Sequential membrane- and protein-bound organelles compartmentalize genomes during phage infection.

Eukaryotic viruses assemble compartments required for genome replication, but no such organelles are known to be essential for prokaryotic viruses. Bacteriophages of the family Chimalliviridae sequester their genomes within a phage-generated organelle, the phage nucleus, which is enclosed by a lattice of viral protein ChmA. Using the dRfxCas13d-based knockdown system CRISPRi-ART, we show that ChmA is essential for the E. coli phage Goslar life cycle. Without ChmA, infections are arrested at an early stage in which the injected phage genome is enclosed in a membrane-bound vesicle capable of gene expression but not DNA replication. Not only do we demonstrate that the phage nucleus is essential for genome replication, but we also show that the Chimalliviridae early phage infection (EPI) vesicle is a transcriptionally active, phage-generated organelle.

Maximal interferon induction by influenza lacking NS1 is infrequent owing to requirements for replication and export.

Influenza A virus exhibits high rates of replicative failure due to a variety of genetic defects. Most influenza virions cannot, when acting as individual particles, complete the entire viral life cycle. Nevertheless influenza is incredibly successful in the suppression of innate immune detection and the production of interferons, remaining undetected in >99% of cells in tissue-culture models of infection. Notably, the same variation that leads to replication failure can, by chance, inactivate the major innate immune antagonist in influenza A virus, NS1. What explains the observed rarity of interferon production in spite of the frequent loss of this, critical, antagonist? By studying how genetic and phenotypic variation in a viral population lacking NS1 correlates with interferon production, we have built a model of the "worst-case" failure from an improved understanding of the steps at which NS1 acts in the viral life cycle to prevent the triggering of an innate immune response. In doing so, we find that NS1 prevents the detection of de novo innate immune ligands, defective viral genomes, and viral export from the nucleus, although only generation of de novo ligands appears absolutely required for enhanced detection of virus in the absence of NS1. Due to this, the highest frequency of interferon production we observe (97% of infected cells) requires a high level of replication in the presence of defective viral genomes with NS1 bearing an inactivating mutation that does not impact its partner encoded on the same segment, NEP. This is incredibly unlikely to occur given the standard variation found within a viral population, and would generally require direct, artificial, intervention to achieve at an appreciable rate. Thus from our study, we procure at least a partial explanation for the seeming contradiction between high rates of replicative failure and the rarity of the interferon response to influenza infection.

Comparative Analysis of the Bibliographic Data Sources Dimensions and Scopus: An Approach at the Country and Institutional Levels.

This paper presents a large-scale document-level comparison of two major bibliographic data sources: Scopus and Dimensions. The focus is on the differences in their coverage of documents at two levels of aggregation: by country and by institution. The main goal is to analyze whether Dimensions offers as good new opportunities for bibliometric analysis at the country and institutional levels as it does at the global level. Differences in the completeness and accuracy of citation links are also studied. The results allow a profile of Dimensions to be drawn in terms of its coverage by country and institution. Dimensions' coverage is more than 25% greater than Scopus which is consistent with previous studies. However, the main finding of this study is the lack of affiliation data in a large fraction of Dimensions documents. We found that close to half of all documents in Dimensions are not associated with any country of affiliation while the proportion of documents without this data in Scopus is much lower. This situation mainly affects the possibilities that Dimensions can offer as instruments for carrying out bibliometric analyses at the country and institutional level. Both of these aspects are highly pragmatic considerations for information retrieval and the design of policies for the use of scientific databases in research evaluation.

Follow the leader: On the relationship between leadership and scholarly impact in international collaborations.

