Homelessness and housing assistance among persons with HIV, and associations with HIV care and viral suppression, New York City 2018.

OBJECTIVES: To measure housing assistance and homelessness among persons living with HIV (PLWH) and their association with health. METHODS: Exposure categories were: experiencing homelessness (per emergency shelter use or self-report), receiving housing assistance (per housing subsidy) without homelessness, or neither homelessness nor receiving housing assistance. Outcomes were: engagement (≥1 visit) and retention (≥2 visits ≥90 days apart) in HIV-related medical care and one-time (latest viral load) and durable (≥1 viral load test, all suppressed) HIV viral suppression (<200 copies/mL). Among PLWH in New York City (NYC), we calculated and conducted modified Poisson regressions of the four outcomes according to exposure category. RESULTS: During 2018, 45% of NYC's 84,053 PLWH received housing assistance, and 8% experienced homelessness. Relative to homelessness, receipt of assistance without homelessness was associated with 3-7% higher adjusted relative risk (ARR) of engagement and retention in care and 31-64% higher ARR of one-time and durable viral suppression. Relative to not receiving assistance, receipt of assistance without homelessness was associated with 6-18% higher ARR of care and 2-5% lower ARR of viral suppression. CONCLUSIONS: Programs promoting housing stability may support HIV care and viral suppression, particularly if preventing homelessness. These may help improve HIV care and suppression rates.

Effect of the Concentration, pH, and Ca2+ Ions on the Rheological Properties of Concentrate Proteins from Quinoa, Lentil, and Black Bean.

Given consumer trends propelling a movement toward using plant protein in the food industry and searching for alternative protein ingredients by the industry, this study aimed to assess the influence of factors such as protein concentration, medium pH, and the presence of a divalent ion (Ca2+) upon the rheological properties such as viscosity change and gel formation of dispersion proteins extracted from quinoa, black beans, and lentils. A solution of each protein was prepared by varying its concentration (2.5%, 5.0%, and 10%), the pH (5.0, 7.0, and 9.0), and the incorporation of calcium chloride (0.0% and 1.0%). Each obtained solution was subjected to rheological tests to determine the parameters: consistency index (K), flow behavior (n), the storage (G') and loss (G'') modules, and the phase shift angle (δ). The results demonstrate that the incorporation of Ca2+, the shift in protein levels, and the decrease in pH modified the rheological behaviors of proteins, which were also influenced by the structural characteristics of each protein studied. However, thermal treatment and protein concentrations caused the most significant impact on proteins' rheological behavior, forming gels independently of other conditions. It was possible to study and interpret the studied proteins' rheological variations according to the environment's conditions.

Physicochemical properties and functional characteristics of ultrasound-assisted legume-protein isolates: a comparative study.

Sonicated protein isolates were recovered from Chenopodium quinua, Phaseoulus vulgaris and Lens culinaris to develop a functional matrix by assessing the physicochemical and functional properties. The plant protein isolates were prepared from powdered materials followed by sonication in alkaline medium using a Box-Behnken design. pH (6-10), a buffer-to-material ratio (5:1 to 15:1) and sonication time (0-20 min) were taken as independent variables, whereas protein yield was taken as the dependent variable. A pH of 9, 20 min treatment, and a buffer-to-material ratio of 5:1 were the optimal extraction conditions for quinoa and black beans, whereas a 1:10 ratio was suitable for lentils. Sonication in alkaline medium caused partial protein unfolding and these isolates; in turn, the molecular weight affected the emulsifying activity and stability. Moreover, sonication had a strong effect on the gelation temperature, emulsifying activity, the water, and oil sorption. Sonication improved protein yield and exposed amino acids such as glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine and glycine. In turn, thiol groups were responsible for the increased in gelation temperature. The better gelling property coupled with high emulsifying property of these proteins show potential application as protein emulsifiers in the production of gels, sausages, and pet foods.

Effect of Addition of Polyurea as an Aggregate in Mortars: Analysis of Microstructure and Strength.

