Estratégias utilizadas por alunos do 1º ano do ensino básico na transformação 2D/3D / First-grade students' strategies for 2D/3D transformations / Estrategias utilizadas por alumnos de primer año de Educación Básica en la transformación 2D/3D

Neste artigo, temos como objetivo compreender que relações entre componentes, compostos e o todo, os alunos do 1º ano do Ensino Básico utilizam para transformar representações bidimensionais em construções tridimensionais. Focamo-nos na análise das estratégias de dois alunos, utilizadas numa tarefa envolvendo a relação dinâmica 2D/3D. Os dados foram recolhidos durante a primeira sequência de tarefas do ciclo 1 de uma investigação em curso baseada em design. Os resultados mostram que os alunos relacionam as partes, os quadrados e o todo, a caixa, utilizando movimentos mentais, para transformar construções bidimensionais em tridimensionais. As discussões coletivas parecem contribuir para a construção colaborativa do conhecimento matemático e para a passagem de representações com modelos físicos para modelos mentais.

In this paper, we aim to understand which relationships between components, compounds and the whole do 1st grade students use to transform two-dimensional representations into three-dimensional constructions. We focus our analysis on the strategies used by two students during a task involving the dynamic relationship between 2D and 3D. Data were collected during the first set of tasks from the cycle 1 of an ongoing design-based research. Results show that students can establish relationships between the components, squares, and the whole, the box, using mental movements to transform two-dimensional constructions into three-dimensional constructions. Collective discussions seem to contribute to a collaborative construction of mathematical knowledge and to the shift from representations using physical models to mental models.

En este artículo, nuestro objetivo es comprender qué relaciones entre componentes, compuestos y el todo, los estudiantes en el primer año de Educación Básica utilizan para transformar las representaciones bidimensionales en construcciones tridimensionales. Nos centramos en el análisis de las estrategias de los estudiantes, utilizadas en una tarea que involucra la relación dinámica 2D/ 3D. Los datos se recopilaron durante la primera secuencia de tareas en el ciclo 1 de una investigación basada en el diseño, en curso. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes relacionan las partes, los cuadrados, y el todo, de la caja a construir, usando movimientos mentales, para transformar las construcciones bidimensionales en tridimensionales. Las discusiones colectivas parecen contribuir a la construcción colaborativa del conocimiento matemático y la transición de representaciones con modelos físicos a modelos mentales.

Envolver os alunos em processos de raciocínio matemático: as ações do professor / Involving students in mathematical reasoning processes: teacher actions / Involucrar a los alumnos en los procesos de razonamiento matemático: acciones del profesor

O raciocínio é uma das capacidades-chave a se desenvolver desde os primeiros anos de escolaridade. Neste artigo assumimos raciocínio matemático como a capacidade de fazer inferências justificadas, isto é, de utilizar informação matemática já conhecida para obter, justificadamente, novas conclusões. Serão analisados os padrões de interação entre uma professora e seus alunos do 2º ano na discussão de uma tarefa matemática aditiva. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo de carácter interpretativo. Concluímos que o questionamento da professora se foca em aspectos-chave do raciocínio guiando os alunos para processos de justificação, generalização e exemplificação. Neste percurso, as ações da professora foram cruciais para desafiar os alunos a apresentarem justificações das relações numéricas identificadas, não só favorecendo, mas também ampliando o seu raciocínio matemático.

Reasoning is a key ability to develop from the early years of schooling. This article assumes mathematical reasoning as being the ability to make justified inferences, that is, to use already known mathematical information to reach new conclusions. Patterns of interaction between a teacher and her 2nd graders in the discussion of an additive mathematical task will be analyzed. The study adopts a qualitative methodology within the interpretative paradigma. We conclude that the teacher's questions focus on key aspects of reasoning, guiding the students to processes of justification, generalization and exemplification. On this route, the teacher's actions were crucial in challenging the students to present justifications of the numerical relationships identified, not only favoring but also extending their mathematical reasoning.

El razonamiento es una de las capacidades claves para desarrollar desde los primeros años de escolaridad. En este artículo entendemos al razonamiento matemático como la capacidad de realizar inferencias justificadas, es decir, de utilizar la información matemática ya conocida para obtener, justificadamente, nuevas conclusiones. Serán analizados los patrones de interacción entre una profesora y sus alumnos de 2° año en la discusión de una tarea matemática de adición. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo de carácter interpretativo. Concluímos que los cuestionamientos de la profesora se centran en aspectos claves del razonamiento, guiando a los alumnos hacia procesos de justificación, generalización y ejemplificación. En esta dirección, las acciones de la profesora fueron cruciales para desafiar a los alumnos a justificar las relaciones numéricas identificadas, no sólo favoreciendo sino también ampliando su razonamiento matemático.

