Is there added value from using three serial samples when surveying the occurrence of intestinal parasites in children?

BACKGROUND: Surveys for intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) often involve samples from three sampling dates analysed by various microscopy techniques. However, analysis of three samples per individual is a huge burden on time and resources. We compared the value from analysing three or fewer samples. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, three faecal samples were collected every other day from 332 children from two locations in Guantanamo province, Cuba. Samples were analysed by wet mount with Lugol stain, Willis flotation method and Kato-Katz thick smear. RESULTS: Most parasites were detected by wet mount, although helminth eggs not found by wet smear were detected by the Willis flotation method (in particular) and Kato-Katz smear. Blastocystis spp. was the most commonly detected parasite (about 65%), then Giardia duodenalis and then Entamoeba spp. Although analysis of two stool samples significantly increased occurrence data for Blastocystis, this was not so for the other parasites. For none of the protozoan parasites were results from analysing three samples significantly higher than results from analysing just two samples. CONCLUSIONS: Analysing two faecal samples by wet mount and the Willis flotation method provides useful data for estimating the prevalence of IPIs in relatively high prevalence settings. Analysing further samples provides limited additional information and adds an extra burden in terms of time and resources.

Conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas de médicos de atención primaria en Ecuador sobre la infección por Angiostrongylus cantonensis / Knowledge, perceptions and practice of primary healthcare doctors in Ecuador on Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection

Introducción: La angiostrongiliasis humana presenta un amplio espectro clínico: desde una infección asintomática a meningitis eosinofílica, meningoencefalitis eosinofílica y angiostrongiliasis ocular. Objetivo: Determinar los conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas en relación con la infección por Angiostrongylus cantonensis que poseen médicos de atención primaria de la República del Ecuador. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo. Se diseñó, validó y aplicó una encuesta sobre conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas a 163 médicos de atención primaria de las provincias Napo y Guayas, entre los meses de noviembre y diciembre de 2017. La información obtenida se almacenó en una base de datos Microsoft Access y se realizó un análisis de frecuencias a las respuestas dadas a cada una de las preguntas. Resultados: Se encontraron conocimientos insuficientes, percepciones inadecuadas y prácticas incorrectas en relación con la angiostrongiliasis. Conclusiones: Estos resultados orientan hacia la implementación de un programa de intervención educativa en médicos de atención primaria con el fin de atenuar las deficiencias encontradas, para incidir de forma positiva en comunidades donde existe la presencia de hospederos intermediarios y definitivos infectados y un riesgo potencial de infección.

Introduction: Human angiostrongyliasis presents a broad clinical spectrum, which ranges from asymptomatic infection to eosinophilic meningitis, eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, and ocular angiostrongyliasis. Objective: To determine the knowledge, perceptions, and practice of primary healthcare doctors in the Republic of Ecuador regarding Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. Methods: It was conducted a descriptive observational study. A survey on knowledge, perceptions, and practice was designed, validated, and applied to 163 primary healthcare doctors from Napo and Guayas provinces between November and December 2017. The information obtained was stored in a Microsoft Access 2016 database, and a frequency analysis was performed to the answers provided to every question. Results: Insufficient knowledge, inadequate perceptions, and incorrect practice regarding angiostrongyliasis were found. Conclusions: The results evidenced the need to implement an educational intervention program to primary healthcare doctors aimed at reducing the deficiencies found to have a positive impact on the communities where the intermediate and definitive hosts and a potential infection risk exist.

Frecuencia de infección por cestodos en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Parasitismo Intestinal-IPK, Cuba, 2010-2018 / Frequency of cestode infection at the Intestinal Parasitic Disease National Reference Laboratory of Pedro Kourí Institute in Cuba, 2010-2018

