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1.
Acta Med Port ; 33(6): 433-439, 2020 Jun 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32504520

ABSTRACT

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is an autosomal co-dominant inherited disorder that results in decreased circulating levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin (also known as alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor) and predisposes affected individuals to early onset lung and liver disease. There is currently no cure for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. However, appropriate treatment and a high standard of clinical care can prevent patients from being seriously affected and having to undergo major medical interventions, such as organ transplantation. Beyond managing the symptoms associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor therapy is the only treatment for the condition's underlying cause. Early diagnosis is important to ensure efficient therapeutic strategies and to minimize further deterioration of lung function. alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is under diagnosed globally, partly because the disease has no unique presenting symptoms. This document was prepared by a Portuguese multidisciplinary group and it aims to set out comprehensive principles of care for Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. These include the importance of registries, the need for clinical research, the need for consistent recommendations (regarding diagnosis, treatment and monitoring), the role of reference centres, the requirement for sustained access to treatment, diagnostic and support services, and the role of patient organizations.


A deficiência de alfa-1 antitripsina é uma doença hereditária autossómica co-dominante que resulta numa diminuição dos níveis plasmáticos de alfa-1 antitripsina (também conhecida por inibidor da alfa-1 proteinase) e predispõe os indivíduos afetados ao desenvolvimento de doença pulmonar e hepática precoce. Atualmente não existe cura para a deficiência de alfa-1 antitripsina. No entanto, o tratamento adequado e um elevado padrão de cuidados clínicos podem prevenir que os doentes sejam gravemente afetados e terem que se submeter a intervenções médicas major, como o transplante de órgão. Para além de atuar nos sintomas associados à deficiência de alfa-1 antitripsina, a terapêutica com o inibidor da alfa-1 proteinase é o único tratamento disponível que atua na causa subjacente desta patologia. O diagnostico precoce é importante para assegurar a implementação de estratégias terapêuticas eficientes e para minimizar a destruição adicional da função pulmonar. A deficiência de alfa-1 antitripsina está globalmente sub diagnosticada, em parte devido ao fato desta doença não apresentar sintomas únicos. Este documento foi preparado por um grupo multidisciplinar e visa estabelecer princípios de cuidados abrangentes para a deficiência de alfa-1 antitripsina. Estes incluem a importância dos registros, a necessidade de investigação clinica, a necessidade de recomendações consistentes (no que diz respeito ao diagnostico, tratamento e monitorização), o papel dos centros de referência, a necessidade de acesso sustentado ao tratamento, diagnostico e serviços de suporte, e o papel das associações de doentes.


Subject(s)
Standard of Care , alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency/therapy , Humans , Practice Guidelines as Topic
2.
Development ; 147(3)2020 02 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31969325

ABSTRACT

Axon ensheathment is fundamental for fast impulse conduction and the normal physiological functioning of the nervous system. Defects in axonal insulation lead to debilitating conditions, but, despite its importance, the molecular players responsible are poorly defined. Here, we identify RalA GTPase as a key player in axon ensheathment in Drosophila larval peripheral nerves. We demonstrate through genetic analysis that RalA action through the exocyst complex is required in wrapping glial cells to regulate their growth and development. We suggest that the RalA-exocyst pathway controls the targeting of secretory vesicles for membrane growth or for the secretion of a wrapping glia-derived factor that itself regulates growth. In summary, our findings provide a new molecular understanding of the process by which axons are ensheathed in vivo, a process that is crucial for normal neuronal function.


Subject(s)
Axons/metabolism , Drosophila Proteins/metabolism , Drosophila melanogaster/metabolism , Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Myelin Sheath/metabolism , Peripheral Nerves/metabolism , Vesicular Transport Proteins/metabolism , Animals , Animals, Genetically Modified , Axon Fasciculation/genetics , Drosophila Proteins/genetics , Drosophila melanogaster/genetics , Larva/metabolism , Locomotion/genetics , Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics , Mutation , Neuroglia/metabolism , RNA Interference
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