National contributions to science are influenced by a number of factors, including economic capacity, national scientific priorities, science policy, and institutional settings and cultures. Nations do not have equal opportunities to access the global scientific market, and therefore, often seek out international partners with complementary resources and expertise. This study aims at investigating national collaboration strategies, with a focus on research leadership-measured through corresponding authorship-and its relationship with scientific impact. Results show that countries with higher R&D investments are more scientifically independent, and confirm that international collaboration is positively related to citation impact. However, leadership in international collaboration is inversely related with a countries' share of international collaboration and there is a very little relationship between citation impact and international leadership. For instance, most countries-and particularly those that have fewer resources-have higher scientific impact when they are not leading. This suggests that, despite increasing global participation in science, most international collaborations are asymmetrical, and that the research system remains structured around a few dominate nations.

Reacciones adversas a los antimicrobianos en pacientes de Las Tunas / Adverse reactions to antimicrobials in patients from Las Tunas

Fundamento: las consecuencias generadas por el uso masivo e injustificado de antimicrobianos representan en la actualidad serios problemas en el contexto de la salud pública a escala mundial. Objetivo: caracterizar las reacciones adversas producidas por antimicrobianos, notificadas a la base de datos de farmacovigilancia en la provincia Las Tunas, en el período enero-junio de 2017. Métodos: se desarrolló un estudio de farmacovigilancia, observacional, descriptivo y transversal en el lugar y período antes señalados, el universo de estudio estuvo conformado por 460 notificaciones de reacciones adversas y la muestra por los 111 reportes correspondientes a los antimicrobianos. Se aplicaron técnicas de estadística descriptiva para análisis de la información. Las medidas de resumen fueron frecuencia absoluta y porciento. Resultados: el reporte de reacciones adversas a antimicrobianos se mantuvo similar en la mayoría de los meses estudiados, predominaron los reportes de reacciones adversas a antimicrobianos en pacientes del sexo femenino, 61,2 por ciento, en el grupo de edad 19-59 años, 42,3 por ciento. El sistema de órgano más afectado fue la piel en el 33,3 por ciento, seguido del general en el 26,2 por ciento. Predominaron las reacciones adversas leves en el 58,5 por ciento, las probables en el 88,2 por ciento y las frecuentes en el 58,5 por ciento. La mayoría de las reacciones fueron reportadas por médicos, 67,5 por ciento. De acuerdo a los grupos farmacológicos, las cefalosporinas y penicilinas obtuvieron mayores reportes (30,6 y 28,8 por ciento, respectivamente). Conclusiones: se caracterizaron las reacciones adversas producidas por antimicrobianos en pacientes de Las Tunas, en el primer semestre de 2017(AU)

Background: the consequences generated by the massive and unjustified use of antimicrobials currently represent serious problems in the context of public health on a worldwide scale. Objective: to describe the adverse reactions produced by antimicrobials, reported to the pharmacovigilance database in the province of Las Tunas, from January to June 2017. Methods: a pharmacovigilance, observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out at the aforementioned place and during the period herein declared. The study universe consisted of 460 reports of adverse reactions and the sample was made up of the 111 reports corresponding to antimicrobials. Descriptive statistics techniques were applied to analyze the information. The measures of summary statistics were absolute frequency and percentile. Results: the report of adverse reactions to antimicrobials remained similar in most of the studied months, reports of adverse reactions to antimicrobials in female patients predominated for 61,2 percent, in the 19 to 59 agegroup, 42,3 percent. The most affected organ system was the skin in 33,3 percent, followed by the general system in 26,2 percent. Mild adverse reactions predominated in 58,5 percent, probable adverse reactions in 88,2 percent and frequent adverse reactions in 58,5 percent. The majority of the reactions were reported by physicians, 67,5 percent. According to the drug class, cephalosporins and penicillins had higher reports (30,6 and 28,8 percent, respectively). Conclusions: the adverse reactions produced by antimicrobial agents in patients from Las Tunas were described, in the first semester of 2017(AU)

Identification and visualization of the intellectual structure and the main research lines in nanoscience and nanotechnology at the worldwide level.