The addition of polymers in construction is a new tendency and an important step toward the production of structures with better functional properties. This work investigates the addition of polyurea (PU) as a polymeric material in mortars. Polymer mortars were manufactured with the addition of polyurea retained in different sieves (T50 and T100) and different concentrations (2% and 5%). The characterization of the, polyurea (PU)control mortar (PU0%) and manufactured polyurea mortars (PU2%T50, PU5%T50, PU2%T100, and PU5%T100) was conducted by means of morphological analysis, SEM, XRF, TGA, and a compressive strength test of hydraulic mortars. The results show that mortars with polyurea retained in sieve 100 with a particle size of 150 µm exhibit better thermal behavior and a greater resistance to compression with a concentration of 5% polyurea with respect to the other samples. The present work reveals that polyurea retained in sieve 100 can be considered as a polymeric additive for mortars, indicating that it could be a candidate for applications such as construction.

Impact of SARS-CoV-2 viral load and duration of symptoms before hospital admission on the mortality of hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

PURPOSE: Assess the impact of viral load estimated by cycle threshold (Ct) of reverse transcription real time-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and the days from symptoms onset on mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID19. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of 782 patients with a positive rRT-PCR from a nasopharyngeal swab was performed within the first 24 h from admission. Demographic data, clinical manifestations and laboratory parameters were collected. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with mortality at 60 days. RESULTS: Ct was divided into three groups and the mortality rate decreased from 27.3 to 20.7% and 9.8% for Ct values of ≤ 20, 21-25 and > 25, respectively (P = 0.0001). The multivariate analysis identified as predictors of mortality, a Ct value < 20 (OR 3.13, CI 95% 1.38-7.10), between 21-25 (OR 2.47, CI 95% 1.32-4.64) with respect to a Ct value > 25. Days from symptoms onset is a variable associated with mortality as well (DSOA) ≤ 6 (OR 1.86, CI 95% 1.00-3.46), among other factors. Patients requiring hospital admission within 6 DSOA with a Ct value ≤ 25 had the highest mortality rate (28%). CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of Ct values and DSOA in the characterization of study populations could be a useful tool to evaluate the efficacy of antivirals.

Lipidic Matrixes Containing Clove Essential Oil: Biological Activity, Microstructural and Textural Studies.

Clove essential oil (CEO) is known for having excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, but the poor stability of its components to light and temperature compromise this activity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the textural, antioxidant, antimicrobial and microstructural properties of matrixes produced with representative natural waxes and CEO. Thus, waxy emulsifiers, such as beeswax, candelilla wax, carnauba wax, and ozokerite wax, were employed to create such matrixes. The thermal, microstructural, textural, wetting, antioxidant, antimicrobial and infrared characteristics of the matrixes were then studied. The diverse chemical composition (long-chain wax esters in carnauba wax and short-chain fatty acids and hydrocarbons in beeswax and ozokerite wax, respectively) explained the differences in wetting, texture, melting, and crystallization characteristics. Crystal forms of these matrix systems varied from grainy, oval, to needle-like shape, but keeping an orthorhombic allomorph. The alignment and reorganization of beeswax and ozokerite wax into needle-like crystals increased the matrix strength and adhesion force compared to those of carnauba and candelilla matrixes, which showed weak strength and grainy morphology. The former two waxes and their matrixes also showed the largest plasticity. These lipidic matrixes show potential use for topical applications having acceptable antioxidant and textural properties.

Rheological, thermal, and microstructural data of lemon essential oil structured with fatty gelators.

Traditionally, oil structuring has been conducted merely in vegetable oils. Alternatively, essential oil structuring provides a great opportunity to develop the topical application of these oils without causing allergic contact dermatitis and improving the sensory properties. The thermal, rheological and microstructure data collection of lipidic matrices produced with representative gelators such as carnauba wax, stearic acid, glyceryl monostearate and hydroxyethyl cellulose in lemon essential oil were carried out by DSC, rheology and phase contrast microscopy measurements. This dataset is valuable to researchers interested in characterizing lipidic matrices produced with several gelators, once incorporated in different topical formulations. These data can be used for quality control of topical formulations having several textural features.

Production, physicochemical characterization, and anticancer activity of methotrexate-loaded phytic acid-chitosan nanoparticles on HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells.

