The Presence of Leishmania braziliensis DNA in the Nasal Mucosa of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients and the Search for Possible Clinical and Immunological Patterns of Disease Progression: A Cross Sectional Study.

Leishmania braziliensis is the most important causal agent of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), and 3 to 5% of patients develop mucosal lesions. The mechanisms related to parasite and host immune interactions and the parasite life cycle that lead to dissemination to the mucosa are poorly understood. We aimed to detect L. braziliensis DNA in the nasal mucosa of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients with early mucous dissemination and to relate those findings to specific inflammatory responses. Nasal swabs were collected from patients with the cutaneous form of ATL. L. braziliensis DNA was investigated using TaqMan-based real-time PCR. The levels of serum cytokines (IL-12, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1ß and IL-8) were measured by a multiplex cytometric array. A Poisson regression model was used to test prevalence ratios (PRs) and multivariate interactions of clinical and laboratory characteristics. Of the 79 CL patients, 24 (30%) had L. braziliensis DNA in the nasal mucosa. In the multivariate model, parasite DNA presence in mucosa was associated with a reduction in IL-12 levels (PR = 0.440; p=0.034), increased IL-6 levels (PR = 1.001; p=0.002) and a higher number of affected body segments (PR = 1.65; p<0.001). In this study, we observed a higher rate of early dissemination to the nasal mucosa than what was previously described. We suggest that an enhanced Th1 profile characterized by higher IL-12 is important for preventing dissemination of L. braziliensis to the mucosa. Further evaluation of parasite-related interactions with the host immunological response is necessary to elucidate the dissemination mechanisms of Leishmania.

A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial: Oral Miltefosine and Pentavalent Antimonials Associated With Pentoxifylline for the Treatment of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis.

Introduction: American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), which can present as either cutaneous (CL) or mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), is endemic in South America, and first-line antimonial treatments are known for their wide range of adverse effects (AEs). Growing reports of drug resistance increase the urgency of the need for better treatment options. The objective of this pilot clinical trial was to assess the efficacy of and AEs associated with the oral combination of miltefosine and pentoxifylline based on a post hoc analysis. Methods: A pilot, randomized, open-label clinical trial was performed. The experimental group (M+P) received 50 mg twice a day (BID) miltefosine and 400 mg three times a day (TID) pentoxifylline, and the control group (A+P) received 20 mg Sb+V/kg/day intravenously and 400 mg TID pentoxifylline. Patients with ML received treatment for 28 days, and patients with CL received treatment for 20 days. Results: Forty-three patients were included: 25 with ML and 18 with CL caused by L.(V.) braziliensis. AEs were more frequent in the A+P group (p=0.322), and there was a need for treatment interruption due to severe AEs (p=0.027). Patients with CL had a higher chance of achieving a cure (p=0.042) and a higher risk of AEs (p=0.033). There was no difference in the chance of a cure based on the treatment (p=0.058). Conclusion: In this pilot randomized clinical trial, M+P treatment and A+P treatment yielded similar cure rates, and the former was associated with a lower risk of AEs. Future studies with more patients and longer follow-up are recommended.

A retrospective cohort study of the effectiveness and adverse events of intralesional pentavalent antimonials in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

INTRODUCTION: The standard therapy for American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is intravenous meglumine antimoniate (IV-MA). However, treatment interruptions due to adverse events (AEs) and non-adherence are frequent. Consequently, intralesional MA (IL-MA) was proposed. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effectiveness of and AEs associated with IL-MA. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 240 patients with ACL. We excluded patients with mucous lesions and disseminated leishmaniasis and those who received treatment in the previous 6 months. We considered protocol treatments as the main risk factors. IL-MA was performed using a subcutaneous injection of MA in a volume sufficient to elevate the lesion base (approximately 1 mL/cm2 of lesion area) once weekly for 1-8 weeks. IV-MA was performed via intravenous injections of MA at a dosage of 10-20 mg Sb5+/kg/day for 20 days. The primary outcome was defined as a lesion cure 3 months after treatment, and AEs were secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Seventy-three patients were included. The IL-MA group consisted of 21 patients, and the IV-MA group consisted of 52 patients. The IL-MA group was older, had more comorbidities and more previous unsuccessful treatment of ACL. The antimonial dose was significantly lower in this group. The cure rate for IL-MA was 66.7%, which was lower than that in the IV-MA group (relative risk (RR) = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.50-0.92, p < 0.001), while the rate of AEs was similar. Female sex (RR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.02-1.33), lesion diameter ≤1 cm (RR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.00-1.56) and treatment with IV-MA (RR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.06-1.93) were independently associated with achieving a cure. Comorbidities (RR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.06-2.98) were independently associated with AEs. CONCLUSIONS: Patients of IL-MA group were older, had more comorbidities and more previous unsuccessful treatment of ACL. Nevertheless, IL-MA had a cure rate of 66.7%, and it was useful in this context. A prospective randomized trial is recommended.

