ABSTRACT
A systematic study of photon and neutron radiation doses generated in high-intensity laser-solid interactions is underway at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. These laser-solid experiments are being performed using a 25 TW (up to 1 J in 40 fs) femtosecond pulsed Ti:sapphire laser at the Linac Coherent Light Source's (LCLS) Matter in Extreme Conditions (MEC) facility. Radiation measurements were performed with passive and active detectors deployed at various locations inside and outside the target chamber. Results from radiation dose measurements for laser-solid experiments at SLAC MEC in 2014 with peak intensity between 1018 and 7.1 × 1019 W cm-2 are presented.
Subject(s)
Lasers , Neutrons , Particle Accelerators/instrumentation , Photons , Radiation Monitoring/instrumentation , Radiation Monitoring/methods , Aluminum Oxide/chemistry , Humans , Radiation Monitoring/standards , Titanium/chemistryABSTRACT
Development of high-risk combinations of multiple islet autoantibodies and type 1 diabetes is associated with high-affinity insulin autoantibodies (IAA), but IAA affinity measurements require large serum volumes. We therefore investigated whether a simplified method of IAA affinity measurement using a low concentration of unlabelled insulin (ULI) competitor discriminated between moderate-high- and low-affinity IAA and identified individuals at highest risk of disease. Samples were assayed by radiobinding microassay using high (4·0 × 10(-5) mol/l) and low (7 × 10(-9) mol/l) ULI concentrations for competitive displacement in three cohorts of IAA-positive individuals; (1) 68 patients with newly-diagnosed type 1 diabetes; (2) 40 healthy schoolchildren; and (3) 114 relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes followed prospectively for disease development (median follow-up 13 years). IAA results obtained with low ULI were expressed as a percentage of those obtained with high ULI and this was used to classify samples as low or moderate-high affinity (0-50% and >50%, respectively). Sixty-eight patient samples were positive with high and 67 (99%) with low ULI. Forty schoolchildren were IAA-positive with high and 22 (55%) with low ULI (P < 0·001). Of the relatives, 113 were positive with high and 83 (73%) with low ULI (P < 0·001). In relatives, moderate-high affinity IAA were associated with multiple islet antibodies (P < 0·001) and greater diabetes risk than low affinity IAA (P < 0·001). A single low concentration of ULI competitor can act as a surrogate for complex IAA affinity measurements and identifies those IAA-positive relatives at highest risk of disease progression.
Subject(s)
Antibody Affinity , Autoantibodies/immunology , Autoantigens/immunology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology , Insulin/immunology , Radioimmunoassay/methods , Adolescent , Adult , Autoantibodies/blood , Binding, Competitive , Child , Child, Preschool , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics , Family Health , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Glutamate Decarboxylase/immunology , Humans , Islets of Langerhans/immunology , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Risk , Young AdultSubject(s)
Biomedical Research , Occupational Medicine , Particle Accelerators , Radiation Protection , HumansABSTRACT
An overview of operational radiation protection (RP) policies and practices at high-energy electron and proton accelerators used for physics research is presented. The different radiation fields and hazards typical of these facilities are described, as well as access control and radiation control systems. The implementation of an operational RP programme is illustrated, covering area and personnel classification and monitoring, radiation surveys, radiological environmental protection, management of induced radioactivity, radiological work planning and control, management of radioactive materials and wastes, facility dismantling and decommissioning, instrumentation and training.
Subject(s)
Particle Accelerators , Radiation Injuries/prevention & control , Radiation Protection , Radiotherapy, High-Energy/instrumentation , HumansABSTRACT
The third-generation synchrotron radiation (SR) facilities are storage ring-based facilities with many insertion devices and photon beamlines, and have low injection beam power, but extremely high stored beam power. The fourth-generation X-ray free electron laser (FEL) facilities are based on an electron Linac with a long undulator and have high injection beam power. Due to its electron and photon beam characteristics and modes of operation, storage ring and photon beamlines have unique safety aspects, which are the main subjects of this paper. The shielding design limits, operational modes and beam losses are reviewed. Shielding analysis (source terms and methodologies) and interlocked safety systems for storage ring and photon beamlines (including SR and gas bremsstrahlung) are described. Specific safety issues for storage ring top-off injection and FEL facilities are discussed. Operational safety programme elements, e.g. operation authorisation, commissioning, training and radiation measurements, for SR facilities are also presented.