Methotrexate-loaded phytic acid-chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized by ionic gelation assisted by high-intensity sonication. The nanoparticles were characterized by particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential (ZP) and encapsulation efficiency. Their physical stability was evaluated at 4 °C and 40 °C, whereas the in-vitro methotrexate release was assessed at pH 7.4. The data were heuristically fit to first-order, Higuchi, Peppas-Sahlin and Korsmeyer-Peppas models of release kinetics. Anticancer activity was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay on HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Physicochemical analysis showed that the nanoparticles presented positive ZP values, sizes less than <300 nm and low polydispersity, except for systems formed with low amplitude sonication. The nanoparticles exhibited an adequate physical stability and a capability to modify methotrexate release by a non-Fickian mechanism, resulting in a more pronounced cytotoxic effect than the free drug on HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells.

Enrollment Length, Service Category, and HIV Health Outcomes Among Low-Income HIV-Positive Persons Newly Enrolled in a Housing Program, New York City, 2014-2017.

Objectives. To evaluate the impact of duration and service category on HIV health outcomes among low-income adults living with HIV and enrolled in a housing program in 2014 to 2017.Methods. We estimated relative risk of engagement in care, viral suppression, and CD4 improvement for 561 consumers at first and second year after enrollment to matched controls through the New York City HIV surveillance registry, by enrollment length (enrolled for more than 1 year or not) and service category (housing placement assistance [HPA], supportive permanent housing [SPH], and rental assistance [REN]).Results. The SPH and REN consumers were enrolled longer and received more services, compared with HPA consumers. Long-term SPH and REN consumers had better engagement in care, viral suppression, and CD4 count than controls at both first and second year after enrollment, but the effect did not grow bigger from year 1 to 2. HPA consumers did not have better outcomes than controls regardless of enrollment length.Conclusions. Longer enrollment with timely housing placement and a higher number and more types of services are associated with better HIV health outcomes for low-income persons living with HIV with unmet housing needs.

Use of Plant Proteins as Microencapsulating Agents of Bioactive Compounds Extracted from Annatto Seeds (Bixa orellana L.).

This study aimed to assess the thermal stability of the bioactive compounds from annatto seed extract, encapsulated by ionic gelation using quinoa proteins, lentil proteins, soy proteins, and sodium caseinate as carrying materials. The 10.0% aqueous dispersions of the different proteins (carriers) were prepared and mixed with the annatto seed extract. The dispersions were then extruded into a calcium chloride solution to induce the extract encapsulation. The capsules were characterized by encapsulation efficiency, particle size, infrared transmission spectroscopy, confocal microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, the polyphenol compounds, and bixin content from the free and encapsulated extract were assessed once stored for 12 d at different temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, and 65 °C). The results demonstrated the ability of the proteins to encapsulate the annatto extract with encapsulation efficiencies ranging from 58% to 80%, where the protein structure and amino acid content were the relevant factors to obtain high encapsulation efficiencies. The free extracts stored at 65 °C for 12 d experienced a degradation of bixin and polyphenol compounds, respectively. Conversely, the encapsulated extract had degradations from ~34.00% to ~4.05% for polyphenol compounds and ~20.0% for bixin, respectively. These proteins have a potential encapsulation capacity of annatto extract by ionic gelation.

Housing Subsidies and Housing Stability are Associated with Better HIV Medical Outcomes Among Persons Who Experienced Homelessness and Live with HIV and Mental Illness or Substance Use Disorder.

Among 958 applicants to a supportive housing program for low-income persons living with HIV (PLWH) and mental illness or a substance use disorder, we assessed impacts of housing placement on housing stability, HIV care engagement, and viral suppression. Surveillance and administrative datasets provided medical and residence information, including stable (e.g., rental assistance, supportive housing) and unstable (e.g., emergency shelter) government-subsidized housing. Sequence analysis identified a "quick stable housing" pattern for 67% of persons placed by this program within 2 years, vs. 28% of unplaced. Compared with unplaced persons not achieving stable housing quickly, persons quickly achieving stable housing were more likely to engage in care, whether placed (per Poisson regression, ARR: 1.14;95% CI 1.09-1.20) or unplaced (1.19;1.13-1.25) by this program, and to be virally suppressed, whether placed (1.22;1.03-1.44) or unplaced (1.26, 1.03-1.56) by this program. Housing programs can help homeless PLWH secure stable housing quickly, manage their infection, and prevent transmission.

