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1.
Physiol Behav ; 267: 114221, 2023 08 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37146897

ABSTRACT

Isomaltulose, a slowly digested isocaloric analog of sucrose, and allulose, a noncaloric fructose analog, are promoted as "healthful" sugar alternatives in human food products. Here we investigated the appetite and preference conditioning actions of these sugar analogs in inbred mouse strains. In brief-access lick tests (Experiment 1), C57BL/6 (B6) mice showed similar concentration dependent increases in licking for allulose and fructose, but less pronounced concentration-dependent increases in licking for isomaltulose than sucrose. In Experiment 2, B6 mice were given one-bottle training with a CS+ flavor (e.g., grape) mixed with 8% isomaltulose or allulose and a CS- flavor (e.g., cherry) mixed in water followed by two-bottle CS flavor tests. The isomaltulose mice showed only a weak CS+ flavor preference but a strong preference for the sugar over water. The allulose mice strongly preferred the CS- flavor and water over the sugar. The allulose avoidance may be due to gut discomfort as reported in humans consuming high amounts of the sugar. Experiment 3 found that the preference for 8% sucrose over 8% isomaltulose could be reversed or blocked by adding different concentrations of a noncaloric sweetener mixture (sucralose + saccharin, SS) to the isomaltulose. Experiment 4 revealed that the preference of B6 or FVB/N mice for isomaltulose+0.01%SS or sucrose over 0.1%SS increased after separate experience with the sugars and SS. This indicates that isomaltulose, like sucrose, has postoral appetition effects that enhances the appetite for the sugar. In Experiments 5 and 6, the appetition actions of the two sugars were directly compared by giving mice isomaltulose+0.05%SS vs. sucrose choice tests before and after separate experience with the two sugars. In general, the initial preference the mice displayed for isomaltulose+0.05%SS was reduced or reversed after separate experience with the two sugars although some strain and sex differences were obtained. This indicates that isomaltulose has weaker postoral appetition effects than sucrose.


Subject(s)
Fructose , Sugars , Humans , Mice , Female , Animals , Male , Sugars/pharmacology , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Fructose/pharmacology , Carbohydrates/pharmacology , Sucrose/pharmacology , Mice, Inbred Strains , Food Preferences , Taste
2.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav ; 223: 173514, 2023 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36642390

ABSTRACT

Opioid and dopamine (DA) D1 receptor antagonists differentially reduce nutritive and non-nutritive sweetener intakes in inbred mouse strains. Sucrose intake was more effectively reduced by naltrexone in C57BL/6 (B6) mice relative to 129P3 (129) mice, but more effectively reduced by SCH23390 in 129 mice relative to B6 mice. Opioid and DA D1 antagonists differentially reduced saccharin intakes in B6 mice relative to other strains. Given these differential patterns in sweetener intake in B6 and 129 mice, the present study examined whether systemic naltrexone (0.01-5 mg/kg) and SCH23390 (50-1600 nmol/kg) reduced intakes of 10 % sucrose or 0.2 % saccharin solutions over a 120 min time course in first-generation hybrid mice (B6:129) of B6 and 129 parents and reduced low-nutritive sweetener intakes in 129 mice. Naltrexone (5 mg/kg) significantly reduced 10 % sucrose intake in B6:129 hybrid mice more like that of 129 than B6 mice. In contrast, SCH23390 (400-1600 nmol/kg) reduced 10 % sucrose intake in B6:129 hybrid mice more effectively than that observed in B6 or 129 parental strains. Because 129 mice consumed relatively low amounts of 0.2 % saccharin, they were tested with a more attractive low-nutritive solution containing 0.2 % saccharin and 2 % sucrose. Naltrexone failed to reduce saccharin intake in B6:129 hybrid mice but suppressed saccharin+sucrose intake in 129 mice more like that observed in B6 mice. SCH23390 similarly inhibited saccharin or saccharin+sucrose intakes in hybrid B6:129, 129, and B6 mice with B6 mice more resistant to the lowest SCH23390 dose. Thus, whereas sucrose intake in B6:129 hybrid mice exhibited similar sensitivity to opioid and to a lesser degree DA D1 antagonism to their 129, but not B6 parents, opioid and DA D1 mediation of low- and non-nutritive sweet intake produced unique profiles among B6:129 hybrid and B6 and 129 strains which does not support a simple heritability explanation.


