The use of predator tags to explain reversal movement patterns in Atlantic salmon smolts (Salmo salar L.).

Acoustic telemetry has seen a rapid increase in utility and sophistication in recent years and is now used extensively to assess the behavior and survival rates of many aquatic animals, including the Atlantic salmon. As part of the salmon's complex life cycle, salmon smolts are thought to make a unidirectional migration from fresh water to the sea, which is initiated by changes in their physiology. However, some tag movement patterns do not conform with this and can be difficult to explain, particularly if the tagged fish has been eaten by a predator. This study combines the use of predator tags with machine learning techniques to understand the fate of migrating salmon smolts and thereby improve estimates for migration success. Over 3 years between 2020 and 2022, 217 salmon smolts (including wild and hatchery-reared ranched fish) were acoustically tagged and released into an embayment on the west coast of Ireland. Some tagged smolts were observed to return from the estuary back into a saline lagoon through which they had already migrated. To distinguish between the movement of a salmon smolt and that of a predator, predator tags were deployed in migrating smolts in 2021 and 2022. The addition of a temperature sensor in 2022 enabled the determination of predator type causing the returning movement. A significant number of predator tags were triggered, and the patterns of movement associated with these triggered tags were then used with two types of machine learning algorithms (hierarchical cluster analysis and random forest) to identify and validate the behavior of smolts tagged without extra sensors. Both models produced the same outputs, grouping smolts tagged with predator tags with smolts tagged without the additional sensors but showing similar movements. A mammalian predator was identified as the cause of most reversal movement, and hatchery-reared ranched smolts were found to be more likely predated upon by this predator than wild smolts within the lake and the estuary. However, overall migration success estimates were similar for both wild and hatchery-reared ranched fish. This study highlights the value of predator tags as an essential tool in the overall validation of detection data.

Gender Disparity in Evaluation of Internal Medicine Clerkship Performance.

Importance: Women studying medicine currently equal men in number, but evidence suggests that men and women might not be evaluated equally throughout their education. Objective: To examine whether there are differences associated with gender in either objective or subjective evaluations of medical students in an internal medicine clerkship. Design, Setting, and Participants: This single-center retrospective cohort study evaluated data from 277 third-year medical students completing internal medicine clerkships in the 2017 to 2018 academic year at an academic hospital and its affiliates in Pennsylvania. Data were analyzed from September to November 2020. Exposure: Gender, presumed based on pronouns used in evaluations. Main Outcomes and Measures: Likert scale evaluations of clinical skills, standardized examination scores, and written evaluations were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate linear regression were used to observe trends in measures. Word embeddings were analyzed for narrative evaluations. Results: Analyses of 277 third-year medical students completing an internal medicine clerkship (140 women [51%] with a mean [SD] age of 25.5 [2.3] years and 137 [49%] presumed men with a mean [SD] age of 25.9 [2.7] years) detected no difference in final grade distribution. However, women outperformed men in 5 of 8 domains of clinical performance, including patient interaction (difference, 0.07 [95% CI, 0.04-0.13]), growth mindset (difference, 0.08 [95% CI, 0.01-0.11]), communication (difference, 0.05 [95% CI, 0-0.12]), compassion (difference, 0.125 [95% CI, 0.03-0.11]), and professionalism (difference, 0.07 [95% CI, 0-0.11]). With no difference in examination scores or subjective knowledge evaluation, there was a positive correlation between these variables for both genders (women: r = 0.35; men: r = 0.26) but different elevations for the line of best fit (P < .001). Multivariate regression analyses revealed associations between final grade and patient interaction (women: coefficient, 6.64 [95% CI, 2.16-11.12]; P = .004; men: coefficient, 7.11 [95% CI, 2.94-11.28]; P < .001), subjective knowledge evaluation (women: coefficient, 6.66 [95% CI, 3.87-9.45]; P < .001; men: coefficient, 5.45 [95% CI, 2.43-8.43]; P < .001), reported time spent with the student (women: coefficient, 5.35 [95% CI, 2.62-8.08]; P < .001; men: coefficient, 3.65 [95% CI, 0.83-6.47]; P = .01), and communication (women: coefficient, 6.32 [95% CI, 3.12-9.51]; P < .001; men: coefficient, 4.21 [95% CI, 0.92-7.49]; P = .01). The model based on the men's data also included growth mindset as a significant variable (coefficient, 4.09 [95% CI, 0.67-7.50]; P = .02). For narrative evaluations, words in context with "he or him" and "she or her" differed, with agentic terms used in descriptions of men and personality descriptors used more often for women. Conclusions and Relevance: Despite no difference in final grade, women scored higher than men on various domains of clinical performance, and performance in these domains was associated with evaluators' suggested final grade. The content of narrative evaluations significantly differed by student gender. This work supports the hypothesis that how students are evaluated in clinical clerkships is associated with gender.