The aim of this paper is to make manifest the intellectual and cognitive structure of nanoscience and nanotechnology (NST) by means of visualization techniques. To this end, we used data from the Web of Science (WoS), delimiting the data to the category NST during the period of 2000-2013, retrieving a total of 198,275 documents. Through direct author citation of these works, we identified their origins and the seminal papers, and through word co-occurrence extracted from the titles and abstracts, the main lines of research were identified. In view of both structures, we may affirm that NST is a young scientific discipline in constant expansion, needing time to establish its foundations but showing a strongly interdisciplinary character; its development is furthermore dependent upon knowledge from other disciplines, such as physics, chemistry, or material sciences. We believe that this information may be very useful for the NST scientific community, as it reflects a large-scale analysis of the research lines of NST and how research has changed over time in the diverse areas of NST. This study is moreover intended to offer a useful tool for the NST scientific community, revealing at a glance the main research lines and landmark papers. Finally, the methodology used in this study can be replicated in any other field of science to explore its intellectual and cognitive structure.

Gender disparities in gastroenterology fellowship director positions in the United States.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite a paucity of women occupying leadership positions in academic medicine, studies have shown a higher ratio of female representation in the program director position compared with division chief in multiple specialties. This study aims to determine whether this trend exists in 3-year gastroenterology fellowships in the United States and to evaluate for any factors that may affect these differences. METHODS: In 2015, data were collected for the 163 U.S. gastroenterology fellowship programs including program director, associate program director, division chief, gender distribution, program size, academic center affiliation, and geographic region. RESULTS: A higher percentage of men than women held the role of program director (82% vs 18%), associate program director (72% vs 28%), and division chief (93% vs 7%). Women in program leadership held lower academic rank than their male counterparts (P < .0001). The program director was more likely to be female if the division chief also was female (P = .03). Programs with a higher number of trainees tended to be led by a female program director (P = .06). CONCLUSIONS: A gender disparity exists in all gastroenterology leadership roles, although the magnitude is smaller for program director and associate program director than the role of division chief. Further studies are needed to investigate the impact of this disparity on promotion and academic productivity.

Patrones de comunicación e impacto de la producción científica cubana en salud pública / Patterns of communication and impact of the Cuban scientific output in public health

Objetivo: caracterizar el patrón cubano de comunicación científica en salud pública en la base de datos Scopus a partir de los patrones de producción y colaboración y su influencia en el impacto de las publicaciones.Métodos: se aplicaron indicadores bibliométricos de producción, visibilidad y colaboración extraídos de los portales SCImago Institutions Rankings y SCImago Journal and Country Rank a partir de datos de Scopus, categoría Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, período 2003-2011.Resultados: el patrón de comunicación presentó una tendencia al incremento de la producción científica con un alto liderazgo de autores cubanos y escasa colaboración nacional e internacional. Este incremento no repercutió en un mayor impacto en la comunidad internacional; el 7,22 por ciento de los documentos aparecieron en revistas de alto impacto, y el 2,16 por ciento entre los documentos de excelencia. La producción de excelencia con liderazgo fue casi inexistente. El 75 por ciento de la producción se ubicó en revistas de bajo impacto (cuarto cuartil) y la mayoría en revistas nacionales. La producción en inglés representó menos del 30 por ciento del total y alcanzaron mayor impacto que los artículos en español.Conclusiones: se caracterizó el patrón de comunicación científica cubano en salud pública, donde la poca publicación en inglés, en revistas de alto impacto y la insuficiente colaboración nacional e internacional son factores que pudieran estar influenciando en el bajo impacto científico. Estos resultados pueden utilizarse como complemento de la evaluación de la investigación en salud pública en el marco de su décima función esencial(AU)