Subject(s)
Non-Nutritive Sweeteners , Sweetening Agents , Mice , Animals , Naltrexone/pharmacology , Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology , Analgesics, Opioid , Mice, 129 Strain , Saccharin , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Inbred Strains , Sucrose , Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology , Receptors, Dopamine D1
3.
Neurorehabil Neural Repair ; 36(9): 587-595, 2022 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35999810

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Chronic upper extremity motor deficits are present in up to 65% of stroke survivors, and cognitive impairment is prevalent in 46-61% of stroke survivors even 10 years after their stroke. Robot-assisted therapy programs tend to focus on motor recovery and do not include stroke patients with cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate performance on the individual cognitive domains evaluated in the MoCA and their relation to upper-limb motor performance on a robotic system. METHODS: Participants were recruited from the stroke population with a wide range of cognitive and motor levels to complete a trajectory tracking task using the Haptic TheraDrive rehabilitation robot system. Motor performance was evaluated against standard clinical cognitive and motor assessments. Our hypothesis is that the cognitive domains involved in the visuomotor tracking task are significant predictors of performance on the robot-based task and that impairment in these domains results in worse motor performance on the task compared to subjects with no cognitive impairment. RESULTS: Our results support the hypothesis that visuospatial and executive function have a significant impact on motor performance, with differences emerging between different functional groups on the various robot-based metrics. We also show that the kinematic metrics from this task differentiate cognitive-motor functional groups differently. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that performance on a motor-based robotic assessment task also involves a significant visuospatial and executive function component and highlights the need to account for cognitive impairment in the assessment of motor performance.


Subject(s)
Robotics , Stroke Rehabilitation , Stroke , Biomechanical Phenomena , Humans , Recovery of Function , Robotics/methods , Stroke/complications , Stroke Rehabilitation/methods , Upper Extremity
4.
Physiol Behav ; 241: 113590, 2021 11 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34509472

ABSTRACT

Inbred mouse strains differ in their postoral appetite stimulating response (appetition) to fructose as demonstrated in intragastric (IG) sugar conditioning and oral sugar vs. nonnutritive conditioning experiments. For example, FVB and SWR strains show experience-induced preferences for 8% fructose over a 0.1% sucralose + 0.1% saccharin (S + S) solution, whereas C57BL/6 (B6) and BALB/c strains do not. All strains, however, learn to prefer 8% glucose to S + S after experience, which is attributed to the potent appetition actions of this sugar. The present study extended this analysis to DBA/2 (DBA) and 129P3 (129) inbred mice. In Experiment 1A, ad libitum fed DBA and 129 mice preferred S + S to fructose before and after separate experience with the two sweeteners, indicating an indifference to the postoral nutrient effects of the sugar. When food restricted (Experiment 1B), 129 mice continued to prefer S + S to fructose while DBA mice showed equal preference for the sweeteners after experience, indicating some sensitivity to fructose appetition. In Experiment 1C, both strains acquired significant preferences for glucose over S + S after experience, confirming their sensitivity to postoral glucose appetition. Experiment 2 revealed that C57BL/6 × 129P3 (B6:129) hybrid mice responded like inbred B6 mice and 129 mice in acquiring a preference for glucose but not fructose over S + S. This is of interest because sweet "taste-blind" P2 × 2 / P2 × 3 double-knockout (DKO) mice on a B6:129 genetic background prefer fructose to water in 24 h tests, which is indicative of fructose appetition. Whether differences in the genetic makeup of DKO and B6:129 hybrid mice or other factors explain the fructose appetition of the DKO mice remains to be determined.


Subject(s)
Non-Nutritive Sweeteners , Sweetening Agents , Animals , Food Preferences , Fructose/pharmacology , Glucose , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Sugars , Taste
5.
Schizophr Res ; 204: 262-270, 2019 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30098853

ABSTRACT

To better understand cognitive control impairment in schizophrenia, it is vital to determine the extent of dysfunctional connectivity in the associated fronto-striatal brain network, with a focus on the connections with the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), prior to the potential confounding effect of medication. It is also essential to determine the effects following antipsychotic medication and the relationship of those effects on psychosis improvement. Twenty-two patients with schizophrenia, initially unmedicated and after a 6-week course of risperidone, and 20 matched healthy controls (HC) performed a fMRI task twice, six weeks apart. We investigated group and longitudinal differences in ACC-related functional connectivity during performance of a Stroop color task as well as connectivity patterns associated with improvement in psychosis symptoms. Unmedicated patients with schizophrenia showed greater functional connectivity between ACC and bilateral caudate and midbrain and lower connectivity with left putamen compared to healthy controls. At baseline, greater functional connectivity between ACC and bilateral putamen predicted subsequent better treatment response. Change in functional connectivity between ACC and left putamen positively correlated with better treatment response. These results suggest that patterns of functional connectivity in fronto-striatal networks can be utilized to predict potential response to antipsychotic medication. Prior to treatment, brain function may be structured with a predisposition that favors or not treatment response.


Subject(s)
Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacology , Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology , Connectome , Executive Function/physiology , Gyrus Cinguli/physiopathology , Nerve Net/physiopathology , Putamen/physiopathology , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , Schizophrenia/physiopathology , Treatment Outcome , Adult , Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Gyrus Cinguli/diagnostic imaging , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Nerve Net/diagnostic imaging , Putamen/diagnostic imaging , Risperidone/pharmacology , Schizophrenia/complications , Schizophrenia/diagnostic imaging , Stroop Test , Young Adult
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