Introdución: Los cestodos son helmintos parásitos del humano y de animales, con complejos ciclos de vida. En las infecciones por los cestodos no existen programas de desparasitación masiva implementados para disminuir la carga parasitaria de estos a nivel mundial, dada la baja prevalencia que se informa en estudios epidemiológicos. Existen pocos trabajos sobre la epidemiología y la detección de estas infecciones en la literatura internacional. Objetivo: Describir la frecuencia de infección de cestodos y sus características epidemiológicas. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, realizado entre el 3 de enero de 2010 y 28 de diciembre de 2018. Se analizaron todas las muestras de heces, parásitos adultos y metacestodos enviadas de la red de Salud al Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Parasitismo Intestinal-IPK. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por 9833 muestras, que fueron enviadas mayoritariamente de la provincia La Habana. Resultados: La infección por Inermicapsifer madagascariensis predominó en niños menores de 5 años (69,6 por ciento; IC 95 por ciento: 47,1-86,8). La infección intestinal por Taenia spp. se diagnosticó prinipalmente en pacientes entre 15 y 65 años de edad (88,2 por ciento; IC95 por ciento: 63,6-98,5). De los 47 casos positivos a la infección por cestodos, 24 pertenecieron al sexo femenino (51,1 por ciento; IC95 por ciento: 35,7-66,4) y 23 al sexo masculino (48,9 por ciento; IC95 por ciento: 33,6-64,3). No hubo diferencias significativas entre la infección por Inermicapsifer madagascariensis y Taenia spp. y el sexo de los pacientes (p˃ 0,05). Conclusiones: Aunque la frecuencia de infección de las cestodiosis detectadas es baja, estos resultados pudieran ser útiles para un control integrado de las principales cestodioisis en los diferentes grupos etarios(AU)

Introduction: Cestodes are helminths of complex life cycles which may infect animals and humans. No mass deworming programs are in place to reduce the worldwide parasite load of cestodes, given the low prevalence reported by epidemiological research. Few studies are available in the international literature about the epidemiology and detection of these infections. Objective: Describe the frequency of cestode infection and its epidemiological characteristics. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted from 3 January 2010 to 28 December 2018. Evaluation was performed of all the samples of fecal matter, adult parasites and metacestodes submitted by the health care network to the Intestinal Parasitic Disease National Reference Laboratory at Pedro Kourí Institute. The study universe was 9 833 samples, mostly received from the province of Havana. Results: Inermicapsifer madagascariensis infection prevailed among children aged under 5 years (69.6 percent; CI 95 percent: 47.1-86.8). Taenia sp. intestinal infection was mainly diagnosed in patients aged 15-65 years (88.2 percent; CI 95 percent: 63.6-98.5). Of the 47 cestode infection positive cases, 24 were female (51.1 percent; CI 95 percent: 35.7-66.4) and 23 were male (48.9 percent; CI 95 percent: 33.6-64.3). No significant differences were found between Inermicapsifer madagascariensis and Taenia sp. infection and the sex of patients (p˃ 0.05). Conclusions: Although the frequency of cestode infection detected is low, these results could be useful for an integrated control of the main cestode infections affecting the different age groups(AU)

Molecular Characterization and Risk Factors of Giardia duodenalis among School Children from La Habana, Cuba.

Giardia duodenalis is considered the most common protozoan infecting humans worldwide. Molecular characterization of G. duodenalis isolates has revealed the existence of eight groups (assemblages A to H) which differ in their host distribution. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 639 children from La Habana between January and December 2013. Two assemblage-specific PCRs were carried out for the molecular characterization. The overall prevalence of Giardia infection was 11.9%. DNA from 63 of 76 (82.9%) samples was successfully amplified by PCR-tpi, while 58 from 76 (76.3%) were detected by PCRE1-HF. Similar results by both PCRs were obtained in 54 from 76 samples (71%). According to these analyses, assemblage B and mixed assemblages A + B account for most of the Giardia infections in the cohort of children tested. Our current study identified assemblage B as predominant genotype in children infected with Giardia. Univariate analysis indicated that omission of washing hands before eating and keeping dogs at home were significant risk factors for a Giardia infection. In the future, novel molecular tools for a better discrimination of assemblages at the subassemblages level are needed to verify possible correlations between Giardia genotypes and symptomatology of giardiasis.