RESUMEN: Unas 958 personas de bajos recursos y quienes viven con VIH y enfermedades mentales o bien presentan problemas de abuso de sustancias solicitaron a un programa de vivienda complementada con servicios de apoyo. Entre ellas, se evaluó los impactos de la colocación en viviendas sobre la estabilidad en la misma, así como la participación en los cuidados médicos para el VIH, y la supresión de la carga viral. Las bases de datos administrativas y del registro de vigilancia brindaron información médica y domiciliar, incluyendo información sobre vivienda estable (por ejemplo, asistencia de pago de renta a largo plazo, o vivienda complementada con servicios de apoyo) y vivienda inestable (por ejemplo, alojamiento de emergencia temporal) subsidiada por el gobierno. El método "análisis de secuencia" permitió identificar una pauta caracterizada por estabilidad domiciliar conseguida de modo ligero (es decir, de forma oportuna) en el 67% de las personas quienes fueron colocadas por este programa dentro de un lapso de dos años, comparado con 28% de las personas quienes no fueron colocadas. En comparación con las personas quienes no fueron colocadas y no lograron estabilidad de vivienda de modo ligero, las personas quienes lograron estabilidad de vivienda de modo ligero tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de participar en cuidados médicos, ya sea que fueran colocadas (según regresión de Poisson, cociente de riesgo ajustado: 1.14; intervalo de confianza de 95%: 1.09-1.20) o no fueran colocadas (1.19, 1.13-1.25) por este programa, así como de lograr la supresión de la carga viral, ya sea que fueran colocadas (1.22, 1.03-1.44) o no fueran colocadas (1.26, 1.03-1.56) por este programa. Los programas que facilitan la colocación en o el pago de vivienda y apoyo en el mismo pueden ayudar a las personas con VIH y sin hogar obtener vivienda estable de modo ligero, controlar su infección, y prevenir la transmisión.

Production and Characterization of Chitosan-Polyanion Nanoparticles by Polyelectrolyte Complexation Assisted by High-Intensity Sonication for the Modified Release of Methotrexate.

A promising strategy to improve the effectivity of anticancer treatment and decrease its side effects is to modulate drug release by using nanoparticulates (NPs) as carriers. In this study, methotrexate-loaded chitosan-polyanion nanoparticles were produced by polyelectrolyte complexation assisted by high-intensity sonication, using several anionic polymers, such as the sodium and potassium salts of poly(maleic acid-alt-ethylene) and poly(maleic acid-alt-octadecene), here named PAM-2 and PAM-18, respectively. Such NPs were analyzed and characterized according to particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency. Likewise, their physical stability was tested at 4 °C and 40 °C in order to evaluate any change in the previously mentioned particle parameters. The in vitro methotrexate release was assessed at a pH of 7.4, which simulated physiological conditions, and the data were fitted to the heuristic models of order one, Higuchi, Peppas-Sahlin and Korsmeyer-Peppas. The results revealed that most of the MTX-chitosan-polyanion NPs have positive zeta potential values, sizes <280 nm and monodisperse populations, except for the NPs formed with PAM-18 polyanions. Further, the NPs showed adequate physical stability, preventing NP-NP aggregation. Likewise, these carriers modified the MTX release by an anomalous mechanism, where the NPs formed with PAM-2 polymer led to a release mechanism controlled by diffusion and relaxation, whereas the NPs formed with PAM-18 led to a mainly diffusion-controlled release mechanism.

Cost Comparison Between 2 Responses to Hepatitis A Virus Incidents in Restaurant Food Handlers-New York City, 2015 and 2017.

CONTEXT: While the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) can use agency-wide emergency activation to respond to a hepatitis A virus-infected food handler, there is a need to identify alternative responses that conserve scarce resources. OBJECTIVE: To compare the costs incurred by DOHMH of responding to a hepatitis A case in restaurant food handlers using an agency-wide emergency activation (2015) versus the cost of collaborating with a private network of urgent care clinics (2017). DESIGN: We partially evaluate the costs incurred by DOHMH of responding to a hepatitis A case in a restaurant food handler using agency-wide emergency activation (2015) with the cost of collaborating with a private network of urgent care clinics (2017) estimated for a scenario in which DOHMH incurred the retail cost of services rendered. RESULTS: Costs incurred by DOHMH for emergency activation were $65 831 ($238 per restaurant employee evaluated) of which DOHMH personnel services accounted for 85% ($55 854). Costs of collaboration would have totaled $50 914 ($253 per restaurant employee evaluated) of which personnel services accounted for 6% ($3146). CONCLUSIONS: Accounting for incident size, collaborating with the clinic network was more expensive than agency-wide emergency activation, though required fewer DOHMH personnel services.

