Recommendations for Screening and Monitoring the Stages of Type 1 Diabetes in the Immune Therapy Era.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex, chronic autoimmune disease that affects over 1.6 million people in the United States. It is now understood that T1D may be undetected for many years while the disease progresses quietly without producing symptoms. T1D can be identified through diabetes-related autoantibody screening and staged accordingly, enabling healthcare providers to identify high-risk individuals in the early stages of the disease and either provide a stage-specific intervention or offer clinical trial opportunities to preserve beta cell function and anticipate the onset of clinical T1D. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines currently do not exist for routine diabetes-related autoantibody screening of individuals at risk of developing T1D or of the general population. The purpose of this article is to help clinicians acquire an understanding of the rationale and protocols recommended for identifying patients at risk of developing T1D and monitoring such patients for autoimmune markers and progression of disease from Stage 1 to Stage 3 (clinical disease).

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a life-long condition where the body's immune system (which normally fights infection) mistakenly attacks cells in the pancreas that make insulin. Insulin allows one to use energy from food and controls blood sugar levels. Without early recognition and treatment, high blood sugar can cause serious symptoms and life-threatening complications, such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA happens when there is very low insulin, and if not spotted early, it can cause coma and death. T1D can occur at any age. The chance of getting T1D is higher if another family member has it. T1D progresses silently for months or years before symptoms appear such as increased thirst, frequent urination, and unintentional weight loss. Healthcare providers can now screen and identify people who are at early stages of T1D (without symptoms) with blood tests called autoantibodies. Early detection through screening allows people to 1) learn about the disease before symptoms start and insulin is needed, 2) potentially receive treatments that delay T1D progression, and 3) participate in research trials. By detecting T1D at early stages, people can connect with the right care team and develop the skills needed to manage later stage T1D. Early detection has been shown to prevent hospitalization and life-threatening conditions. Screening for T1D will help people maximize their opportunities to delay T1D onset while preparing for diabetes care.

Resource requirements to accelerate clinical applications of next generation sequencing and radiomics: Workshop commentary and review.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH)/U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Joint Leadership Council Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and Radiomics Working Group (NGS&R WG) was formed by the NIH/FDA Joint Leadership Council to promote the development and validation of innovative NGS tests, radiomic tools, and associated data analysis and interpretation enhanced by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine-learning (ML) technologies. A two-day workshop was held on September 29-30, 2021 to convene members of the scientific community to discuss how to overcome the "ground truth" gap that has frequently been acknowledged as one of the limiting factors impeding high-quality research, development, validation, and regulatory science in these fields. This report provides a summary of the resource gaps identified by the WG and attendees, highlights existing resources and the ways they can potentially be leveraged to accelerate growth in these fields, and presents opportunities to support NGS and radiomic tool development and validation using technologies such as AI and ML.

Multicenter Evaluation of Ultra-Rapid Lispro Insulin with Control-IQ Technology in Adults, Adolescents, and Children with Type 1 Diabetes.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and explore the efficacy of use of ultra-rapid lispro (URLi, Lyumjev) insulin in the Tandem t:slim X2 insulin pump with Control-IQ 1.5 technology in children, teenagers, and adults living with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods: At 14 U.S. diabetes centers, youth and adults with T1D completed a 16-day lead-in period using lispro in a t:slim X2 insulin pump with Control-IQ 1.5 technology, followed by a 13-week period in which URLi insulin was used in the pump. Results: The trial included 179 individuals with T1D (age 6-75 years). With URLi, 1.7% (3 participants) had a severe hypoglycemia event over 13 weeks attributed to override boluses or a missed meal. No diabetic ketoacidosis events occurred. Two participants stopped URLi use because of infusion-site discomfort, and one stopped after developing a rash. Mean time 70-180 mg/dL increased from 65% ± 15% with lispro to 67% ± 13% with URLi (P = 0.004). Mean insulin treatment satisfaction questionnaire score improved from 75 ± 13 at screening to 80 ± 11 after 13 weeks of URLi use (mean difference = 6; 95% confidence interval 4-8; P < 0.001), with the greatest improvement reported for confidence avoiding symptoms of high blood sugar. Mean treatment-related impact measure-diabetes score improved from 74 ± 12 to 80 ± 12 (P < 0.001), and mean TRIM-Diabetes Device (score improved from 82 ± 11 to 86 ± 12 (P < 0.001). Conclusions: URLi use in the Tandem t:slim X2 insulin pump with Control-IQ 1.5 technology was safe for adult and pediatric participants with T1D, with quality-of-life benefits of URLi use perceived by the study participants. Clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT05403502.

NCI Cancer Research Data Commons: Resources to Share Key Cancer Data.