Actividad toxocaricida de plantas cubanas / Anti-Toxocara activity of Cuban plants

Introducción: solo unos pocos medicamentos son efectivos contra los nematodos que migran por los tejidos, como es el caso de Toxocara canis, por lo que se hace necesario que se desarrollen nuevas opciones terapéuticas. Objetivo: determinar el efecto in vitro de extractos de plantas medicinales cubanas contra larvas de T. canis. Métodos: se prepararon extractos hidroalcohólicos de cinco especies de plantas y un extracto enriquecido en alcaloides, de Carica papaya. Todas las especies se han reportado en la medicina tradicional como antiparasitarias. La actividad antihelmíntica se determinó en placas de 96 pozos, mediante el cálculo de la movilidad relativa de las larvas, en tres intervalos de 24 h. Se incluyeron como referencia principios activos de medicamentos usados para el tratamiento de la toxocariasis. Se determinó la actividad citotóxica sobre células MRC-5 de los extractos activos contra las larvas; se usó un ensayo con bromuro de 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazolio. Resultados: el extracto hidroalcohólico de Argemone mexicana y el de C. papaya enriquecido en alcaloides, provocaron movilidades relativas por debajo del 80 por ciento a las 72 h. Se utilizó como dosis 100 µg/mL, por lo que se consideraron activos contra el parásito. Ambos extractos no provocaron citotoxicidad sobre células MRC-5. Los extractos de Aloe vera, Artemisia vulgaris, Centrosema virginianum y Chenopodium ambrosioides no mostraron actividad contra el parásito. Conclusión: se demostró la actividad potencial de los extractos de A. mexicana y C. papaya contra el parásito, lo que apoya la continuidad de los estudios fitoquímicos y farmacológicos(AU)

Introduction: only a few drugs are effective against nematodes moving through tissues like Toxocara canis, a fact that makes it necessary to develop new therapeutic options. Objective: to determine the in vitro effect of Cuban medicinal plants extracts against Toxocara canis larvae.Methods: hydroalcoholic extracts of five plant species and a Carica papaya alkaloid-enriched extract were prepared. All species have been informed by traditional medicine as antiparasitic. The anthelmintic activity was determined in 96 ponds, by calculating the larvae relative mobility, in three 24-hour intervals. Action principles of drugs used for treating toxocariasis were included as reference. They were included as reference used for the treatment of drug toxocariasis. The cytotoxic activity on MRC-5 cells was determined of the extracts active against the larvae. An assay with bromide 3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2.5-diphenyltetrazolium was used.Results: the Argemone mexicana and Carica papaya alkaloid-enriched hydroalcoholic extracts provoked relative mobilities less than 80 percent after 72 hours. The dose used was of 100µg/ml, so they were considered active against the parasite. Neither of the extracts caused any cytotoxicity on MRC-5 cells. Aloe vera, Artemisia vulgaris, Centrosema virginianum and Chenopodium ambrosioides extracts did not show any activity against the parasite. Conclusion: the potential activity of Argemone mexicana and Carica papaya extracts against the parasite was demonstrated, supporting the continuity of the phytochemical and pharmacological studies(AU)

Intervención Educativa para mejorar la calidad del Diagnóstico de la Malaria en la red de Laboratorios de Luanda, República de Angola / Educative Intervention to improve quality of malaria diagnosisin the network of laboratories from Luanda, Republic of Angola

Introducción: la malaria continúa siendo uno de los más importantes problemas de salud pública a nivel mundial que afecta con énfasis al continente africano y a Angola.Objetivos: evaluar el nivel de conocimientos teóricos y prácticos en el diagnóstico de la malaria de un grupo de técnicos en Luanda antes y después de una intervención educativa. Material y Métodos: entre abril y julio de 2013 se realizó un estudio experimental con grupo de control en 120 técnicos de la red de salud de Luanda; se hicieron dos evaluaciones teóricas y prácticas: una, al comienzo y otra, 3 meses después de una intervención educativa. Se incluyó un grupo adicional de control de 120 técnicos que fueron evaluados al mismo tiempo y en quienes no se hizo intervención. Los entrenamientos fueron de 10 días cumplimentando un programa de clases prácticas y teóricas. Resultados: después de los entrenamientos en el grupo de Intervención, las notas ascendieron tras la segunda evaluación; mientras que en el grupo de control las calificaciones se mantuvieron sin cambios. Se observó que en el grupo de Intervención la probabilidad de estar desaprobado fue 129 veces mayor en la evaluación inicial para las pruebas teóricas y 108 veces mayor en los exámenes prácticos. Finalmente fueron identificados los principales aspectos en que fallaron los técnicos evaluados en los grupos de intervención y control. Conclusiones: se demostró una mejoría en los conocimientos teóricos y prácticos de los técnicos de laboratorio dedicados al diagnóstico de la malaria después de la intervención educativa(AU)