Objective: to characterize the Cuban pattern of scientific communication in public health in Scopus database on the basis of the output and collaboration patterns and their influence on the impact of publications.Methods: bibliometric indicators of output, visibility and collaboration taken from SCImago Institutions Rankings and SCImago Journal and Country Rank portals were used, according to Scopus database, in the Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health category in 2003-2011 period.Results: the communication pattern showed an increasing tendency of the scientific output, with great leadership of Cuban authors and poor national and international collaboration. This increase did not have a higher impact on the international community; 7.22 percent of documents were published in high impact journals and 2.16 percent were among excellence documents. The excellence output with leadership was almost non-existent. Seventy five percent of the output was seen in low impact journals (fourth quartile) and most of it in national journals. The English output accounted for less than 30 percent of the total amount but had higher impact than the Spanish articles.Conclusions: the pattern of Cuban scientific communication in public health was characterized, in which low number of English publications, of publications in high impact journals and poor national and international collaborations are factors that may influence on the low scientific impact. These results can be used to supplement the assessment of research in public health within the tenth basic function of this specialty(AU)

Patrones de comunicación e impacto de la producción científica cubana en salud pública / Patterns of communication and impact of the Cuban scientific output in public health

Objetivo: caracterizar el patrón cubano de comunicación científica en salud pública en la base de datos Scopus a partir de los patrones de producción y colaboración y su influencia en el impacto de las publicaciones. Métodos: se aplicaron indicadores bibliométricos de producción, visibilidad y colaboración extraídos de los portales SCImago Institutions Rankings y SCImago Journal and Country Rank a partir de datos de Scopus, categoría Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, período 2003-2011. Resultados: el patrón de comunicación presentó una tendencia al incremento de la producción científica con un alto liderazgo de autores cubanos y escasa colaboración nacional e internacional. Este incremento no repercutió en un mayor impacto en la comunidad internacional; el 7,22 por ciento de los documentos aparecieron en revistas de alto impacto, y el 2,16 por ciento entre los documentos de excelencia. La producción de excelencia con liderazgo fue casi inexistente. El 75 por ciento de la producción se ubicó en revistas de bajo impacto (cuarto cuartil) y la mayoría en revistas nacionales. La producción en inglés representó menos del 30 percent del total y alcanzaron mayor impacto que los artículos en español. Conclusiones: se caracterizó el patrón de comunicación científica cubano en salud pública, donde la poca publicación en inglés, en revistas de alto impacto y la insuficiente colaboración nacional e internacional son factores que pudieran estar influenciando en el bajo impacto científico. Estos resultados pueden utilizarse como complemento de la evaluación de la investigación en salud pública en el marco de su décima función esencial(AU)

Objetive: to characterize the Cuban pattern of scientific communication in public health in Scopus database on the basis of the output and collaboration patterns and their influence on the impact of publications. Methods: bibliometric indicators of output, visibility and collaboration taken from SCImago Institutions Rankings and SCImago Journal and Country Rank portals were used, according to Scopus database, in the Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health category in 2003-2011 period. Results: the communication pattern showed an increasing tendency of the scientific output, with great leadership of Cuban authors and poor national and international collaboration. This increase did not have a higher impact on the international community; 7.22 percent of documents were published in high impact journals and 2.16 percent were among excellence documents. The excellence output with leadership was almost non-existent. Seventy five percent of the output was seen in low impact journals (fourth quartile) and most of it in national journals. The English output accounted for less than 30 percent of the total amount but had higher impact than the Spanish articles. Conclusions: the pattern of Cuban scientific communication in public health was characterized, in which low number of English publications, of publications in high impact journals and poor national and international collaborations are factors that may influence on the low scientific impact. These results can be used to supplement the assessment of research in public health within the tenth basic function of this specialty(AU)

Bibliometric analysis of regional Latin America's scientific output in Public Health through SCImago Journal & Country Rank.