Since 2014, the NCI has launched a series of data commons as part of the Cancer Research Data Commons (CRDC) ecosystem housing genomic, proteomic, imaging, and clinical data to support cancer research and promote data sharing of NCI-funded studies. This review describes each data commons (Genomic Data Commons, Proteomic Data Commons, Integrated Canine Data Commons, Cancer Data Service, Imaging Data Commons, and Clinical and Translational Data Commons), including their unique and shared features, accomplishments, and challenges. Also discussed is how the CRDC data commons implement Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable (FAIR) principles and promote data sharing in support of the new NIH Data Management and Sharing Policy. See related articles by Brady et al., p. 1384, Pot et al., p. 1396, and Kim et al., p. 1404.

Lessons learned: establishing a CLIA-equivalent laboratory for targeted mass spectrometry assays - navigating the transition from research to clinical practice.

Mass spectrometry (MS) assays offer exceptional capabilities in high multiplexity, specificity, and throughput. As proteomics technologies continue advancements to identify new disease biomarkers, transition of these innovations from research settings to clinical applications becomes imperative. To meet the rigorous regulatory standards of clinical laboratories, development of a clinical protein MS assay necessitates adherence to stringent criteria. To illustrate the process, this project focused on using thyroglobulin (Tg) as a biomarker and an immuno-multiple reaction monitoring (iMRM) MS-based assay as a model for establishing a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) compliant laboratory within the Centers of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University. The chosen example also illustrates the clinical utility of MS assays to complement conventional immunoassay-based methods, particularly in cases where the presence of autoantibodies in 10-30% of patients hinders accuracy. The laboratory design entails a comprehensive coordination in spatial layout, workflow organization, equipment selection, ventilation systems, plumbing, electrical infrastructure, documentation procedures, and communication protocols. Practical aspects of the transformation process, including preparing laboratory facilities, testing environments, instrument validation, assay development and validation, quality management, sample testing, and personnel competency, are discussed. Finally, concordant results in proficiency testing demonstrate the harmonization with the University of Washington Medical Center and the quality assurance of the CLIA-equivalent Tg-iMRM MS assay established in Taiwan. The realization of this model protein MS assay in Taiwan highlights the feasibility of international joint development and provides a detailed reference map to expedite the implementation of more MS-based protein assays in clinical laboratories for patient care.

Proteogenomic characterization of small cell lung cancer identifies biological insights and subtype-specific therapeutic strategies.

We performed comprehensive proteogenomic characterization of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) using paired tumors and adjacent lung tissues from 112 treatment-naive patients who underwent surgical resection. Integrated multi-omics analysis illustrated cancer biology downstream of genetic aberrations and highlighted oncogenic roles of FAT1 mutation, RB1 deletion, and chromosome 5q loss. Two prognostic biomarkers, HMGB3 and CASP10, were identified. Overexpression of HMGB3 promoted SCLC cell migration via transcriptional regulation of cell junction-related genes. Immune landscape characterization revealed an association between ZFHX3 mutation and high immune infiltration and underscored a potential immunosuppressive role of elevated DNA damage response activity via inhibition of the cGAS-STING pathway. Multi-omics clustering identified four subtypes with subtype-specific therapeutic vulnerabilities. Cell line and patient-derived xenograft-based drug tests validated the specific therapeutic responses predicted by multi-omics subtyping. This study provides a valuable resource as well as insights to better understand SCLC biology and improve clinical practice.

Use of matching methods in observational studies with critical patients and renal outcomes. Scoping review / Utilización de los métodos de emparejamiento en estudios observacionales con pacientes críticos y desenlaces renales. Revisión exploratoria

Abstract Introduction Although the use of matching techniques in observational studies has been increasing, it is not always adequate. Clinical trials are not always feasible in critically ill patients with renal outcomes, and observational studies are an important alternative. Objective Through a scoping review, determine the available evidence on the use of matching methods in studies involving critically ill patients and renal outcome assessments. Methods Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases were used to identify articles published between 1992 and week 10 of 2020. Studies had to assess different exposures in critically ill patients with renal outcomes using propensity score matching. Results Most publications are cohort studies 94 (94.9%), with five (5.1%) reporting cross-sectional studies. The main pharmacological intervention was the use of antibiotics in seven studies (7.1%) and the main risk factor studied was renal injury prior to ICU admission in 10 studies (10.1%). The use of standardized means to assess balance of baseline characteristics was found in only 28 studies (28.2%). Most studies 95 (96%) used logistic regression to calculate the propensity score. Conclusion Major inconsistencies were observed regarding the use of methods and reporting of findings. Considerations related to the use of propensity score matching methods and reporting of findings are summarized.