Introduction: the malaria still is one of the most important public health problems worldwide, specially the Africa as well as in Angola. Objectives: the aim was to evaluate the level of theoretical and practical knowledge in malaria diagnosis of a large group of technicians in Luanda before and after of an educational intervention.Material and Methods: between April and July of 2013 an experimental study with a control group was carried out in 120 technicians from Luanda. The evaluations were applied previous and after (three months) of an educational intervention. Another additional group of 120 technicians (control group) were evaluated too at the same period of time, but intervention was not made on them. Trainings were made during 10 days by completing a program with practical and theoretical classes.Results:after the trainings in the intervention group the scores increased in the theoretical and practical evaluations; while in the control group the scores of evaluations did not change after final evaluations. In the Intervention group the rate of disapproval was 129 times higher in the first evaluation than in final evaluation and this odd was 108 times higher in practical evaluations. Finally, the main topics with errors were identified in the evaluations from the beginning in the intervention and the control groups. Conclusions: in this study carried out in Luanda, Angola, an improvement of the evaluations was showed in theoretical and practical knowledge of the technicians after intervention in the network of laboratories of the capital province of the country(AU)

Comparación de los métodos de gota gruesa y tiras de diagnóstico rápido para el diagnóstico de la malaria en Luanda, Angola / Comparison of thick blood smear and rapid test methods for malaria diagnosis in Luanda, Angola

Introducción: a pesar de que se ha logrado reducir la morbilidad y la mortalidad de la malaria en África, esta constituye aún un importante problema de salud en Angola, y su capital, Luanda. Objetivo: comparar la ejecución de la microscopía contra un método de tiras de diagnóstico rápido para el diagnóstico de la malaria. Material y Métodos: se llevó a cabo un estudio de corte transversal para evaluar la precisión de una prueba rápida para el diagnóstico del paludismo. Entre diciembre de 2013 y marzo de 2014; se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 1 000 muestras de sangre de pacientes quienes acudieron a los laboratorios por diagnóstico sospechoso de malaria, las que fueron analizadas por gota gruesa, y una prueba de diagnóstico rápido (SD Bioline Malaria AntigenPf/Pv®). Se evaluó la concordancia, la validez y la seguridad de ambos métodos, y para ello las gotas gruesas, fueron consideradas como la "prueba de oro". Resultados: se obtuvo una mayor frecuencia de positividad con las TDR que con las gotas gruesas en dos de los centros de salud (p<0,05). Al comparar los valores de concordancia, validez y seguridad entre los métodos empleados para el diagnóstico de la malaria se obtuvieron valores de concordancia superiores con la gota gruesa que con las TDR. De la misma forma, la especificidad y los valores predictivos de los positivos también fueron superiores con las gotas gruesas (p<0,01). Conclusiones: este estudio permite considerar esta técnica de diagnóstico rápido como un método adecuado y sensible para diagnosticar infecciones por P. falciparum en Luanda(AU)

Introduction: despite of National programs for control have reduced the morbidity and mortality because of malaria in Africa, this parasitic disease is still an important public health problem in the continent, in the Republic of Angola, and its capital Luanda.Objective: to compare the skills of technicians on malaria microscopy and to compare the microscopy against a rapid diagnostic test (RTD) in health centers from Luanda. Material and Methods: among December 2013 y march 2014, one thousand samples were randomly selected from patients visiting laboratories because of suspected diagnosis of malaria. These samples were observed by 20 technicians in 10 health centers from Luanda. A blood sample was taken by every person in order to be examined by thick smear (TS) and a RTD (SD Bioline Malaria Antigen Pf/Pv®). The concordance, the validity, and safety of both methods were evaluated, and the gold standard was defined by thick smears observed by four malaria expert technicians.Results: the frequency of positivity obtained with RTD was higher than with TSin health centers from Kassequel, Samba, and Km 12 (p<0.05). The comparison of concordance, validity, and safety between used methods for the diagnosis of malaria showed concordance values with TS higher than RTD. The specificity and predictive values for positives were upper with TS than RTD (p<0,01). Conclusions: this study showed the RTDBioline Malaria Ag f/Pv®, is an adequate and sensible method for the diagnosis of P. falciparum infections in Luanda(AU)