BACKGROUND: In the greater framework of the essential functions of Public Health, our focus is on a systematic, objective, external evaluation of Latin American scientific output, to compare its publications in the area of Public Health with those of other major geographic zones. We aim to describe the regional distribution of output in Public Health, and the level of visibility and specialization, for Latin America; it can then be characterized and compared in the international context. METHODS: The primary source of information was the Scopus database, using the category "Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health", in the period 1996-2011. Data were obtained through the portal of SCImago Journal and Country Rank. Using a set of qualitative (citation-based), quantitative (document recount) and collaborative (authors from more than one country) indicators, we derived complementary data. The methodology serves as an analytical tool for researchers and scientific policy-makers. RESULTS: The contribution of Latin America to the arsenal of world science lies more or less midway on the international scale in terms of its output and visibility. Revealed as its greatest strengths are the high level of specialization in Public Health and the sustained growth of output. The main limitations identified were a relative decrease in collaboration and low visibility. CONCLUSIONS: Collaboration is a key factor behind the development of scientific activity in Latin America. Although this finding can be useful for formulating research policy in Latin American countries, it also underlines the need for further research into patterns of scientific communication in this region, to arrive at more specific recommendations.

Intersectoral relationships, scientific output and national policies for research development: a case study on Cuba 2003-2007 / Relaciones intersectoriales, producción científica y políticas nacionales para el desarrollo de la investigación: un estudio de caso sobre Cuba 2003-2007

The scientific output of research sectors involved in Cuban R&D activities during the period 2003-2007, using Scopus as data source, was analyzed. Quantitative and qualitative dimension of the scientific production was described through a set of bibliometric indicators. The most productive and visible sectors were identified. The evolution of the total scientific output by sector, and the behavior of the three most important sectors were studied. Inter-sector relationships were visualized with the aim to analyze the national scientific macro-structure. The growth of Higher Education and Health Sector determined the nation's growth during this period. Despite a positive evolution of the Cuban scientific output, a weak linkage between universities and institutions of science and technological innovation, and also scarce relationships between scientific research centers and health institutions, were observed. Low indices of international collaboration in Health Sector, and deficient links between R&D units of enterprises and institutions belonging to Higher Education and Science and Technology, were also identified.

Se analizó la producción científica de los sectores involucrados en las actividades de I+D desarrolladas en Cuba durante el período 2003-2007, con el uso de Scopus como fuente de datos. Las dimensiones cuantitativa y cualitativa de la producción científica fueron caracterizadas a partir de una batería de indicadores bibliométricos. Fueron identificados los sectores más productivos y visibles. Se estudió la evolución de la producción total por sectores y el comportamiento de los tres sectores más importantes. Las relaciones intersectoriales fueron visualizadas con el fin de analizar la macroestructura de la ciencia nacional. El desarrollo de la Educación Superior y el sector Salud determinaron la evolución de la nación durante el período. A pesar de la positiva evolución de la producción científica cubana, fueron observados enlaces débiles entre las universidades y las entidades de ciencia e innovación tecnológica, e igualmente escasas relaciones entre centros de investigación científica e instituciones de salud. Fueron identificados, además, bajos índices de colaboración internacional en el sector Salud, y deficientes enlaces entre las unidades de I+D de las empresas y las instituciones pertenecientes a los sectores Educación Superior y Ciencia y Tecnología.

Biomedical scientific publication patterns in the Scopus database: a case study of Andalusia, Spain / Patrones de publicación científica en Biomedicina en la base de datos Scopus: Un caso de estudio de Andalucía, España

This paper characterises scientific output in biomedicine in Andalusia, and Spain as a whole, and conduct a first-time comparison to Europe- and world-wide production. The data were extracted from the Scopus database. Three families of indicators are explored to analyse research quantity, quality and collaboration. The results show an upward trend on biomedical output in Andalusia. Over 50 % was in clinical medicine, whose growth doubled the basic medicine. We found greater than nationwide specialisation in biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology, immunology and microbiology, and pharmacology, while psychology proved to be the most prominent emerging area. The publication in most cited journals together with national and international collaboration enhanced research visibility. More citable papers were published on basic than clinical medicine, and the number of citations received by the former was also larger. The higher citation rate in basic medicine may also be explained by the bigger percentage of papers published in international instead domestic journals. Hence, publication patterns would appear to affect research visibility. The methodology proposed may provide guidance for public policy makers to improve, encourage and intensify good biomedical research practice.