Relationship Between Rod-Mediated Sensitivity, Low-Luminance Visual Acuity, and Night Vision Questionnaire in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose: To quantify the association between dark adaptation parameters and other clinical measures of visual function among people with and without early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants underwent multimodal imaging and visual function testing, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), low-luminance visual acuity (LLVA), low-luminance deficit (LLD = BCVA - LLVA) and the 10-item Night Vision Questionnaire (NVQ-10). Dynamic and static dark-adapted chromatic perimetry (DACP) was performed. Sensitivity difference was defined as the difference in sensitivity between the 505-nm and 625-nm stimuli. Rod intercept time (RIT) was estimated as the time required to reach a threshold of -3 log candelas/meter2 with the 505-nm stimulus following bleaching. The magnitude of association between the DACP parameters and other clinical tests was estimated via mixed-effects regression. Results: A total of 51 participants (aged 51-88 years, 65% female, 39% with AMD) were included. RIT was found to be negatively associated with BCVA (P < 0.001), LLVA (P = 0.005), and NVQ-10 score (P = 0.028) but not LLD (P = 0.763). There was no evidence of an association between sensitivity difference and any of the clinical measures (P ≥ 0.081). Conclusions: Reduced rod function, as determined by RIT, was associated with lower NVQ-10 scores (designed to interrogate rod-mediated function) and with worse BCVA and LLVA (measures of cone function). Translational Relevance: Decreasing rod function maybe indicative of more generalized photoreceptor dysfunction involving cones. Further development of questionnaires to target function in scotopic conditions may provide an easier to administer test without the need to perform perimetric tests of rod function.

Longitudinal Changes in Retinotopic Rod Function in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose: Although impairment of rod function in the early stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has been well recognized, data on longitudinal changes in rod function at multiple retinal locations remain limited. This study investigated the longitudinal changes in retinotopic rod function in eyes with intermediate AMD (iAMD). Methods: Complete ophthalmic examination, multimodal imaging, and scotopic perimetry were performed at baseline and at 12-month follow-up. Perimetric scotopic retinal sensitivities for the 505-nm stimulus were repeatedly measured for 20 minutes after exposing to a single photobleach (∼30%). The rod intercept time (RIT) and retinal sensitivity at seven retinal loci within the central 12° were ascertained. Using the 95% limit of measurement variability derived from the control eyes as a reference, the proportion of test points with a significant change in retinal sensitivity or RIT at follow-up was determined. Results: Twenty iAMD and 6 control eyes were included. Decline in rod function was detected at 12-month follow-up in eyes with iAMD, but not in control eyes. Approximately 25% of test points in iAMD eyes showed a significant increase in RIT compared to 6% of test points with a decrease in RIT over the 12-month period (P < 0.001). Similarly, 40% of test points demonstrated a reduction in retinal sensitivity compared to the 7% of test points with an increase in retinal sensitivity at follow-up (P < 0.001). Conclusions: There are detectable retinotopic changes in rod function over 12 months in iAMD eyes, indicating an ongoing disease progression in rod impairment or loss with time.

Profiles of miRNA Isoforms and tRNA Fragments in Prostate Cancer.