Evaluación de la calidad del diagnóstico de la malaria por microscopía óptica en laboratorios provinciales de la República de Angola / Evaluation of the quality of malaria diagnosis by optical microscopy in provincial laboratories of the Republic of Angola

INTRODUCCIÓN: la malaria continúa siendo uno de los más importantes problemas de la salud pública a nivel mundial y afecta severamente al continente africano. OBJETIVO: evaluar el nivel de conocimientos teóricos y prácticos en el diagnóstico de la malaria de un grupo de técnicos dedicados a esta actividad. MÉTODOS: entre los años 2010 y 2012, se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental de evaluación en la red de salud, en 14 laboratorios provinciales de las 18 provincias de la República Angola, donde se entrenaron 243 técnicos que realizan habitualmente el diagnóstico de la malaria. Se hicieron entrenamientos de 10 días (70 horas) cumplimentando un programa que incluyó clases prácticas y teóricas, y sus respectivas evaluaciones inicial y final. RESULTADOS: después de los entrenamientos en cada una de las 14 provincias evaluadas la frecuencia de los técnicos desaprobados en la evaluaciones teóricas y prácticas disminuyó significativamente, (p<0,01). CONCLUSIONES: este es el primer trabajo realizado en Angola donde se demuestra una mejoría cualitativa y cuantitativa tanto en los conocimientos teóricos y habilidades prácticas de los técnicos después de un entrenamiento y readiestramiento, y constituye el primer paso de un esfuerzo encaminado para mejorar el diagnóstico de la malaria en el país(AU)

INTRODUCTION: malaria continues to be one of the main public health problems worldwide, severely affecting the African continent. OBJECTIVE: evaluate the level of theoretical and practical competence in the diagnosis of malaria achieved by a group of technicians engaged in this activity. METHODS: an evaluative quasi-experimental study was conducted from 2010 to 2012 in 14 provincial laboratories from the 18 provinces of the Republic of Angola, where 243 technicians received training in the field of malaria diagnosis. Training extended for 10 days (70 hours) based on a syllabus which included theoretical and practical lessons as well as an initial and a final evaluation. RESULTS: a post-training evaluation conducted in 14 provinces showed a significant decrease in the number of technicians failing their theoretical and practical tests (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: this is the first evaluation carried out in Angola in which qualitative and quantitative improvement is observed both in the theoretical knowledge and the practical skills of technicians after receiving training or retraining. It is also a first step in an effort to improve the quality of malaria diagnosis in the country(AU)

Evaluación de la calidad del diagnóstico de la malaria por microscopía óptica en laboratorios provinciales de la República de Angola / Evaluation of the quality of malaria diagnosis by optical microscopy in provincial laboratories of the Republic of Angola

Introducción: la malaria continúa siendo uno de los más importantes problemas de la salud pública a nivel mundial y afecta severamente al continente africano. Objetivo: evaluar el nivel de conocimientos teóricos y prácticos en el diagnóstico de la malaria de un grupo de técnicos dedicados a esta actividad. Métodos: entre los años 2010 y 2012, se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental de evaluación en la red de salud, en 14 laboratorios provinciales de las 18 provincias de la República Angola, donde se entrenaron 243 técnicos que realizan habitualmente el diagnóstico de la malaria. Se hicieron entrenamientos de 10 días (70 horas) cumplimentando un programa que incluyó clases prácticas y teóricas, y sus respectivas evaluaciones inicial y final. Resultados: después de los entrenamientos en cada una de las 14 provincias evaluadas la frecuencia de los técnicos desaprobados en la evaluaciones teóricas y prácticas disminuyó significativamente, (p<0,01). Conclusiones: este es el primer trabajo realizado en Angola donde se demuestra una mejoría cualitativa y cuantitativa tanto en los conocimientos teóricos y habilidades prácticas de los técnicos después de un entrenamiento y readiestramiento, y constituye el primer paso de un esfuerzo encaminado para mejorar el diagnóstico de la malaria en el país(AU)