Este trabajo presenta una caracterización bibliométrica de la producción científica biomédica en Andalucía y España durante la década 1996-2007, comparándola por primera vez a nivel europeo y mundial. El análisis se ha realizado con los datos procedentes del índice multidisciplinar de citas Scopus, que duplica en volumen a los índices Thomson Reuters. Se exploran tres bloques de indicadores bibliométricos para el análisis de la dimensión cuantitativa, cualitativa y colaborativa. Los resultados han revelado una tasa de crecimiento de la investigación en Andalucía del 124 % frente al 97 % nacional, principalmente en el campo de la Medicina Básica más que en la Clínica. También se ha detectado una mayor especialización temática con respecto a España en Bioquímica, Genética y Biología Molecular, en Inmunología y Microbiología y finalmente en Farmacología, mientras que Psicología destaca como el área más claramente emergente. La publicación de una mayor cantidad de documentos citables, la publicación en revistas nacionales y la colaboración internacional influyen en la visibilidad de la investigación. Por tanto, los patrones de publicación parecen estar influyendo en su visibilidad. La metodología propuesta proporciona una batería de indicadores y representaciones gráficas que permiten hacer un seguimiento de estos patrones para detectar buenas prácticas de publicación con el fin de incrementar la visibilidad de la investigación producida por cualquier agregado científico y ayudar a los gestores científicos en la toma de decisiones.

Patrones de especialización de la investigación cubana en salud / Specialization Patterns in the Cuban national health research

Introducción: los estudios cienciométricos utilizan indicadores relativos para la caracterización temática de la producción científica, para identificar las principales fortalezas y debilidades de un país en un dominio del conocimiento. Objetivo: hacer la caracterización temática de la producción científica cubana sobre salud indexada en Scopus durante el período 1996-2010, a partir de patrones de especialización temática. Métodos: estudio descriptivo. Se compilaron datos relativos al número total de documentos indexados por Scopus, así como la productividad y la tasa de crecimiento anual. Se calculó el índice de especialización temática de la producción científica. Resultados: el índice de especialización temática de la producción científica cubana sobre salud alcanzó niveles superiores con respecto a la región y el mundo. Los mayores índices de especialización se alcanzaron en dominios temáticos donde, a su vez, Cuba exhibe importantes indicadores de salud. Las investigaciones publicadas en revistas nacionales indexadas por Scopus influyeron de manera decisiva en el índice de especialización de las principales categorías temáticas estudiadas. Conclusiones: las ciencias de la salud de manera general, y particularmente la salud pública, tienen un rol protagónico dentro de la producción científica nacional

Introduction: scientometric studies use relative indicators for the thematic characterization of scientific production, in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of a country in a knowledge domain. Objective: the use of specialization patterns for the thematic characterization of the Cuban scientific production in health indexed by Scopus during the 1996-2010 period. Methods: descriptive study. The total number of documents covered by Scopus as well as the productivity and the annual growth rate were compiled. The thematic specialization index of the scientific production was estimated. Results: the thematic specialization index of the Cuban scientific production in health achieved higher levels than those of the Latin American region and the world. The highest indexes went to thematic domains where Cuba shows important health indicators. The published research papers in national journals covered by Scopus have a decisive influence on the specialization index of the main studied thematic categories. Conclusions: health sciences in general, and particularly the public health, have a leading role in the Cuban scientific production

Patrones de especialización de la investigación cubana en salud / Specialization Patterns in the Cuban national health research

