Corrigendum: Common pitfalls in the interpretation of endocrine tests.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.727628.].

Insulinoma-related Endogenous Hypoglycaemia with a Negative Fasting Test: A Case Report and Literature Review.

We present the case of a patient with a history of symptomatic hypoglycaemic episodes and a negative 72-hour fasting test with histological confirmation of insulinoma. A literature review of hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia with a negative fasting test was performed. LEARNING POINTS: The 72-hour fasting test is the gold standard for insulinoma diagnosis.Few cases of insulinoma with a negative fasting test have been reported.New strategies for insulinoma diagnosis are being investigated.

Common Pitfalls in the Interpretation of Endocrine Tests.

Endocrine tests are the cornerstone of diagnosing multiple diseases that primary care physicians are frequently faced with. Some of these tests can be affected by situations that affect the proper interpretation, leading to incorrect diagnoses and unnecessary treatment, such as the interference of biotin with thyroid function test, falsely elevated prolactin values in presence of macroprolactinemia or falsely normal due to the "hook effect" in macroprolactinomas. Recognizing these situations is essential for the clinician to make an adequate interpretation of these tests as well as an accurate diagnosis that guarantees the best outcomes for the patient.

Pelvic Renal Ectopia: Unusual Position Abnormality.

Pelvic renal ectopia is a congenital anomaly secondary to poor renal migration to the lower back. Usually, these pathologies are of asymptomatic course, therefore its finding is usually fortuitous during radiological examinations for other causes or in work-up of the infrequent symptomatic cases characterized by the occurrence of recurrent infections or symptoms of obstructive uropathy. The objective of this report is to present a case of a 37-year-old female with the unusual manifestation of left pelvic renal ectopia. She was intervened for acute lithiasic cholecystitis, and radiologic techniques diagnosed left pelvic renal ectopia. An updated review of the literature is performed. Despite the anomaly, the patient's renal function tests were normal, so only cholecystectomy was performed without complications.

Convulsiones, derrame pericárdico y rabdomiólisis en debut de coma mixedematoso / Myxedema coma presenting with seizures, pericardial effusion, and rhabdomyolysis

RESUMEN El coma mixedematoso es la complicación más grave de un hipotiroidismo. Ocurre, por lo general, en mujeres ancianas con hipotiroidismo conocido sin un adecuado manejo y en presencia de un evento desencadenante. El diagnóstico es difícil y debe realizarse en forma oportuna para disminuir el riesgo de muerte. El coma es una de las presentaciones neurológicas de esta urgencia endocrinológica y no es necesario su presencia para el diagnóstico. En este reporte de caso se presentan varías manifestaciones inusuales en un paciente masculino con hipotiroidismo profundo que, al diagnóstico, debutó con coma mixedematoso con predictores de mal pronóstico durante la hospitalización, pero debido al abordaje temprano y el manejo integral, se dio una resolución satisfactoria a esta urgencia endocrinológica infrecuente.

SUMMARY Myxedema coma is the most serious complication of hypothyroidism. It usually occurs in the context of elderly women, with known hypothyroidism without proper management and in the presence of a triggering event. The diagnosis is challenging and must be made in a timely manner to prevent the development of adverse outcomes. Coma is one of the neurological manifestations of the entity, not being necessary for its diagnosis. This case report presents a constellation of unusual manifestations of a male patient with myxedema coma at the debut of severe hypothyroidism with predictors of poor prognosis during hospitalization, but due to the early approach and comprehensive management, this uncommon endocrinological emergency was satisfactorily resolved.

Type 2 Marine-Lenhart Syndrome: An Uncommon Cause of Thyrotoxicosis.

Marine-Lenhart syndrome (MLS) is an uncommon cause of primary hyperthyroidism, which can occur in the context of diffuse goiter due to Graves disease (GD) or autonomic nodular disease (Plummer disease (PD)). The coexistence of these two conditions is the hallmark of the MLS. Patients with MLS have a lower remission rate with oral antithyroid drugs, requiring definitive management therapies with radioactive iodine or surgery. We present the case of a 48-year-old female with a history of primary autoimmune hyperthyroidism (GD) since 2016, with biochemical control of hyperthyroidism with methimazole but without the possibility of stopping treatment. The scintigraphic uptake pattern showed heterogeneous uptake of the thyroid parenchyma with three hyper-uptake nodules without inhibition of the rest of the thyroid tissue, findings of an MLS condition with the indication for definitive therapy, for which he was referred to nuclear medicine for the administration of radioactive iodine.

Systems of Risk Stratification of Malignancy by Ultrasound of Thyroid Nodules.

Thyroid nodules (TN) are more frequently identified with the use of thyroid ultrasonography, and they have a low risk of malignancy. Ultrasonographic features have been established that increase the probability of being faced with thyroid carcinoma; however, individually, these characteristics do not perform adequately in the diagnosis of malignancy, limiting their usefulness when indicating cytological studies by means of fine-needle aspiration (FNC). This situation motivated the development of risk stratification systems for thyroid nodules, which unified their ultrasound characteristics, with the aim of establishing risk categories, standardizing the preparation of reports, and providing the clinician with useful tools to define the surveillance option or form invasive studies. The objective of this review is to compare the different systems developed by some scientific societies for the stratification of thyroid nodules, with respect to their predictive capacities for malignancy, their operational characteristics for diagnosis, and, to suggest recommendations for the implementation of these systems, placing emphasis on those with the best ability to reduce the performance of unnecessary invasive studies and to guide decision-making in the face of undetermined cytological results.

Sarcoma de Kaposi clásico en paciente fototipo VI. Primer reporte en Colombia / Classic Kaposi's sarcoma in phototype VI patient. First report in Colombia

Resumen El sarcoma de Kaposi es un tumor vascular de bajo grado, que afecta piel y mucosas, pudiendo comprometer ganglios linfáticos y órganos internos. Generalmente está asociado a infección por virus herpes humano 8, se clasifica en cuatro subtipos clínico-epidemiológicos, entre ellos el tipo clásico, que se manifiesta habitualmente en ancianos blancos, inmunocompetentes, de origen judío o mediterráneo. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 69 años, con fototipo VI, que desarrolló inicialmente máculas violáceas, eritematosas, de borde definido en región externa del pie izquierdo, que progresivamente se tornaron a placas y nódulos violáceos, acompañado de edema. Se realizó biopsia que mostró lesión vascular, cuya inmunohistoquímica presentó reactividad para CD30, CD34 y virus herpes humano 8, confirmando un sarcoma de Kaposi en fase de nódulo. Este caso resulta excepcional y se debe tener presente en el diagnóstico diferencial; los reportes en Suramérica son escasos, siendo este el primero en Colombia. MÉD.UIS. 2017;30(3):129-33.

Abstract Kaposi's sarcoma is a low-grade vascular tumor that affects the skin and mucous membranes and may compromise lymph nodes and internal organs. It is usually associated with human herpes virus infection 8, classified into four clinical-epidemiological subtypes, including the classical type, which is usually manifested in elderly, immunocompetent white Jews or of Mediterranean origin. We present the case of a 69-year-old male, with phototype VI, who initially developed violaceous macules, erythematous, with defined border in the external region of the left foot, which progressively turned to violet plaques and nodules, accompanied by edema. A biopsy was performed showing vascular lesion, whose immunohistochemistry presented reactivity for CD30, CD34 and human herpesvirus 8, confirming a Kaposi's sarcoma in the nodule phase. This case is exceptional and must be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis; the reports in South America are scarce, being the first in Colombia. MÉD.UIS. 2017;30(3):129-33.