MicroRNA (miRNA) isoforms ("isomiRs") and tRNA-derived fragments ("tRFs") are powerful regulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). In human tissues, both types of molecules are abundant, with expression patterns that depend on a person's race, sex and population origin. Here, we present our analyses of the Prostate Cancer (PRAD) datasets of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) from the standpoint of isomiRs and tRFs. This study represents the first simultaneous examination of isomiRs and tRFs in a large cohort of PRAD patients. We find that isomiRs and tRFs have extensive correlations with messenger RNAs (mRNAs). These correlations are disrupted in PRAD, which suggests disruptions of the regulatory network in the disease state. Notably, we find that the profiles of isomiRs and tRFs differ in patients belonging to different races. We hope that the presented findings can lay the groundwork for future research efforts aimed at elucidating the functional roles of the numerous and distinct members of these two categories of ncRNAs that are present in PRAD.

The potential for portable X-ray fluorescence determination of soil copper at ancient metallurgy sites, and considerations beyond measurements of total concentrations.

Copper (Cu) at ancient metallurgy sites represents the earliest instance of anthropogenically generated metal pollution. Such sites are spread across a wide range of environments from Eurasia to South America, and provide a unique opportunity to investigate the past and present extent and impact of metalworking contamination. Establishing the concentration and extent of soil Cu at archaeometallurgy sites can enhance archaeological interpretations of site use but can also, more fundamentally, provide an initial indication of contamination risk from such sites. Systematic evaluations of total soil Cu concentrations at ancient metalworking sites have not been conducted, due in part to the limitations of conventional laboratory-based protocols. In this paper, we first review what is known about Cu soil concentrations at ancient metallurgy sites. We then assess the benefits and challenges of portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) as an alternative, rapid technique for the assessment of background and contaminant levels of Cu in soils. We conclude that pXRF is an effective tool for identifying potential contamination. Finally, we provide an overview of some major considerations beyond total Cu concentrations, such as bioavailability assessments, that will need to be considered at such sites to move toward a complete assessment of environmental and human risk.

Assessment of Retinotopic Rod Photoreceptor Function Using a Dark-Adapted Chromatic Perimeter in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

PURPOSE: We determine the feasibility of using a dark-adapted chromatic (DAC) perimeter to obtain dark-adapted static and dynamic rod function at multiple retinal locations, and compare these functional parameters between subjects with intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and normal controls. METHODS: Perimetric dark-adapted retinal sensitivities for the 505 and 620 nm stimuli across 7 retinal locations within the central 12° were repeatedly measured after exposing to a single photobleach in 22 intermediate AMD subjects and 8 controls. The sensitivities for each stimulus at 20 minutes after bleach and the sensitivity difference between the stimuli were used to determine static rod function. Sensitivities for the 505 nm stimulus at various times within the initial 20 minutes after bleach were used to estimate the rod criterion time to determine rod function dynamics. The static and dynamic rod functional parameters were compared between AMD and control eyes. RESULTS: Compared to the control eyes, AMD eyes had a reduction in retinal sensitivities for the 505 nm (P < 0.001) and 620 nm (P < 0.001) stimuli, a reduction in sensitivity difference (P < 0.001), and an increased in rod criterion time (P < 0.001). Region within the central 6° appeared to be the most defective and AMD eyes with reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) seemed to have worse function than eyes without RPD. CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to use a DAC perimeter to study dark-adapted static and dynamic rod-mediated function at multiple retinal loci. Static and dynamic rod function were abnormal in intermediate AMD and more so in eyes with RPD, particularly within the central 6° retina.

Development of a dual-label time-resolved fluorometric immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of two recombinant proteins in potato.

Immunological methods such as ELISA have been traditionally employed to quantify protein levels in plants improved through modern biotechnology. Combined trait products (i.e., plants producing multiple recombinant proteins) created by introducing multiple genetic traits by transformation or traditional breeding methods have prompted the need for the development of analytical assay technologies capable of detecting and quantifying multiple proteins in a single assay. The development of a two-site, sandwich, dual-label, time-resolved fluorometry-based immunoassay (TRFIA) capable of simultaneously quantitating two recombinant proteins (CP4 EPSPS and Cry3A) in plant sample extracts of genetically improved potato cultivars is reported here. The performance characteristics of TRFIA were similar to or exceeded those of current ELISA methods used to detect and quantitate these proteins. TRFIA is a practical and reliable assay for the quantitation of proteins in genetically improved potato plants and offers an alternative approach to conventional ELISA methods with the added benefit of multiple analyte detection.

