autologous EGF in patients with different advanced stage tumors. Subsequent controlled, randomized trials included patients with advanced stage (IIIB/IV) NSCLC. The 2 and 3rd phase I/II trials differentiated immunized patients as poor antibody responders (PAR) and good antibody responders (GAR), according to their anti-EGF antibody response, and confirmed greater immunogenicity with Montanide ISA 51 adjuvant in the vaccine formulation, as well as the benefits of low-dose cyclophosphamide treatment 72 hours before the first immunization. The 4th phase I/II trial found increased immunogenicity with an increased dose divided in 2 anatomical sites and also established correlation between Ab titers, serum EGF concentration and length of survival. In the first 4 phase I/II trials and the phase II trial, vaccine was administered after chemotherapy (ChTVV schedule). In the 5th phase I/III trial, longer survival and increased immunogenicity were achieved using a VChTV schedule and dividing the vaccine dose in 4 anatomical sites. The phase II clinical trial confirmed results of earlier studies as well as the mild-to-moderate adverse event profile associated with CIMAvax EGF Longer survival was observed in all vaccinated patients compared to controls, and the difference was significant (p < 0.05) in the group aged <60 years. CONCLUSIONS: CIMAvax EGF's benefits in earlier NSCLC stages and in other tumor locations, as well as in patients unfit for chemotherapy, need to be evaluated. Evidence of the vaccine's safety for chronic use also needs to be systemized.

Introducción CIMAvax EGF es una vacuna terapéutica contra el cáncer enteramente desarrollada en Cuba y licenciada en el país para su uso en pacientes adultos con cáncer de pulmón de células no pequeñas (CPCNP) en etapas IIIB/IV. La vacuna se basa en la inmunoterapia activa; o sea, manipula la respuesta inmune de un individuo para que genere sus propios anticuerpos efectores (Acs) contra el factor de crecimiento epidérmico (EGF). Objetivo Revisar los estudios clínicos y preclínicos realizados durante el desarrollo de CIMAvax EGF, principalmente los publicados por investigadores cubanos en revistas científicas internacionales arbitradas. Métodos Se efectuó una búsqueda automatizada en PubMed con el uso de las palabras claves "vacuna" y "EGF", que dio como resultado 17 artículos publicados por autores cubanos entre el 1 de enero de 1994 y el 30 de septiembre del 2009. Se describieron y discutieron los principales resultados, junto con los hallazgos preliminares no publicados aún de un ensayo clínico inicial fase III en ejecución. Resultados Los artículos revisados describen cinco ensayos clínicos fase I/II y uno fase II realizados en Cuba de 1995­2005. Un estudio no controlado de 1995­1996 fue la primera evidencia científicas de la factibilidad de inducir una respuesta inmune contra el EGF autólogo en pacientes con diferentes tumores en etapas avanzadas. Ensayos posteriores controlados y aleatorizados incluyeron pacientes con CPCNP en etapas avanzadas (IIIB/IV). En los ensayos segundo y tercero de fase I/ II, los pacientes inmunizados se diferenciaron en buenos respondedores (BR) y malos respondedores (MR) según las respuestas de anticuerpos contra el EGF y se conformó mayor inmunogenicidad al utilizar el adyuvante Montanide ISA 51 en la formulación vacunal, así como los beneficios del tratamiento de ciclofosfamida a baja dosis 72 horas antes de la primera inmunización. En el cuarto ensayo fase I/II se encontró un aumento de la inmunogenicidad con el aumento de la dosis, dividida en dos sitios anatómicos, y además se estableció la correlación entre los títulos de Acs, la concentración de EGF sérico y la supervivencia. En los primeros cuatro ensayos fase I/II, la vacuna se administró después de la quimioterapia (esquema QVV). En el quinto ensayo fase I/II, se lograron mayor supervivencia e inmunogenicidad utilizando un esquema VQV y dividiendo la dosis vacunal en cuatro sitios anatómicos. El ensayo clínico de fase II conforrmó los resultados de los estudios anteriores, así como un perfil de eventos adversos leves a moderados asociados a CIMAvax EGF. Se observó mayor supervivencia en todos los pacientes vacunados en comparación con los controles y la diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa (p <0.05) en el grupo de <60 años. Conclusiones Es necesario evaluar los beneficios de CIMAvax EGF en etapas tempranas del CPCNP y en otras localizaciones tumorales, así como en los pacientes no aptos para recibir quimioterapia. La evidencia de que la vacuna es segura para uso mantenido también debe ser sistematizada. Palabras clave Factor de crecimiento epidérmico, receptor del EGF, cáncer de pulmón de células no pequeñas, tratamiento vacunal, inmunoterapia, vacunas oncológicas