Tropical spastic paraparesis - anesthetic approach / Paraparesia espástica tropical - abordagem anestésica

Abstract Introduction HTLV-1 infection is endemic in Japan, Caribbean, Africa, and South America. It is transmitted from mother to child, sexual contact, blood transfusions, or sharing needles. Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) is a chronic degenerative neurological disease associated with this infection. It results from a spinal cord symmetrical degeneration at the thoracic level and is characterized by progressive motor weakness in the lower limbs, hyperreflexia, sensitivity changes, urinary incontinence, and bladder dysfunction. Clinical case Female, 53 years old, HTLV-1 infection and TSP. She had decreased strength in the lower limbs and hyperreflexia, paretic gait, spasticity, and neurogenic bladder symptoms, with recurrent urinary infections. She was scheduled for cystectomy. The patient was monitored according to standard ASA. Due to severe coagulopathy and the possibility of neurological worsening, epidural catheter was not placed. The induction of general anesthesia was performed with midazolam and fentanyl, followed by etomidate and cisatracurium. She was intubated with a tube size seven and maintained with desflurane and oxygen. Anesthesia was uneventful; the surgery lasted 1 hour and 50 min. There were no complications in the immediate postoperative period, during hospitalization, nor deterioration of the neurological examination. The patient was discharged 20 days later. Discussion/Conclusion There are reports of decreased electromyographic response and neurological deterioration associated with propofol in these patients, etomidate was used. The hepatic metabolism of rocuronium posed a risk, we chose to use cistracurium. It was concluded that the anesthesia chosen did not affect the course of the disease.

Resumo Introdução A infecção por HTLV- 1 é endêmica no Japão, nas Caraíbas, na África e na América do Sul. A transmissão ocorre de mãe para filho, por contatos sexuais, transfusões de sangue ou partilha de agulhas. A essa infeção está associada uma doença neurológica degenerativa crônica, a paraparesia espástica tropical (TSP). Essa resulta de uma degeneração simétrica da espinal medula em nível torácico. Caracteriza-se por diminuição progressiva da força nos membros inferiores, hiperreflexia, alterações de sensibilidade, incontinência urinária e disfunção vesical. Caso clínico Mulher de 53 anos, infecção por HTLV-1 e TSP. Apresentava diminuição da força nos membros inferiores e hiperreflexia, tinha uma marcha parética, espasticidade e sintomas de bexiga neurogênica com infecções urinárias de repetição. Foi proposta para cistectomia. Foi monitorada de acordo com o padrão da ASA. Devido à coagulopatia grave e à possibilidade de agravamento neurológico, não se colocou cateter epidural. A indução da anestesia geral foi feita com midazolam e fentanil seguidos de etomidato e cisatracúrio. Foi entubada com um tubo sete e mantida com desflurano e oxigênio. A anestesia decorreu sem intercorrências, a cirurgia terminou em uma hora e 50 minutos. Não houve quaisquer complicações no pós-operatório imediato, durante a internação, nem deterioração do exame neurológico. A doente teve alta 20 dias depois. Discussão/Conclusão Há relatos de diminuição da resposta eletromiográfica e deterioração neurológica associadas ao propofol nesses doentes, razão para uso de etomidato. A metabolização hepática do rocurônio representava um risco e se optou pelo cisatracúrio. Conclui-se que o plano anestésico escolhido não teve qualquer interferência no curso da doença.

A Inclusão de Crianças com Necessidades Educativas Especiais no Ensino Regular em Portugal: a Opinião de Educadores de Infância e de Professores do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Público e Privado / The Inclusion of Children with Special Educational Needs in Portuguese Mainstream Education: Opinion of Kindergarten and Elementary School Teachers from Public and Private Education

RESUMO: este artigo particulariza dados de uma pesquisa e teve como objetivo descrever a opinião dos docentes acerca da inclusão de alunos com Necessidades Educativas Especiais e conhecer os fatores que justificam essas opiniões, após seis anos da implementação de um decreto Português que teve o objetivo de promover a igualdade de oportunidades, valorizar a educação e promover a melhoria da qualidade do ensino. Foram inquiridos 244 docentes de escolas públicas e privadas do Porto, através de um instrumento constituído por cinco vinhetas que descreviam diferentes funcionamentos de crianças. Os resultados indicaram que as crianças descritas com funcionamentos compatíveis com Perturbação de Espetro de Autismo e Paralisia Cerebral foram as menos aceitos, sendo as justificações aduzidas a falta de formação, a impossibilidade de despender o tempo de ensino necessário e a exigência dos outros alunos obterem bons resultados acadêmicos. A formação em Educação Especial apenas estava associada à maior aceitação de alunos com Paralisia Cerebral, e ser docente-educador versus professor do 1º ciclo influencia a aceitação de alunos com Perturbação de Espetro de Autismo, Paralisia Cerebral e Atraso Global de Desenvolvimento/Dificuldades de Aprendizagem. Os docentes do ensino privado evidenciaram maior aceitação dos alunos descritos do que os do público.