Compositional analysis of tubers from insect and virus resistant potato plants.

Genetically modified potato plants that are resistant to the Colorado potato beetle, plus either the potato leaf roll virus or potato virus Y, have recently been commercialized. As part of the safety assessment for plants produced by modern biotechnology, the composition of the food/feed must be compared to that of the food/feed produced by an equivalent plant variety from a conventional source. The composition of important nutritional and antinutritional factors in tubers produced by virus- and insect-resistant potato plants were compared to tubers produced by conventional potato plants. Key nutritional, quality, and antinutritional components measured were total solids, vitamin C, dextrose, sucrose, soluble protein, and glycoalkaloids. Proximate analyses included fat, ash, calories, total protein, and crude fiber. Minor nutrients measured were vitamin B6, niacin, copper, magnesium, potassium, and amino acids. The results from these analyses confirm that tubers produced by insect- and virus-protected varieties are substantially equivalent to tubers produced by conventional potato varieties.

Purification and characterization of microbially expressed neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) protein and its equivalence to the plant expressed protein.

The gene encoding neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) has been used routinely as a selectable marker in the production of genetically engineered crops. To facilitate the safety assessment of this protein, the same coding sequence used for plant transformation was introduced into Escherichia coli to produce gram quantities of this protein. A unique, simple, rapid and efficient purification method was developed to purify thirty grams of NPTII protein. The microbially produced NPTII was shown to be chemically and functionally equivalent to the NPTII protein expressed in and purified from genetically engineered cotton seed, potato tubers and tomato fruit. Microbially produced and plant produced NPTII proteins have comparable molecular weights, immuno-reactivities, epitope structures, amino terminal amino acid sequences, biological activities and both lack glycosylation. Demonstrating the equivalence of NPTII protein from these sources establishes the validity of using the microbially produced NPTII to assess the safety of the NPTII protein produced in genetically engineered crops.

Food intake and body temperature responses of rats to recombinant human interleukin-1 beta and a tripeptide interleukin-1 beta antagonist.

Food intake and body temperature are two of many factors affected by IL-1 beta, a cytokine which is produced in response to tissue injury and inflammatory processes. In the present experiment, a tripeptide IL-1 beta antagonist which blocked IL-1 beta-induced hyperalgesia was tested for the ability to block IL-1 beta-induced effects on food intake and body temperature. Food intake was decreased 4-22 h after intraperitoneal (IP) administration of 1.25, 1.88, or 2.50 micrograms IL-1 beta/rat, and 0-22 h food intake was decreased by 1.88 and 2.50 micrograms IL-1 beta/rat. The effect of 1.25 micrograms IL-1 beta/rat on food intake measured 4 and 22 h after (IP) injection was blocked by coadministration of 5 mg tripeptide IL-1 beta antagonist. However, 25 mg tripeptide IL-1 beta antagonist/rat plus 1.25 micrograms IL-1 beta/rat decreased 0-22 h food intake more than IL-1 beta alone. Administration (IP) of 1.25 micrograms IL-1 beta/rat increased body temperature 1 degrees C 4 h later, and 5 and 25 mg tripeptide IL-1 beta antagonist/rat blocked this increase. Although food intake remained decreased after IL-1 beta administration alone or with 25 mg tripeptide IL-1 beta antagonist/rat for 22 h, body temperature returned to normal under these conditions. Thus, a tripeptide IL-1 beta antagonist shown to block IL-1 beta-induced hyperalgesia also blocked food intake and body temperature responses to IL-1 beta, although the effective doses of IL-1 beta and the tripeptide IL-1 beta antagonist differ by 4,000-fold when both are administered peripherally.

Effect of high doses of a sustained-release bovine somatotropin on antibody formation in dairy cows.