Resumen Introducción El uso de técnicas de emparejamiento en estudios observacionales ha ido en aumento y no siempre se usa adecuadamente. Los experimentos clínicos no siempre son factibles en los pacientes críticos con desenlaces renales, por lo que los estudios observacionales son una alternativa importante. Objetivo Mediante una revisión de alcance, determinar la evidencia disponible sobre la utilización de los métodos de emparejamiento en los estudios que incluyen pacientes críticamente enfermos y que evalúan desenlaces renales. Métodos Se utilizaron las bases de datos de Medline, Embase, y Cochrane para identificar artículos publicados entre 1992 y 2020 hasta la semana 10, que estudiaran diferentes exposiciones en el paciente crítico con desenlaces renales y utilizaran métodos de emparejamiento por propensión. Resultados La mayoría de las publicaciones (94) son estudios de Cohorte (94,9 %), cinco estudios (5,1 %) correspondieron a cross-secctional. La principal intervención farmacológica fue el uso de antibióticos en siete estudios (7,1 %) y el principal factor de riesgo estudiado fue la lesión renal previa al ingreso a UCI en diez estudios (10,1 %). El balance entre las características de base evaluado mediante medias estandarizadas se encontró solo en 28 estudios (28,2 %). La mayoría de los estudios 95 (96 %) utilizaron regresión logística para calcular el índice de propensión. Conclusiones Se observaron grandes inconsistencias en la utilización de los métodos y en el informe de los hallazgos. Se hace un resumen de los aspectos por considerar en la utilización de los métodos y reporte de los hallazgos con el emparejamiento por índice de propensión.

Mortality in civilian trauma patients and massive blood transfusion treated with high vs low plasma: red blood cell ratio. Systematic review and meta-analysis / Mortalidad en pacientes con trauma civil y transfusion masiva tratados con una relación alta de plasma: globulos rojos versus una relacion baja. Revision sistemática y metaanálisis

Abstract Introduction: Massive bleeding in civilian trauma patients leads to dilutional coagulopathy. Transfusion with high plasma:red blood cell (RBC) ratio has been effective in reducing mortality in war trauma patients. However, in civilian trauma the evidence is controversial. Objective: To assess the impact on mortality of high vs low plasma:RBC ratio transfusion, in civilian trauma patients with massive bleeding. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis, including observational studies and clinical trials, was conducted. Data bases were systemically searched for relevant studies between January 2007 and June 2019. The main outcome was early (24-hours) and late (30-day) mortality. Fixed and random effects models were used. Results: Out of 1295 studies identified, 33 were selected: 2 clinical trials and 31 observational studies. The analysis of observational trials showed both decreased early mortality (odds ratio [OR] 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-0.75) and late mortality (OR 0.79; 95% CI, 0.71-0.87) with the use of high plasma:RBC ratio transfusion, but there were no differences when clinical trials were evaluated (OR 0.89; 95% CI, 0.64-1.26). The exclusion of patients who died within the first 24 hours was a source of heterogeneity. The Injury Severity Score (ISS) altered the association between high plasma:RBC ratio and mortality, with a reduced protective effect when the ISS was high. Conclusion: The use of high vs low plasma: RBC ratio transfusion, in patients with massive bleeding due to civil trauma, has a protective effect on early and late mortality in observational studies. The exclusion of patients who died within the first 24 hours was a source of heterogeneity.

Resumen Introducción: El sangrado masivo en los pacientes con trauma civil propicia el desarrollo de coagulopatía dilucional. La transfusión de plasma y glóbulos rojos con una relación alta ha sido efectiva para disminuir la mortalidad en pacientes con trauma de guerra; sin embargo, su evidencia en trauma civil es controversial. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto sobre la mortalidad de la transfusión de plasma: glóbulos rojos con relación alta (TPGR-RA) versus baja, en pacientes con sangrado masivo por trauma civil. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de estudios observacionales y experimentos clínicos publicados en el periodo de enero de 2007 a junio de 2019. El desenlace principal fue mortalidad temprana (24 horas) y tardía (30 días), utilizando el modelo de efectos fijos y aleatorios. Resultados: De 1.295 estudios identificados se incluyeron 33: dos experimentos clínicos y 31 estudios observacionales. El uso de TPGR-RA mostró una disminución de la mortalidad temprana (OR 0,67; IC 95 %, 0,60-0,75) y tardía (OR 0,79; IC 95 %, 0,71-0,87) cuando se analizaron los estudios observacionales, pero no hubo diferencias cuando se evaluaron los experimentos clínicos (OR 0,89; IC 95 %, 0,64-1,26). La exclusión de pacientes que fallecieron en las primeras 24 horas fue una fuente de heterogeneidad. La gravedad del trauma, ISS (por las iniciales en inglés de injury severity score)modificó la asociación entre la TPGR-RA y mortalidad, siendo menor el efecto protector cuando el ISS era alto. Conclusiones: El uso de TPGR-RA en pacientes con trauma civil y transfusión masiva (TM) tiene efecto protector sobre la mortalidad en los estudios observacionales. La exclusión de pacientes fallecidos en las primeras 24 horas fue causa de heterogeneidad.