Educação em saúde para a prevenção do câncer cérvico-uterino / Health education for cervical cancer prevention

Este estudo se trata do relato de uma experiência vivenciada por graduandos de Medicina e Enfermagem participantes do PET-Saúde da Universidade de Brasília, cujo objetivo foi realizar atividades de educação em saúde dentro do tema prevenção de câncer cérvico-uterino nos municípios de Ceres e Santa Isabel, Goiás. Para tanto, foram feitas diferentes ações comunicativas, tais como: confecção e distribuição de cartazes/panfletos; produção de um programa de rádio; e promoção de rodas de conversa na sala de espera das unidades básicas de saúde. Essa atividade se mostrou como uma oportunidade de compartilhar experiências e sentimentos, bem como discutir ideias e conceitos visando a construir um novo conhecimento, com contribuições do saber teórico dos acadêmicos e do saber prático das usuárias. As dúvidas e questionamentos das usuárias estavam de acordo com os apontados trazidos pela literatura, e as atividades mostraram-se uma boa forma de esclarecer as dúvidas das usuárias e aproximar sistema de saúde e população, bem como de promover a educação em saúde, especialmente no âmbito da autovalorização, da prevenção e da promoção da saúde.

This case report describes the experience of undergraduate medical and nursing students participating in the Educational Program for Health Work (PET-Saúde) at the University of Brasília, the objective of which was to conduct health education activities in cervical cancer prevention in Ceres and Santa Isabel, Goiás State. The following communications activities were used: preparation and distribution of posters and leaflets; production of a radio program; and conversation groups held in the waiting rooms of primary healthcare units. This activity provided an opportunity to share experiences and feelings, as well as discussing ideas and concepts aimed at building new knowledge, with contributions from the students' academic training and the users' practical knowhow. The users' doubts and questions were consistent with those found in the literature, and the activities proved to be a good way for clearing up users' doubts and drawing the health system and the population closer, as well as promoting health education, especially in the areas of self-esteem, prevention, and health promotion.

Capacitação do agente comunitário de saúde na prevenção do câncer de colo uterino / Training community health agents in cervical cancer prevention

Atualmente, intensificam-se as discussões a respeito da educação em saúde, principalmente em relação aos agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS), para os quais a capacitação deve ser constante. Este estudo tem como objetivo relatar a experiência de capacitação de ACSs a respeito do tema câncer cérvico-uterino. A escolha do tema abordado baseou-se em sua relevância e na necessidade concreta dos ACSs observados, que não se sentiam empoderados com relação ao assunto. Diante disso, nove acadêmicos de Medicina e Enfermagem, monitores do PET-Saúde da Universidade de Brasília (UnB), realizaram encontros com ACSs dos municípios de Ceres e Santa Isabel (GO), com o intuito de fornecer a esses profissionais mais informações e técnicas para que a abordagem das usuárias em relação ao exame colpocitologico fosse bem-sucedida. A metodologia utilizada foi a integração entre educação bancária e educação dialógica, a fim de que elas se complementassem para alcançar melhores resultados. Foi evidenciado êxito, uma vez que os ACSs demonstraram ter assimilado o conteúdo e ter organizado os conceitos e puderam aplicá-los de forma criativa, envolvendo-se com o aprendizado e acrescentando a ele as suas vivências próprias em relação ao conhecimento aprendido.

Recent years have witnessed increasing discussion on health education, especially for community health workers (CHWs), who should receive continuing training. The aim of this study was to report on an experience with CHWs trained in cervical cancer prevention. The choice of the theme was based on its relevance and the observed need among CHWs, who did not feel empowered to deal with it. Thus, nine undergraduate medical and nursing students, who were monitors in the PET-Saúde project at the University of Brasília (UnB), held meetings with CHWs in the municipalities (counties) of Ceres and Santa Isabel, Goiás State, Brazil, to provide them with information and techniques in order to improve the success of Pap smears for patients. The methodology used a combination of traditional and critical dialogical learning in order to achieve the best results. The training proved successful, since the CHWs assimilated the concepts and were able to apply them creatively, interacting with the learning process and enriching it with their own personal experiences.