Introduction: malaria continues to be one of the main public health problems worldwide, severely affecting the African continent. Objective: evaluate the level of theoretical and practical competence in the diagnosis of malaria achieved by a group of technicians engaged in this activity. Methods: an evaluative quasi-experimental study was conducted from 2010 to 2012 in 14 provincial laboratories from the 18 provinces of the Republic of Angola, where 243 technicians received training in the field of malaria diagnosis. Training extended for 10 days (70 hours) based on a syllabus which included theoretical and practical lessons as well as an initial and a final evaluation. Results: a post-training evaluation conducted in 14 provinces showed a significant decrease in the number of technicians failing their theoretical and practical tests (p<0.01). Conclusions: this is the first evaluation carried out in Angola in which qualitative and quantitative improvement is observed both in the theoretical knowledge and the practical skills of technicians after receiving training or retraining. It is also a first step in an effort to improve the quality of malaria diagnosis in the country(AU)

Impact of periodic selective mebendazole treatment on soil-transmitted helminth infections in Cuban schoolchildren.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of periodic selective treatment with 500 mg mebendazole on soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in Cuban schoolchildren. METHODS: We followed up a cohort of 268 STH-positive schoolchildren, aged 5-14 years at baseline, at six-month intervals for two years and a final follow-up after three years. Kato-Katz stool examination was used to detect infections with Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm. Common risk factors related to STHs were assessed by parental questionnaire. RESULTS: A significant reduction in the number of STH infections was obtained after three years with the highest reduction for T. trichiura (87.8%) and the lowest for hookworm (57.9%). After six months, cure rates (CRs) were 76.9% for A. lumbricoides, 67.4% for T. trichiura and 44.4% for hookworm. After two treatment rounds, more than 75% of all STH-positive children at baseline were cured, but with important differences between STH species (95.2% for A. lumbricoides, 80.5% for T. trichiura and 76.5% for hookworm). At the end of the study, these cumulative CRs were almost 100% for all three STHs. Risk factors for STHs were sex, sanitary disposal and habit of playing in the soil. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that periodic selective treatment with 500 mg mebendazole is effective in reducing the number of STH infections in Cuban schoolchildren. Although important differences were found between helminth species, two rounds of treatment appeared sufficient to obtain substantial reductions.

Angiostrongylus cantonensis: un parásito emergente en Ecuador / Angiostrongylus cantonensis: an emerging parasite in Ecuador

Introducción: en 2008 se notificó por primera vez la presencia de Angiostrongylus cantonensis en Ecuador, así como los primeros casos de una enfermedad emergente causada por sus larvas, la meningitis eosinofilica. Métodos: se realizó una revisión de la literatura básica y actualizada sobre aspectos generales de Angiostrongylus cantonensis en el mundo y particulares en Ecuador, que incluyó los hallazgos parasitológicos, clínicos y malacológicos relacionados con la enfermedad. Resultados: se informan los hallazgos iniciales acerca de la aparición del parásito en Ecuador, así como la amplia distribución geográfica de sus hospederos intermediarios en el territorio nacional. Además, se notifican los brotes de meningitis eosinofilica por Angiostrongylus cantonensis y un caso de angiostrongyliosis ocular, informados oficialmente por el Ministerio de Salud Pública. Conclusiones: Angiostrongylus cantonensis es un parásito emergente en Ecuador, cuyo diagnóstico en la actualidad es clínico y epidemiológico, de ahí la importancia de contar con métodos de laboratorio que lo oriente. Por otra parte, es importante que se promuevan campañas de promoción y prevención de salud que contribuyan a romper la cadena de transmisión de la enfermedad(AU)

Introduction: the presence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and the first cases of eosinophilic meningitis, an emerging disease caused by its larvae, were first reported in Ecuador in the year 2008. Methods: a review was conducted of the basic and current bibliography on general aspects of Angiostrongylus cantonensis both worldwide and in Ecuador, including parasitological, clinical and malacological findings. Results: initial findings are reported about the emergence of the parasite in Ecuador, as well as the broad geographic distribution of its intermediate hosts in the national territory. Information is also provided about outbreaks of eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis and a case of ocular angiostrongylosis, based on official reports by the Ministry of Public Health. Conclusions: Angiostrongylus cantonensis is an emerging parasite in Ecuador whose diagnosis is currently based on clinical and epidemiological findings. Hence the importance of developing relevant laboratory methods. On the other hand, it is important to foster health promotion and prevention campaigns aimed at stopping the transmission of the disease(AU)

Angiostrongylus cantonensis: un parásito emergente en Ecuador / Angiostrongylus cantonensis: an emerging parasite in Ecuador