Agreement between surgical and histopathological findings in patients with acute appendicitis at a level III hospital in Bogotá, Colombia / Concordancia entre los hallazgos quirúrgicos e histopatológicos en pacientes con apendicitis aguda en un hospital de tercer nivel deBogotá, Colombia

Introduction. Currently surgical findings dictate the post-operative treatment of patients with acute appendicitis; however, this relies only on the judgement of the surgeon during the appendectomy. This study aimed to determine the inter-rater reliability between surgeons and pathologists at a tertiary hospital.Methods. This was a cross-sectional retrospective study conducted between October 2015 and October 2016 at the Central Military Hospital in Bogotá. Patients who underwent appendectomy due to suspected acute appendicitis and had histopathological with their respective surgical findings were included. Our aim was to determine the agreement between surgical and pathology reports. Results. During the study period, we identified 418 patients who underwent appendectomy. Surgeons assessed 32 (7.77%) appendix as negative, 78 (18.93%) as inflamed, 110 (26.7%) as suppurative, 137 (33.25%) gangrenous and 55 (13.35%) as perforated. Highest agreement was observed in patients with suppurative appendicitis (82/110; 74.5%). Overall Kappa indicated a poor-fair agreement between the pathologist and surgeons (Kappa = 0.2950, 95% CI 0.2384-035.17, p < 0.0001).Conclusion. There is a poor concordance between surgical and pathologic findings in our study, which is similar to previous articles. As a take home message, surgeons and pathologist should revise the definition of the clinical and the histopathological criteria to better describe the findings and reach a better agreement

Introducción. Los hallazgos quirúrgicos actuales dictan el tratamiento postoperatorio de los pacientes con apendicitis aguda; sin embargo, esto se basa únicamente en el juicio del cirujano durante la apendicectomía. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la correlación de la evaluación entre cirujanos y patólogos en un hospital de tercer nivel. Métodos. Estudio transversal retrospectivo realizado entre octubre de 2015 y octubre de 2016 en el Hospital Militar Central de Bogotá. Se incluyeron pacientes que se sometieron a apendicectomía debido a sospecha de apendicitis aguda y tenían histopatología con sus respectivos hallazgos quirúrgicos. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la concordancia entre el informe quirúrgico y el de patología.Resultados. Durante el período de estudio, identificamos a 418 pacientes que se sometieron a apendicectomía. Los cirujanos evaluaron 32 (7,77%) apéndices como negativos, 78 (18,93%) como inflamados, 110 (26,7%) como supurativos, 137 (33,25%) gangrenosos y 55 (13,35%) como perforados. La mayor concordancia se observó en pacientes con apendicitis supurativa (82/110; 74.5%). En general, Kappa indicó un acuerdo poco equitativo entre el patólogo y los cirujanos (Kappa = 0.2950, IC 95% 0.2384-035.17, p <0.0001).Conclusión. Hay una pobre concordancia entre los hallazgos quirúrgicos y patológicos en nuestro estudio, similar a los documentos médicos anteriores. Como mensaje, los cirujanos y el patólogo deben revisar la definición de los criterios clínicos e histopatológicos para describir mejor los hallazgos y llegar a un mejor acuerdo

Evaluación de la Saturación Venosa de Oxígeno (SvO2) desde la teoría de los sistemas dinámicos / Evaluation of SvO2 from the Theory of Dynamic Systems

Introducción: La evolución de un sistema dinámico se puede caracterizar a partir de la construcción de atractores caóticos. Objetivo: Desarrollar una metodología de evaluación de la saturación venosa de oxígeno, fundamentada en los sistemas dinámicos, para pacientes en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Metodología: Se seleccionaron 10 pacientes con diferentes patologías de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Postquirúrgicos, y registró la saturación venosa de oxígeno durante su tiempo de estancia. Con base en estos valores se construyeron atractores caóticos en el mapa de retardo y se evaluaron los valores mínimos y máximos ocupados por el atractor. Resultados: Se halló que la saturación venosa de oxígeno tiene un comportamiento caótico; los valores máximos y mínimos de los atractores en el mapa de retardo variaron entre 22,10 mmHg y 93,70 mmHg. Conclusiones: Se plantea una nueva metodología capaz de caracterizar el comportamiento de la variable monitorizada para la evaluación del paciente crítico(AU)

Introduction: The evolution of a dynamic system can be characterized from the construction of chaotic attractors. Objective: To develop a methodology based on dynamic systems, for the evaluation of venous oxygen saturation of patients in the Intensive Care Unit. Methodology: 10 patients with different pathologies of the Post-surgical Intensive Care Unit were selected, and recorded venous oxygen saturation during their time of stay. Based on these values, chaotic attractors were constructed on the delay map and the minimum and maximum values occupied by the attractor were evaluated. Results: It was found that venous oxygen saturation has a chaotic behavior; the maximum and minimum values of the attractors on the delay map varied between 22.10 mmHg and 93.70 mmHg. Conclusions: A new methodology is proposed capable of characterizing the behavior of this monitored variable for the evaluation of the critical patient(AU)