Eighty-two lactating Holstein cows received either one, three, or five concurrent, intramuscular injections of a unit dose (.6 g) of zinc methionyl bST (some-tribove) or five doses of the vehicle. Injections were administered at 14-d intervals from 60 d postpartum until the end of lactation or necropsy. Thirty-eight cows continued on the same treatment for a 2nd yr. Blood bST antibodies developed within the first 7 wk of treatment, and the number of cows with anti-bST binding generally declined with time. Thirteen out of 59 cows receiving bST developed binding activity > 25% (positives) during the 1st yr. At the .6-g dose level, no binding was detected after wk 15. Seven of the 13 positive cows were among the group randomly selected to continue on study during yr 2. In the 2nd yr, only 2 out of 24 bST-treated cows were positive. Binding activity was associated with the IgG fraction in serum. Binding capacities of antibodies ranged from .625 to 3.04 mg of bST/L, and affinities ranged from 1.14 x 10(8) to 3.14 x 10(8) L/mol. Cows considered to be clinically positive had performance similar to those of their herdmates having binding < 25%. No evidence of a pathologic effect of antibodies existed in treated cows, their calves, or fetuses. The presence of anti-bST antibodies did not affect milk production of the cow or growth of the calves conceived during bST treatment.

Finishing lamb performance responses to bovine and porcine somatotropins administered by Alzet pumps.

Daily injection of ovine and bovine somatotropin (oST and bST, respectively) has been shown to improve performance and carcass quality of finishing lambs. To evaluate responses to continuously released bST and porcine ST (pST), which have 99 and 91% sequence homology with oST, respectively, finishing lambs were implanted with 2-wk Alzet pumps containing bST or pST, which was released at rates of 2 or 4 mg/d. Six-week growth rate and feed efficiency responses to bST were greater than those to pST (P less than .05). Overall feed efficiency was improved 15% and growth rate was increased 16% in lambs treated with 4 mg/d of bST compared with control lambs and neither trait was affected in pST-treated lambs. Performance responses were reflected by changes in circulating glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations. Scatchard analysis of sera with relative binding of greater than 30% revealed that average binding capacities and affinities of pST-treated lambs were 7.0 mg/liter and 6.0 x 10(9) liters/mol, respectively, and of bST-treated lambs were .8 mg/liter and 1.3 x 10(9) liters/mol, respectively. In addition, lambs with high-capacity pST antibodies had lower 6-wk IGF-I concentrations than those of controls, suggesting that these antibodies may have been attenuating responsiveness to pST. It is concluded that continuously released bST, but not pST, improves performance of finishing lambs.

Full amino acid sequence of centrally administered NPY required for maximal food intake response.

Central administration of NPY (1-36) potently increases food intake and it has been hypothesized that biological activities of NPY are related to its ability to form an alpha-helix, represented by the fragment NPY (14-31). In this experiment the necessity of N-terminal fragments for increasing food intake was evaluated. Two-h fasted male rats were administered 0, 0.2, 1.0 or 5.0 nmol NPY (1-36) or NPY fragments in 5 microliters saline ICV and intake of lab chow pellets was measured for 22 h. Fragments containing all or part of the polyproline-like helix [NPY (1-8)] antiparallel to the alpha-helix dose-relatedly increased food intake for 4 hours after injection. Five nmol NPY (1-36) and NPY (2-36) increased 4-hour food intake 486 and 219%, respectively (p less than 0.05). Fragments excluding the first 8 amino acids but including all of the alpha-helix also increased food intake, but the response was much reduced. Five nmol NPY (9-36) and NPY (14-36) increased 4-hour food intake 128% (p = 0.02) and 62% (NS), respectively. When all or part of the alpha-helix was excluded, no activity was detected, i.e., NPY (21-36) and NPY (32-36). Substitution of dPro for lPro in position 2 increased potency but not efficacy of NPY since food intake was increased at the 0.2 and 1.0 but not 5.0 nmol doses and the percent increase was not more than to 5 nmol NPY (1-36). Thus the maximum food intake response to NPY requires both C-terminal and N-terminal fragments as well as the alpha-helix.

Familial persistent müllerian duct syndrome.

We found persistent müllerian duct structures in 2 phenotypically normal brothers who had undergone an operation for inguinal hernia. The older boy had transverse testicular ectopia and his younger brother had unilateral cryptorchidism. Bilateral orchiopexy was done with excision of the fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina. Histological examination showed normal testes in both patients. Since there is a risk of testicular malignancy in such patients, long-term followup is mandatory.