Production and Characterization of Glutathione-Chitosan Conjugate Films as Systems for Localized Release of Methotrexate.

Cancer is one of the most serious public health problems that affect humanity. Diverse delivery systems of anticancer drugs have been developed to enhance the treatment effectiveness and patient compliance. Thus, drug delivery systems from polymeric films could be an interesting and promising alternative, especially for skin chemotherapeutics. In this work, polymeric films based on glutathione-chitosan conjugates with degrees of thiolation of 4.4%, 5.1% and 7.0% were synthetized by casting-evaporation method and subsequent loading with methotrexate. The surface properties of these films were evaluated by contact angle and spreading rate measurements. The sessile drop methods along with the thermodynamic parameter of work of adhesion were determined using the Young-Dupré semi-empirical model. The in vitro methotrexate release was assessed at a pH of 4.5 and 7.4 simulating physiological conditions. Data from the resulting profiles were fitted to the order one, Higuchi, Peppas-Sahlin and Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic models. The results suggest a strong relationship between the thiolation degree and hydrophilic surface properties such as contact angle and water spreading rate, whereas the work of adhesion was not significantly affected. Further, these polymer films could control the methotrexate release through diverse mechanisms such as diffusion and relaxation depending on the thiolation degree and the aqueous medium employed. In fact, as thiolation degree increased, the release mechanism shifted from a primary diffusional type towards a predominant relaxation-driven mechanism. These polymer films could be used as modified systems for anticancer local delivery.

Synthesis, Characterisation and Biological Evaluation of Ampicillin-Chitosan-Polyanion Nanoparticles Produced by Ionic Gelation and Polyelectrolyte Complexation Assisted by High-Intensity Sonication.

Recently, one of the promising strategies to fight sensitive and resistant bacteria, and decrease the morbidity and mortality rates due to non-nosocomial infections, is to use antibiotic-loaded nanoparticles. In this study, ampicillin-loaded chitosan-polyanion nanoparticles were produced through the techniques of ionic gelation and polyelectrolyte complexation assisted by high-intensity sonication, using several crosslinking agents, including phytic acid (non-polymeric polyanion), sodium and potassium salts of poly(maleic acid-alt-ethylene) and poly(maleic acid-alt-octadecene) (polymeric polyanions). These nanoparticles were analysed and characterised in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency. The stability of these nanosystems was carried out at temperatures of 4 and 40 °C, and the antimicrobial effect was determined by the broth microdilution method using sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. The results reveal that most of the nanosystems have sizes <220 nm, positive zeta potential values and a monodisperse population, except for the nanoparticles crosslinked with PAM-18 polyanions. The nanometric systems exhibited adequate stability preventing aggregation and revealed a two-fold increase in antimicrobial activity when compared with free ampicillin. This study demonstrates the potential application of synthesised nanoparticles in the field of medicine, especially for treating infections caused by pathogenic S. aureus strains.

Effects on immune system and viral reservoir of a short-cycle antiretroviral therapy in virologically suppressed HIV-positive patients.

BACKGROUND: Atripla dose reduction decreases subclinical toxicity and maintains viral suppression in HIV+ individuals but the virological efficacy and immunological safety of this strategy needs to be further confirmed. METHODS: Virologically suppressed HIV-infected adults on Atripla once-daily were randomized 1 : 1 to reduce therapy to 3 days a week (3W, n = 30) or to maintain it unchanged (once-daily, n = 31). HIV-1 reservoir (total and integrated HIV-1 DNA in CD4 cells) and immunological cell activation (CD38 and HLA-DR), senescence (CD57 and CD28), apoptosis (annexinV) as well as T-naive, effector memory (TEM) (CCR7, CD45RA) and stem cell memory (TSCM) (CD954 and CD27) populations were measured at baseline, 24 and 48 weeks. RESULTS: No differences on activation, senescence or apoptosis of both CD4 and CD8 T cells were observed on follow-up. Nave CD4 T-cell proportion showed a significant decrease in the 3W group (mean ±â€ŠSD): 24.6 ±â€Š13.7 vs. 20.5 ±â€Š12.9 (P = 0.002). No differences in both plasma viral load and HIV reservoir were detected on follow-up. CD4 TSCM levels at 48 weeks correlated with basal integrated HIV-1 DNA in the 3W group but not in the once-daily group. A post hoc analysis of data prior to the study entry revealed a higher viral load zenith and a trend to lower CD4 nadir in 3W vs. once-daily group. CONCLUSION: No significant immunological or viral changes were induced in the 3W group confirming the virological efficacy and immunogical safety of this strategy. In-depth virological and immunological analyses are useful in providing additional information in antiretroviral switching studies (Clinical Trials.gov: NCT01778413).