Diagnóstico matemático de dinámica cardiaca en 16 horas y evaluación de variables hemodinámicas en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / Mathematical diagnosis of cardiac dynamics in 16 hours and evaluation of hemodynamic variables in the Intensive Care Unit

Antecedentes: desde los sistemas dinámicos se desarrolló un diagnóstico de la dinámica cardiaca de aplicación clínica en 16 horas, de utilidad en pacientes de Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Objetivos: confirmar la capacidad diagnóstica de la nueva metodología de evaluación de la dinámica cardiaca en 16 horas y determinar la evolución de la presión arterial y venosa de oxígeno y dióxido de carbono. Metodología: se tomaron 50 dinámicas, 10 normales y 40 con patologías agudas, tomando la frecuencia cardiaca mínima y máxima, y número de latidos cada hora. Se construyeron atractores y se evaluaron los espacios de ocupación y la dimensión fractal en 21 y 16 horas, comparando ambos diagnósticos físico-matemáticos entre sí. Posteriormente se realizó una confirmación del diagnóstico establecido en 16 horas mediante un estudio ciego de comparación con el diagnóstico convencional. Adicionalmente se tomaron los valores de la presión arterial y venosa de oxígeno y dióxido de carbono de 7 pacientes de Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos y se construyeron atractores caóticos, evaluando los valores mínimos y máximos del atractor en el mapa de retardo. Resultados: se confirmó la capacidad diagnóstica de la metodología en 16 horas para la dinámica cardiaca, con sensibilidad y especificidad de 100 por ciento y coeficiente kappa de 1 respecto al diagnóstico convencional; los valores mínimos y máximos de los atractores de la presión arterial y venosa de oxígeno y dióxido de carbono se encontraron entre 29,60 y 194,40; 24,20 y 56,10; 16,40 y 65,60 y 21,40 y 97,90 respectivamente. Conclusiones: se confirmaron predicciones diagnósticas en 16 horas diferenciando normalidad, enfermedad crónica y enfermedad aguda, útiles para el seguimiento clínico en pacientes de Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Las variables se comportaron caóticamente; estos resultados podrían fundamentar aplicaciones clínicas y predicciones de mortalidad. Palabras claves: frecuencia cardiaca, presión arterial de oxígeno, presión arterial de dióxido de carbono, presión venosa de oxígeno, presión venosa de dióxido de carbono, Sistemas Dinámicos, caos, fractales, dinámica no lineal(AU)

Objectives: to confirm the diagnostic ability of the new assessment methodology of cardiac dynamics in 16 hours and determine the evolution of the arterial and venous pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Methodology: 50 dynamic were taken, 10 normal and 40 with acute pathologies, taking the minimum and maximum heart rate, and number of beats per minute. Attractors were constructed and areas of occupation and the fractal dimension in 21 and 16 hours were evaluated, comparing both physical and mathematical diagnosis each other. Subsequently a confirmation of the diagnosis made in 16 hours by a blinded study compared to conventional diagnosis. Additionally, values of the arterial and venous pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide from 7 Intensive Care Unit patients were taken and chaotic attractors were constructed to evaluate the minimum and maximum values of the attractor on the delay map. Results: The diagnostic capability of the methodology in 16 hours for cardiac dynamic was confirmed, with sensitivity and specificity of 100 percent and kappa coefficient 1 over conventional diagnosis; the minimum and maximum values of the arterial and venous pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide were found between 29.60 and 194.40; 24.20 and 56.10; 16,40 and 65,60 and 21,40 and 97,90 respectively. Conclusions: Diagnostic predictions were confirmed in 16 hours differentiating normal, chronic and acute disease useful for clinical monitoring in Intensive Care Unit patients. The variables behaved chaotically; these results may inform clinical applications and predictions of mortality. Keywords: heart rate, arterial oxygen pressure, carbon dioxide arterial pressure, venous oxygen pressure, carbon dioxide venous pressure, dynamical systems, chaos, fractals, nonlinear dynamics(AU)

Bloqueo del plano transverso del abdomen en herniorrafia inguinal. Ensayo clínico controlado / Lactate serial measurements and predictive validity of early mortality in trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit

Abstract Introduction: Patients who have experienced trauma usually develop hypovolemic shock, which determines different levels of tissue hypoperfusion. The determination of lactate levels has been used as a reliable biomarker in the assessment of the magnitude of hypo-perfusion. Additionally, it has been established that lactic clearance in the first 6 h has value as a prognostic measurement for the mortality rate of these patients. However, beyond 6 h its utility is controversial. Objective: To evaluate the predictive capacity of serial lactic acid as well as clearance (at the time admitted, 12 and 24 h) in mortality cases for trauma patients admitted to the ICU. Materials and methods: During the period between 2010 and 2014, an observational longitudinal cohort study was conducted with trauma patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at the Clínica Universidad de la Sabana. The clinical and demographic data was registered in a data base using Microsoft Excel and analyzed in STATA 12® statistical software. In order to determine the association between each measurement with mortality after seven days, serial measurements of lactic acid were taken at admission time, 12-24 h as well as the clearance of lactic acid at 12 and 24 h. Results: 233 patients participated during the time of the study. The average age was 38 years. 78% of the patients were male, with 21% of the mortality at seven days in the ICU. Among the severity indexes, an average of 14 in APACHE II, 9 in SOFA and 25 in ISS was found. The average of length of stay for survive patients was nine days in contrast to five days of mortality patients. In brief, the lactic acid average was associated with mortality at seven days in the three time measurements. On the other hand, the values of the receptor curve operating showed the best performance of the discrimination at 24 h with a 2.35 cut-off point and OR 1.65 (CI 95% 1.27-2.13). Conclusions: Our findings determined a similar performance of the lactic acid as compared to other studies, especially in the lactic acid level at 24h with relevant discrimination over 2.35 mEq/L at 24. Nonetheless, reverse causality can eventually occur.

Resumen Introducción: La herniorrafia inguinal es una de las cirugías más realizadas en el mundo, y está asociada con dolor postoperatorio de moderado a severo. El bloqueo del plano transverso del abdomen (transversus abdominus plane [TAP]) parece ser una técnica útil para disminuir la morbilidad asociada con el dolor en herniorrafia inguinal. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto analgésico del bloqueo TAP a la hora y a las 24 h postoperatorias en herniorrafia inguinal. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio doble ciego donde se aleatorizaron 45 pacientes para recibir bloqueo TAP vs placebo, se analizaron variables clínicas, quirúrgicas y anestésicas, y se evaluó como resultado primario la intensidad de dolor agudo postoperatorio (pop) una hora después de la cirugía y, como resultados secundarios, el dolor a las 24 h, el consumo de opiáceos y la presencia de reacciones adversas. Resultados: El dolor agudo postoperatorio a la primera hora en el grupo control fue de 6, con valores máximos de 9 en el 22% de los pacientes, mientras que el dolor en la primera hora en el grupo intervención fue de 2 (DE: 1) (p = 0,03). De igual forma, el dolor a las 24h pop y el consumo de opiáceos fue menor en el grupo intervención que en el grupo control. Conclusiones: El bloqueo TAP es útil en la reducción del dolor agudo pop y del consumo de opiáceos en herniorrafia inguinal.

Frecuencia de asistencia a la consulta odontológica en el control prenatal y factores asociados en un hospital público de Bogotá, Colombia, 2011-2012 / Frequency of attendance to the dental clinic as part of prenatal care, and associated factors in a public hospital in Bogotá, Colombia, 2011-2012

Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de asistencia a la consulta odontológica durante el embarazo de las mujeres que asisten al primer control neonatal y que tuvieron su parto en la misma institución, y explorar asociaciones entre hábitos de higiene oral, hábitos de salud, conocimientos y creencias, y la asistencia a la consulta odontológica. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal descriptivo. Se incluyeron 682 mujeres que asistieron al primer control neonatal y cuyo parto fue atendido en la misma institución entre los años 2011 y 2012, en un hospital de segundo nivel de complejidad, ubicado en una localidad de ingreso socioeconómico bajo en la ciudad de Bogotá. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, factores relacionados con comportamientos de salud oral, estilos de vida, conocimientos sobre la salud oral y el embarazo; se exploró el conocimiento sobre el efecto del embarazo en la salud oral y sobre el efecto de una pobre salud oral en el desenlace del embarazo. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logística para explorar asociaciones entre hábitos de higiene oral, hábitos de salud, conocimientos y creencias, y la asistencia a la consulta odontológica. Resultados: La prevalencia de asistencia al odontólogo fue 75,9 %; la variable que más asociación positiva tuvo, respecto a la asistencia a la consulta odontológica, fue remisión al odontólogo (OR = 25,90; IC 95 %: 14,60-45,96). La variable que tuvo mayor asociación negativa fue desconocimiento sobre el efecto de la enfermedad periodontal en los resultados perinatales (OR= 0,61; IC 95 %: 0,38-0,97) y la no asistencia regular al odontólogo antes del embarazo (OR= 0,49; IC 95 %: 0,29-0,82). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de asistencia a la consulta odontológica durante el embarazo fue elevada. Es importante educar a la paciente sobre las posibles consecuencias de la mala salud oral sobre el buen curso del embarazo.