Subject(s)
Electrons , Facility Design and Construction , Lasers , Radiation Injuries/prevention & control , Radiation Protection , Synchrotrons/instrumentation , HumansABSTRACT
This paper considers the historical evolution of the concept of optimisation of radiation exposures, as commonly expressed by the acronym ALARA, and discusses its application to various aspects of radiation protection at high-energy accelerators.
Subject(s)
Nuclear Physics/instrumentation , Particle Accelerators , Radiation Injuries/prevention & control , Radiation Protection , Radiotherapy, High-Energy/instrumentation , HumansABSTRACT
The FLUKA Monte Carlo particle generation and transport code was used to calculate shielding requirements for the 3 GeV, 500 mA SPEAR3 storage ring at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. The photon and neutron dose equivalent source term data were simulated for a 3 GeV electron beam interacting with two typical target/shielding geometries in the ring. The targets simulated are a rectangular block of 0.7 cm thick copper and a 5 cm thick iron block, both tilted at 1 degree relative to the beam direction. Attenuation profiles for neutrons and photons in concrete and lead as a function of angle at different shield thicknesses were calculated. The first, second and equilibrium attenuation lengths of photons and neutrons in the shield materials are derived from the attenuation profiles. The source term data and the attenuation lengths were then used to evaluate the shielding requirements for the ratchet walls of all front-ends of the SPEAR3 storage ring.
Subject(s)
Computer-Aided Design , Facility Design and Construction/methods , Neutrons , Protons , Radiation Monitoring/methods , Radiation Protection/instrumentation , Synchrotrons/instrumentation , Computer Simulation , Equipment Design/methods , Equipment Failure Analysis/methods , Facility Design and Construction/instrumentation , Models, Theoretical , Radiation Dosage , Radiation Protection/methods , Risk Assessment/methods , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
STAC8 is a significant improvement upon its predecessor PHOTON and is a valuable analytical code for quick and conservative beamline shielding designs for synchrotron radiation (SR) facilities. In order to check the applicability, accuracy and limitations of STAC8, studies were conducted to compare the results of STAC8 with those of PHOTON with calculations using the FLUKA and EGS4 Monte Carlo codes. Doses and spectra for scattered SR in a few beam-target-shield geometries were calculated, with and without photon linear polarisation effects. Areas for expanding the STAC8 capabilities, for example, features of the mirror-reflected lights and double-Compton light calculations and the use of monochromatic light have been identified. Some of these features have been implemented and benchmarked against Monte Carlo calculations. Reasonable agreements were found between the STAC8 and Monte Carlo calculations.
Subject(s)
Models, Statistical , Monte Carlo Method , Radiation Protection/methods , Radiometry/methods , Software , Synchrotrons/instrumentation , Algorithms , Computer Simulation , Computer-Aided Design , Equipment Design , Equipment Failure Analysis , Radiation Dosage , Software ValidationABSTRACT
The Final Focus Test Beam (FFTB) is a new beam line at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center designed to test new beam optics concepts, hardware, and techniques necessary to achieve and measure the small spot sizes required for future generations of high-energy e+e- linear colliders. The FFTB takes a 47 GeVc-1, 1 kW electron beam at the end of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center linear accelerator and transports it to the FFTB beam dump. A radiation protection system was designed and installed for the FFTB with the primary goal that the integrated dose equivalent outside the shielding resulting from beam loss would not exceed 10 mSv y-1. This system is comprised of shielding, a beam containment system and a personnel protection system. This paper presents various aspects of radiation safety at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center that were considered in the design of the FFTB radiation protection system. Beam tests were conducted in which the performance of various beam containment devices and the shielding effectiveness were evaluated. Preliminary results from these tests are presented.
Subject(s)
Particle Accelerators/standards , Radiation Monitoring/methods , Radiation Protection/methods , CaliforniaABSTRACT
A conservative method of replacing missing teeth is described. The fixed partial denture incorporates a resin-bonded retainer for the intact tooth and a telescopic coping for the carious or fractured tooth. A permanently cemented coping beneath a provisionally cemented superstructure provides the opportunity to recement the prosthesis if the acid-etched retainer is debonded. The advantages of this technique include conservation of enamel on the intact abutment and protection from leakage caused by dissolution of temporary cement on the abutment with a telescopic coping.