ABSTRACT: This article presents research data and aims to describe the opinion of teachers on the inclusion of students with special needs, exploring the factors that justify their opinion after six years of the Portuguese Decree implementation which aimed to promote equality of opportunities, to value education and to promote improvement in teaching quality. The study included 244 teachers, from public and private schools of Porto through an instrument composed by 5 vignettes with the description of the children's behaviors. The results revealed that behaviors compatible with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Cerebral Palsy were less accepted. The justifications were placed on the lack of training and time to support the child, due to the need of meeting curricular and achievement demands. It also revealed that the training in Special Education was only associated with the students with Cerebral Palsy, and that being kindergarten teacher vs. elementary school teacher influences the acceptance of students with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cerebral Palsy and Global Developmental/Learning Disabilities. Private school teachers showed a better acceptance of these students in comparison with the ones from public schools.

[Tropical spastic paraparesis - anesthetic approach]. / Paraparesia espástica tropical ­ abordagem anestésica.

INTRODUCTION: HTLV-1 infection is endemic in Japan, Caribbean, Africa, and South America. It is transmitted from mother to child, sexual contact, blood transfusions, or sharing needles. Tropical Spastic paraparesis (TSP) is a chronic degenerative neurological disease associated with this infection. It results from a spinal cord symmetrical degeneration at the thoracic level and is characterized by progressive motor weakness in the lower limbs, hyperreflexia, sensitivity changes, urinary incontinence, and bladder dysfunction. CLINICAL CASE: Female, 53 years old, HTLV-1 infection and TSP. She had decreased strength in the lower limbs and hyperreflexia, paretic gait, spasticity, and neurogenic bladder symptoms, with recurrent urinary infections. She was scheduled for cystectomy. The patient was monitored according to standard ASA. Due to severe coagulopathy and the possibility of neurological worsening, epidural catheter was not placed. The induction of general anesthesia was performed with midazolam and fentanyl, followed by etomidate and cisatracurium. She was intubated with a tube size seven and maintained with desflurane and oxygen. Anesthesia was uneventful; the surgery lasted 1 hour and 50minutes. There were no complications in the immediate postoperative period, during hospitalization, nor deterioration of the neurological examination. The patient was discharged 20 days later. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: There are reports of decreased electromyographic response and neurological deterioration associated with propofol in these patients, etomidate was used. The hepatic metabolism of rocuronium posed a risk, we chose to use cistracurium. It was concluded that the anesthesia chosen did not affect the course of the disease.

Clinical, imagiological and etiological spectrum of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the cases of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) admitted in a Neurology Department during an 8-year period. METHOD: Retrospective observational study in a central hospital in the north of Portugal. RESULTS: 14 patients were identified, mean age 52.3 years. Precipitating factors included: eclampsia, isolated arterial hypertension, spinal trauma and autonomic dysreflexia, Guillain-Barré syndrome, sepsis, sarcoidosis and pulmonary cryptococcosis and drugs. Most patients presented posterior-predominant vasogenic edema lesions, however 64.2% presented frontal lesions and in 42.8% cerebellum was involved. Four patients also had acute ischemic lesions and 1 had hemorrhagic lesions. During follow-up 10 patients recovered fully, 2 recovered partially, 1 suffered a recurrence and 2 died in hospital. CONCLUSION: PRES has many etiological factors. The terms posterior and reversible should be revised because PRES frequently involves other brain regions and it is not always reversible. PRES patients may develop life-threatening complications and mortality is not negligible.

Clinical, imagiological and etiological spectrum of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome / Espectro clínico, imagiológico e etiológico da síndrome de encefalopatia posterior reversível

Objective Analyze the cases of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) admitted in a Neurology Department during an 8-year period. Method Retrospective observational study in a central hospital in the north of Portugal. Results 14 patients were identified, mean age 52.3 years. Precipitating factors included: eclampsia, isolated arterial hypertension, spinal trauma and autonomic dysreflexia, Guillain-Barré syndrome, sepsis, sarcoidosis and pulmonary cryptococcosis and drugs. Most patients presented posterior-predominant vasogenic edema lesions, however 64.2% presented frontal lesions and in 42.8% cerebellum was involved. Four patients also had acute ischemic lesions and 1 had hemorrhagic lesions. During follow-up 10 patients recovered fully, 2 recovered partially, 1 suffered a recurrence and 2 died in hospital. Conclusion PRES has many etiological factors. The terms posterior and reversible should be revised because PRES frequently involves other brain regions and it is not always reversible. PRES patients may develop life-threatening complications and mortality is not negligible. .