Objective: To determine the frequency of attendance to the dental care clinic during pregnancy in women coming to their first neonatal follow-up visit in the same institution where they were delivered, and to explore associations between oral hygiene habits, health habits, knowledge and beliefs, and attendance to dental care appointments. Materials and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study that included 682 women coming to the first neonatal follow-up visit and who were delivered in the same Level II institution located in a low-income area in Bogotá, during 2011 and 2012. The variables measured included social and demographic factors, factors associated with oral health, life-style, knowledge about oral health and pregnancy. The knowledge about the effect of pregnancy on oral health and about the effect of poor oral health on the outcome of pregnancy was explored. A logistic regression model was used to explore associations between oral hygiene habits, health habits, knowledge and beliefs, and attendance to the dental care clinic. Results: Prevalence of attendance to the dental care clinic was 75.9 %. The variable with the highest positive association with attendance to the dental clinic was referral to the dentist (OR = 25,90; 95 % CI: 14.60-45.96). The variable with the highest negative association was lack of knowledge of the impact of periodontal disease on perinatal outcomes (OR= 0.61; 95 % CI: 0.38-0.97) and failure to visit the dentist regularly before pregnancy (OR= 0.49; 95 % CI: 0.29-0.82). Conclusions: The prevalence of attendance to the dental care clinic during pregnancy was high. It is important to educate patients regarding the potential consequences of poor oral health for the good course of the pregnancy.

Comentarios sobre: "Perioperative bridging anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation" / Comments on: "Perioperative bridging anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation"

This work is an approach to the article by Douketis et al.

Utilidad de la cromohisteroscopia en la evaluación del endometrio. Hospital de San José de Bogotá D.C, Colombia. Febrero-Octubre de 2014 / Evaluation of endometrium by chromohysteroscopy. Hospital de San José de Bogotá DC, Colombia Febrero-Octubre 2014

Determinar el rendimiento operativo de la cromohisteroscopia (CHC) en la evaluación del endometrio en el Hospital de San José de Bogotá DC, Colombia, entre febrero y octubre 2014. Metodología: se incluyeron 97 mujeres adultas a quienes se aplicaron 5 cc de azul de metileno al 1% en la cavidad endometrial y por histeroscopia se determinó la presencia de manchas oscuras de donde se tomaron biopsias dirigidas (estándar de oro). Mediante una hoja excel y base de datos stata13® se calcularon las características operativas por medio de tablas de contingencia, se compararon la CHC y la histeroscopia convencional (HC) por medio de la prueba de McNemar y se evaluó la concordancia entre evaluadores y técnicas por medio del coeficiente kappa. Resultados: la principal indicación fue hemorragia uterina anormal (80,41%) realizada en premenopáusicas (78,35%) con edad alrededor de 45 años que presentaban sobrepeso. La microscopía detectó un caso de cáncer endometrial, uno de hiperplasia endometrial y cuatro de endometritis crónica. La sensibilidad y valor predictivo negativo de la CHC fue 100%, la especificidad 39,8% y el VPP 1,7% para cáncer e hiperplasia. Para endometritis la sensibilidad fue 50%, especificidad 38,9%, VPP 3,5% y VPN 94,6%. No hubo diferencias estadísticas entre CHC y la HC. El acuerdo entre evaluadores fue de 79,12% y entre técnicas de 54,64%. Conclusión: la CHC en hemorragia uterina anormal puede aportar un mayor rendimiento para el diagnóstico de patologías malignas y premalignas que la HC por el alto valor predictivo negativo encontrado...

To assess the efficacy of chromohysteroscopy (CHC) for evaluation of endometrium at Hospital de San José de Bogotá DC, Colombia, between February and October 2014. Methodology: ninety-seven adult women were included. Five milliliters of 1% methylene blue dye was introduced into the uterine cavity through the hysteroscopic inlet. Biopsies were obtained from dark stained areas (gold standard) identified by hysteroscopy. Operating characteristics were based on contingency tables using Excel and Stata13® data bases. CHC and conventional hysteroscopy (CH) were compared using the McNemar test and inter-evaluator and techniques agreement was assessed using the kappa coefficient. Results: the main indication was abnormal uterine bleeding (80.41%) in premenopausal women (78.35%) with overweight aged around 45 years. Microscopic examination revealed one case of endometrial cancer, one case of endometrial hyperplasia and four cases of chronic endometritis. Sensitivity and negative predictive value (VPN) were 100% for CHC, specificity 39.8% and VPP 1.7% for cancer and hyperplasia, and sensitivity was 50%, specificity 38.9%, VPP 3.5% and VPN 94.6% for endometritis. There was no significant difference between CHC and CH. Agreement between evaluators was 79.12% and between techniques 54.64%. Conclusion: the high negative predictive value results obtained suggest that the performance of CHC may be superior to CH in diagnosing malignant and premalignant conditions in cases of abnormal uterine bleeding...