Introducción: los estudios cienciométricos utilizan indicadores relativos para la caracterización temática de la producción científica, para identificar las principales fortalezas y debilidades de un país en un dominio del conocimiento. Objetivo: hacer la caracterización temática de la producción científica cubana sobre salud indexada en Scopus durante el período 1996-2010, a partir de patrones de especialización temática. Métodos: estudio descriptivo. Se compilaron datos relativos al número total de documentos indexados por Scopus, así como la productividad y la tasa de crecimiento anual. Se calculó el índice de especialización temática de la producción científica. Resultados: el índice de especialización temática de la producción científica cubana sobre salud alcanzó niveles superiores con respecto a la región y el mundo. Los mayores índices de especialización se alcanzaron en dominios temáticos donde, a su vez, Cuba exhibe importantes indicadores de salud. Las investigaciones publicadas en revistas nacionales indexadas por Scopus influyeron de manera decisiva en el índice de especialización de las principales categorías temáticas estudiadas. Conclusiones: las ciencias de la salud de manera general, y particularmente la salud pública, tienen un rol protagónico dentro de la producción científica nacional(AU)

Introduction: scientometric studies use relative indicators for the thematic characterization of scientific production, in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of a country in a knowledge domain. Objective: the use of specialization patterns for the thematic characterization of the Cuban scientific production in health indexed by Scopus during the 1996-2010 period. Methods: descriptive study. The total number of documents covered by Scopus as well as the productivity and the annual growth rate were compiled. The thematic specialization index of the scientific production was estimated. Results: the thematic specialization index of the Cuban scientific production in health achieved higher levels than those of the Latin American region and the world. The highest indexes went to thematic domains where Cuba shows important health indicators. The published research papers in national journals covered by Scopus have a decisive influence on the specialization index of the main studied thematic categories. Conclusions: health sciences in general, and particularly the public health, have a leading role in the Cuban scientific production(AU)

La admisión y el rendimiento académico en los estudios de medicina: Escuela de Medicina "Dr. Witremundo Torrealba" Universidad de Carabobo, Venezuela / Enrollment and academic perfomance in medical school: "Dr. Witremundo Torrealba". University of Carabobo, Venezuela

El proceso de admisión en la Universidad de Carabobo reglamentado en el año 2003, cuando derogo el anterior instrumento del año 1990, norma las diferentes modalidades de ingreso y el número de plazas disponibles para alumnos nuevos en las facultades y sus escuelas en un periodo académico. Las modalidades de ingreso y el tipo de plantel educativo de procedencia ha sido tema de discusión en Venezuela, en relación con el rendimiento académico de los alumnos, tanto desde el sector gubernamental como desde las propias universidades. Con el objetivo de analizar dicha relación fue desarrollado un estudio descriptivo en la población estudiantil inscrita en la Escuela de Medicina "Dr. Witremundo Torrealba" durante el periodo 2003-2006, la cual fue encuestada al momento de su inscripción para el año 2007, con el propósito de obtener información sobre su forma se ingreso, año que cursa, tipo de plantel de procedencia, y datos socioeconómicos. Asimismo se registro la data de la instancia oficial para verificar la variable rendimiento académico utilizando una escala basada en la aprobación del número de asignaturas según el año cursado. Los resultados apuntan a que la Prueba Interna como modalidad de ingreso es una oportunidad alterna de ingreso, que atiende a la población estudiantil de instituciones públicas y privadas, destacando mejor rendimiento los alumnos de instituciones privadas; sin embargo no existe evidencia notoria de relación entre la modalidad de ingreso y el rendimiento académico obtenido por los alumnos en el desarrollo de sus estudios de medicina.

The enrollment process at the University of Carabobo, was published in 2003 overruling the old process which dates back to 1990. It dictates the various forms of standard income and the number of places that offer, for new students, faculties and schools over an academic period. The conditions of admission and campus of origin has been the subject of discussion in Venezuela in relation to the academic performance of students, both from the government sector and from universities themselves. In order to analyze the relationship, a descriptive study was developed among the student population enrolled in the School of Medicine Dr. Witremundo Torrealba "in the period 2003-2006, which was surveyed at the time of enrollment in 2007 with the purpose of obtaining information about their shape income, year coursing, type of campus of origin and socioeconomic data. It also records the dates of the official request to verify the academic performance variable using a scale based on the approval of the number of subjects studied by year. The results suggest that the internal evidence as income is a form of alternative income opportunities, which serves the student population in public and private institutions, highlighting the best performing students from private institutions, but there is no obvious evidence of a relationship between the form of income and academic achievement obtained by students in developing their medical studies.