Introducción: en 2008 se notificó por primera vez la presencia de Angiostrongylus cantonensis en Ecuador, así como los primeros casos de una enfermedad emergente causada por sus larvas, la meningitis eosinofilica. Métodos: se realizó una revisión de la literatura básica y actualizada sobre aspectos generales de Angiostrongylus cantonensis en el mundo y particulares en Ecuador, que incluyó los hallazgos parasitológicos, clínicos y malacológicos relacionados con la enfermedad. Resultados: se informan los hallazgos iniciales acerca de la aparición del parásito en Ecuador, así como la amplia distribución geográfica de sus hospederos intermediarios en el territorio nacional. Además, se notifican los brotes de meningitis eosinofilica por Angiostrongylus cantonensis y un caso de angiostrongyliosis ocular, informados oficialmente por el Ministerio de Salud Pública. Conclusiones: Angiostrongylus cantonensis es un parásito emergente en Ecuador, cuyo diagnóstico en la actualidad es clínico y epidemiológico, de ahí la importancia de contar con métodos de laboratorio que lo oriente. Por otra parte, es importante que se promuevan campañas de promoción y prevención de salud que contribuyan a romper la cadena de transmisión de la enfermedad.

Introduction: the presence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and the first cases of eosinophilic meningitis, an emerging disease caused by its larvae, were first reported in Ecuador in the year 2008. Methods: a review was conducted of the basic and current bibliography on general aspects of Angiostrongylus cantonensis both worldwide and in Ecuador, including parasitological, clinical and malacological findings. Results: initial findings are reported about the emergence of the parasite in Ecuador, as well as the broad geographic distribution of its intermediate hosts in the national territory. Information is also provided about outbreaks of eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis and a case of ocular angiostrongylosis, based on official reports by the Ministry of Public Health. Conclusions: Angiostrongylus cantonensis is an emerging parasite in Ecuador whose diagnosis is currently based on clinical and epidemiological findings. Hence the importance of developing relevant laboratory methods. On the other hand, it is important to foster health promotion and prevention campaigns aimed at stopping the transmission of the disease.

Fascioliasis and intestinal parasitoses affecting schoolchildren in Atlixco, Puebla State, Mexico: epidemiology and treatment with nitazoxanide.

BACKGROUND: The Atlixco municipality, Puebla State, at a mean altitude of 1840 m, was selected for a study of Fasciola hepatica infection in schoolchildren in Mexico. This area presents permanent water collections continuously receiving thaw water from Popocatepetl volcano (5426 m altitude) through the community supply channels, conforming an epidemiological scenario similar to those known in hyperendemic areas of Andean countries. METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS: A total of 865 6-14 year-old schoolchildren were analyzed with FasciDIG coproantigen test and Lumbreras rapid sedimentation technique, and quantitatively assessed with Kato-Katz. Fascioliasis prevalences ranged 2.94-13.33% according to localities (mean 5.78%). Intensities were however low (24-384 epg). The association between fascioliasis and the habit of eating raw vegetables was identified, including watercress and radish with pronouncedly higher relative risk than lettuce, corncob, spinach, alfalfa juice, and broccoli. Many F. hepatica-infected children were coinfected by other parasites. Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Giardia intestinalis, Blastocystis hominis, Hymenolepis nana and Ascaris lumbricoides infection resulted in risk factors for F. hepatica infection. Nitazoxanide efficacy against fascioliasis was 94.0% and 100% after first and second treatment courses, respectively. The few children, for whom a second treatment course was needed, were concomitantly infected by moderate ascariasis burdens. Its efficacy was also very high in the treatment of E. histolytica/E. dispar, G. intestinalis, B. hominis, H. nana, A. lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Enterobius vermicularis. A second treatment course was needed for all children affected by ancylostomatids. CONCLUSIONS: Fascioliasis prevalences indicate this area to be mesoendemic, with isolated hyperendemic foci. This is the first time that a human fascioliasis endemic area is described in North America. Nitazoxanide appears as an appropriate alternative to triclabendazole, the present drug of choice for chronic fascioliasis. Its wide spectrum efficacy against intestinal protozooses and helminthiasis, usually coinfecting liver fluke infected subjects in human endemic areas, represents an important added value.