Objetivo Análise dos casos de síndrome de encefalopatia posterior reversível (PRES) internados em um Serviço de Neurologia durante oito anos. Método Estudo restrospectivo observacional num hospital central do norte de Portugal. Resultados Identificaram-se 14 casos, idade média de 52,3 anos. Os factores precipitantes foram: eclâmpsia, hipertensão arterial isolada, traumatismos vertebro-medulares com disfunção autonómica, síndrome de Guillain-Barré, sépsis, sarcoidose e criptococose pulmonar e fármacos. A maioria dos doentes apresentou lesões edematosas de predomínio posterior, contudo 64,2% apresentaram lesões frontais e 42,8% apresentaram também lesões cerebelosas. Quatro doentes tinham lesões isquémicas agudas e um apresentou lesões hemorrágicas. Durante o seguimento, 10 doentes recuperaram totalmente, 2 recuperaram com sequelas, 1 teve recidiva e 2 faleceram durante o internamento. Conclusão A PRES apresenta muitos factores precipitantes. As designações posterior e reversível deverão ser reequacionadas dado que a PRES afecta outras zonas do cérebro e nem sempre é reversível, apresentado complicações e mortalidade não ...

Intravenous thrombolysis is more effective in ischemic cardioembolic strokes than in non-cardioembolic? / A trombólise endovenosa é mais eficaz nos acidentes vasculares cerebrais isquêmicos cardioembólicos do que nos não cardioembólicos?

It was suggested that intravenous thrombolysis (IT) leads to larger extent recanalization in cardioembolic stroke. In this work we assess if this has beneficial clinical traduction. METHOD: We evaluated 177 patients undergoing IT, which were categorized into cardioembolic (CE) and non-cardioembolic (NCE). National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Rankin scale were compared. RESULTS: The mean age was 67.4±12.01 and 53.8 percent were male. The mean NIHSS was: 14 (admission), 9 (24 h) and 6 (discharge), similar in subgroups. The difference between NIHSS at admission and 24 hours was 4.17±4.92 (CE: 4.08±4.71; NCE: 4.27±5.17, p=0.900) and at admission and discharge there was an average difference of 6.74±5.58 (CE: 6.97±5.68; NCE: 6.49±5.49, p=0.622). The mRS at discharge and 3 months was not significantly different by subtype, although individuals whose event was NCE are more independent at 3 months. CONCLUSION: Ours findings argue against a specific paper of IT in CE. It can result from heterogeneity of NCE group.

Alguns estudos sugerem que a trombólise endovenosa (TE) conduz a melhor recanalização nos acidentes vasculares cerebrais isquêmicos (AVCI) cardioembólicos. Neste trabalho questionamos se isto terá tradução em benefício clínico. MÉTODO: Avaliamos 177 doentes submetidos a TE, os quais foram categorizados como cardioembólicos (CE) e não cardioembólicos (NCE). Compararam-se a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) e escala de Rankin modificada. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi 67,4±12,01 e 53,8 por cento eram homens. NIHSS média foi: 14 (admissão), 9 (24 h), 6 (alta), semelhante nos subgrupos. A diferença entre NIHSS à admissão e 24 h foi de 4,17±4,92 (CE: 4,08±4,71; NCE: 4,27±5,17, p=0,900) e entre a admissão e a alta de 6,74±5,58 (CE: 6,97±5,68; NCE: 6,49±5,49, p=0,622). A classificação na mRS não foi significativamente diferente nos subgrupos (alta e 3 meses), mas os doentes com eventos NCE estavam mais independentes aos 3 meses. CONCLUSÃO: Os nossos resultados não documentam um papel específico da TE nos CE, o que pode resultar da heterogeneidade do grupo NCE.

Intravenous thrombolysis is more effective in ischemic cardioembolic strokes than in non-cardioembolic?

UNLABELLED: It was suggested that intravenous thrombolysis (IT) leads to larger extent recanalization in cardioembolic stroke. In this work we assess if this has beneficial clinical traduction. METHOD: We evaluated 177 patients undergoing IT, which were categorized into cardioembolic (CE) and non-cardioembolic (NCE). National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Rankin scale were compared. RESULTS: The mean age was 67.4 ± 12.01 and 53.8% were male. The mean NIHSS was: 14 (admission), 9 (24 h) and 6 (discharge), similar in subgroups. The difference between NIHSS at admission and 24 hours was 4.17 ± 4.92 (CE: 4.08 ± 4.71; NCE: 4.27 ± 5.17, p=0.900) and at admission and discharge there was an average difference of 6.74 ± 5.58 (CE: 6.97 ± 5.68; NCE: 6.49 ± 5.49, p=0.622). The mRS at discharge and 3 months was not significantly different by subtype, although individuals whose event was NCE are more independent at 3 months. CONCLUSION: Ours findings argue against a specific paper of IT in CE. It can result from heterogeneity of NCE group.