[Early referrals of patients with bile duct lesion improve reconstructive surgery outcome]. / El referido temprano de pacientes con daño a la via biliar mejora los resultados de cirugia reconstructiva.

Damage to the bile ducts caused during open cholecystectomy or laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains a major problem in the practice of surgery today. This is associated with a poor quality of life and increased morbidity. The incidence of bile duct damage varies with the type of damage and the type of surgery performed. Currently the incidence of bile duct damage in Puerto Rico, as a result of the removal of the gallbladder is unknown. Without doubt the seriousness of complications, high costs due to handling and suffering of both patient and family make it necessary to further research on the subject. It is for this reason that we made the following research on population, with the aim of improving the quality of care offered in the island, and in turn reduce the time of referral of patients with bile duct damage. It has been shown to decrease the time of referral improved patient outcomes.

Caracterización epidemiológica de la diabetes gestacional. Estado aragua. Año 2000-2007 / Epidemiological characterization of gestational diabetes in aragua state, venezuela. 2000-2007

La Diabetes Gestacional, definida como la Diabetes Mellitus detectada durante el embarazo, ocurre aproximadamente en 1 a14% de los embarazos y se considera en algunos países la complicación médica más común durante la gestación. Con el objetivo de caracterizar los factores de riesgo para esta enfermedad como: edad, obesidad, dislipidemia, historia familiar de diabetes, antecedentes de hipertensión arterial y estilo de vida, fue desarrollado un estudio descriptivo, mediante el cual fueron revisadas 71 historias médicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de Diabetes Gestacional, durante los años 2001-2007. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian una prevalencia correspondiente al Estado Aragua, de 0,78%, la distribución geográfica por municipios, correspondió principalmente a Girardot, Zamora y Mario Briceño Iragorry. La caracterización obtenida fue: procedencia de zonas urbanas, edad superior a los 25 años, antecedentes en primer grado de familiares con Diabetes mellitus, ocupación oficios del hogar, estado civil soltera y nivel de instrucción secundaria. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron infecciones urinarias; hipertensión arterial inducida por el embarazo y amenaza de parto pretérmino; la atención del parto de las pacientes fue vía abdominal y no se reportó mortalidad materna. Se recomienda realizar otras investigaciones epidemiológicas, desarrollar e implementar el programa de Diabetes Gestacional para el control de las pacientes, permitiendo la integración de un equipo interdisciplinario para el estado Aragua.

Gestational Diabetes, defined as diabetes mellitus detected during pregnancy, occurs in approximately 1%-14% of all pregnancies and in some countries is considered the most common medical complication of pregnancy. The goal of the study was to characterize the risk factors for the onset of gestational diabetes, such as age, obesity, dyslipidemia, family history of diabetes, personal history of hypertension, and lifestyle. The study performed was a non-experimental descriptive field study. Seventyone medical histories of patients diagnosed with gestational diabetes were reviewed during the years: 2001-2007. The results showed a prevalence of gestational diabetes for the State of Aragua of 0,78 %, geographical distribution was mainly in the municipalities of Girardot, Zamora and Mario Briceño Iragorry. Characterization findings were: urban residents, age over 25 years, family history of diabetes mellitus in first-degree relatives, homemakers, single women, secondary-school level of education. The most frequent complications were: urinary tract infections, pregnancy induced hypertension and threat of preterm delivery. Patients studied had abdominal deliveries and no maternal mortality was reported. Recommendations include performing additional epidemiological studies, developing and implementing a gestational diabetes program for managing patients, thereby promoting the integration of an interdisciplinary team for the State of Aragua.