Histeroscopia oficinal: estado del arte y revisión de la literatura / Office Hysteroscopy: State of the art and the literature review

Describir el estado del arte de la histeroscopia oficinal y revisar la evidencia en relación con la aceptación, tolerancia y beneficios. Metodología: búsqueda en las bases de datos PUBMED, COCHRANE, LILACS utilizando los términos Office Hysteroscopy en inglés y español publicados en los últimos diez años, que estuvieran disponibles en texto completo, además se buscó en la base de datos EMBASE con límites adicionales de metanálisis o revisión sistemática. Se incluyeron algunas guías de manejo y otros artículos relevantes a partir de las referencias bibliográficas de las búsquedas iniciales. Conclusiones: se considera un procedimiento eficaz para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la patología intrauterina, es mínimamente invasiva y de alto grado de seguridad con una técnica adecuada. Ha sido aceptada y bien tolerada por las pacientes, incluso sin requerir anestesia...

Abstract Objective: to describe the state-of-the-art and review the evidence for acceptance, tolerance and benefits of office hysteroscopy. Methodology: a search in PUBMED, COCHRANE, LILACS data bases using the terms Office Hysteroscopy in English and Spanish, published in the last 10 years, available in full text. Additionally, a search in EMBASE data bases with additional limitations of meta-analysis or systematic review. Some management guidelines and other relevant articles from the bibliographic references of the initial searches were included. Conclusions: it is considered an efficient procedure used to diagnose and treat intrauterine pathology. It is a minimally invasive and very safe intervention when performed using an adequate technique. It has been accepted and well tolerated by patients, even when no anesthesia is required...

Niveles de hemoglobina preoperatorios y desenlaces en los pacientes llevados a cirugía cardiovascular, revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Preoperative Hemoglobin Levels and Outcomes in Cardiovascular Surgical Patients; systematic review and meta-analysis

Objetivo: Determinar si la anemia preoperatoria en los pacientes que son llevados a cirugía cardiovascular se asocia al aumento de la mortalidad, falla renal, accidentes cerebovasculares y eventos cardiovasculares cuando se comparan sus casos con los de pacientes con niveles de hemoglobina normales en el preoperatorio. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática y un metaanálisis de los estudios observacionales de cohorte y de casos y controles que exploraron la asociación entre los niveles de hemoglobina prequirúrgica y los desenlaces adversos de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardiovascular. Se consultaron las bases de datos MEDLINE, EMBASE y COCHRANE hasta la semana 50 de 2010; de manera independiente, fueron seleccionados los estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se evaluaron las fuentes de heterogeneidad entre los estudios, como el sesgo de publicación. Resultados: De los estudios revisados se identificaron 260; entre dichos estudios, de 11 se pudieron extraer los datos suficientes para combinar el desenlace de mortalidad. De esos estudios, 6 se ajustaron por severidad y comorbilidades, mientras que en los restantes sus resultados no fueron ajustados; aun así se observó un incremento en el riesgo de mortalidad cuando se considera la anemia como variable independiente. Conclusiones: Los pacientes anémicos sometidos a cirugía cardiaca tienen un mayor riesgo de sufrir eventos adversos postoperatorios. Varios factores más también limitan la interpretación de los datos, incluyendo la falta de una definición uniforme de la anemia y la carencia de estudios expresamente diseñados para cuantificar la prevalencia y el impacto de la anemia en pacientes con enfermedades cardiovasculares.

Objective: To determine whether preoperative anemia in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery is associated with higher mortality, renal failure, cerebrovascular accidents and cardiovascular events as compared to patients with normal preoperative levels of hemoglobin. Methods: A systematic review and a meta-analysis of the cohort observational and of cases and control studies was conducted, exploring the association between the pre-surgical levels of hemoglobin and adverse outcomes in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and COCHRANE data-bases up to the 50th week of 2010 were consulted. The studies that complied with the inclusion criteria were independently selected. The sources of heterogeneity among the studies were assessed, including publication bias. Results: Of the total number of studies reviewed, 260 were identified; sufficient data could be extracted from 11 of them to combine the mortality outcome. Out of these studies, 6 were adjusted for severity and comorbidities, while the results of the remaining ones were not adjusted. Conclusions: Anemic patients undergoing cardiac surgery have a higher risk of postoperative adverse events. There are several factors limiting the interpretation of the data, including a poor standardized definition of anemia, and the lack of studies explicitly designed to quantify the prevalence and the impact of anemia in patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Investigación en medicina crítica: [editoriales] / Research in critical care medicine: [editorial]

El número de artículos sobre la medicina crítica y el cuidado intensivo no supera el 10 % en las principales revistas de anestesia. En Anesthesia & Analgesia, los artículos relacionados con este tema corresponden al 2,8 %; en Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, al 4,5 %; en Journal of Anesthesia, al 4,9 %; en Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica, al 4,6 %, y en Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, al 5,2 %. Entre tanto, aquellas revistas que explícitamente reconocen su inclinación por el campo de la medicina crítica, publican un mayor número de artículos sobre este campo: desde el 12 % en Anaesthesia and Intensive Care hasta el 60 % en el Journal of Critical Care (1)...