A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Rapid Re-housing Intervention for Homeless Persons Living with HIV/AIDS: Impact on Housing and HIV Medical Outcomes.

We conducted a randomized controlled trial to determine whether, for homeless persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), rapid re-housing can improve housing and HIV viral suppression more than standard housing assistance. We recruited 236 PLWHA from HIV emergency housing in New York City (NYC) and randomized them to: (1) Enhanced Housing Placement Assistance (EHPA), i.e., immediate assignment to a case manager to rapidly re-house the client and provide 12 months of case management or (2) usual services, i.e., referral to an NYC housing placement program for which all HIV emergency housing residents were eligible. We compared time to stable housing placement and percentage virally suppressed from baseline to 12 months. EHPA clients were placed faster than usual services clients (p = 0.02; 25% placed by 150 days vs. 243 days, respectively), more likely to be placed [adjusted hazards ratio = 1.8; 95% confidence interval(CI) 1.1-2.8], and twice as likely to achieve or maintain suppression (adjusted odds ratio 2.1; 95% CI 1.1-4.0).

Optimization of the Microwave-Assisted Extraction Process of Bioactive Compounds from Annatto Seeds (Bixa orellana L.).

This study deals with the extraction, optimization, and evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of bioactive compounds obtained from the seeds of annatto using microwave-assisted extraction as compared to leaching. Annatto seeds were subjected to a microwave treatment of 2450 MHz and power of 700 watts using a response surface design involving four factors: pH (4⁻11), solvent concentration (ethanol) (50⁻96 %), solvent-to-seed ratio (2⁻10), and microwave exposure time (0⁻5 min). The contents of polyphenol compounds and bixin were taken as response variables. Subsequently, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were assessed at the optimal processing conditions predicted by the experimental design. Microwaves, solvent concentration, and the solvent-to-seed ratio showed a statistically significant effect for the extraction of polyphenol compounds and bixin. Thus, microwaves accelerated the extraction of those compounds and the slight increase in temperature caused some degradation of the polyphenol compounds. The microwave-assisted extraction increased the contents of polyphenols and bixin along with their antioxidant activity as compared to leaching extraction. However, this technique does not significantly improve the antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus.

Multilevel Factors Associated with a Lack of Viral Suppression Among Persons Living with HIV in a Federally Funded Housing Program.

Persons with HIV who are receiving housing services often have high rates of engagement in care, yet many are not virally suppressed. We linked data from the New York City Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA) program to electronically reported laboratory tests from the HIV surveillance registry to examine factors associated with a lack of viral suppression. Of 1491 HOPWA consumers, 523 (35.1%) were not durably suppressed, and 253 (17.0%) were unsuppressed at their last viral load test. Substance use, age < 27 years, and emergency housing all independently predicted lack of durable viral suppression and lack of viral suppression at last viral load test.

Proteins functionalization: a strategy that boost the performance of these macromolecules for innovative pharmaceutical and food developments / Funcionalización de proteínas: una estrategia que potencia el desempeño de estas macromoléculas en desarrollos farmacéuticos y alimentarios innovadores

Proteins are macromolecules exhibiting amphiphilic properties, good biocompatibility, biodegradability, high nutritional value, and show strong interactions with several types of active compounds via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions (1). These plant or animal-derived macromolecules differ in their molecular size depending on the number of amino acids present in their structure, which in turn, are linked by peptide bonds between the carbonyl (-CO-) and amino groups (-NH) (2).