Autohesion Mechanisms at Interfaces Between Random Copolymer Melts: Mesoscopic Simulations with Realistic Coarse-Grained Models.

The increasing of welding time during the interdiffusion of a pair of non reacting random copolymer melts favors the strength rate of healing at the interface. Furthermore, the diffusion kinetic during the interpenetration of copolymer chains across the interface is strongly dependant on molecular weight. In this paper we perform mesoscopic simulations with realistic coarse grain models to study the autohesion mechanism across the interface between slightly entangled styrene-butadiene random copolymer melts.

A pilot project of expert nurses for the follow-up of complex intravenous antimicrobial treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To report a pilot project of expert nurses for outpatient parenteral antimicrobial treatment (OPAT) follow-up. METHODS: Three nurses with specific training on antibiotics started a state-funded programme including: i) consultations for OPAT follow-up; ii) hotline for satellite hospitals; iii) peer training. Patients' data were prospectively collected. A representative sample of patients and physicians was interviewed to learn about their opinion on the project. RESULTS: From December 2020 to December 2021, 118 patients (median age 66.5 years [52-75], male-to-female ratio 2.5) were enrolled, for a total of 621 consultations. Patients were mostly on OPAT for bone and joint infections (n = 76, 64 %) and cardiovascular infections (n = 16, 14 %), for a median duration of 29 days [22-57]. Eleven patients (9 %) required unplanned hospital admissions, and three experienced treatment failure. Most patients (21/22) and physicians in charge (10/10) reported a high level of satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses may be important actors for OPAT follow-up.

Largest recent impact craters on Mars: Orbital imaging and surface seismic co-investigation.

Two >130-meter-diameter impact craters formed on Mars during the later half of 2021. These are the two largest fresh impact craters discovered by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter since operations started 16 years ago. The impacts created two of the largest seismic events (magnitudes greater than 4) recorded by InSight during its 3-year mission. The combination of orbital imagery and seismic ground motion enables the investigation of subsurface and atmospheric energy partitioning of the impact process on a planet with a thin atmosphere and the first direct test of martian deep-interior seismic models with known event distances. The impact at 35°N excavated blocks of water ice, which is the lowest latitude at which ice has been directly observed on Mars.

[Erythema nodosum due to cat-scratch-disease: An association and important therapeutic implications]. / Érythème noueux compliquant une maladie des griffes du chat : une association et des implications thérapeutiques à connaître.

INTRODUCTION: Cat-scratch disease is a zoonosis caused by Bartonella henselae and transmitted mostly through a break in the skin. This infectious disease is commonly characterized by a benign lymphadenitis. However, more unusual presentations have been observed. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 44-year-old woman with cat-scratch disease who developed subsequently an erythema nodosum. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory treatment of the erythema nodosum may have led to worsening of cat-scratch disease with an abscess requiring surgical treatment. CONCLUSION: Cat-scratch disease is an uncommon and poorly known cause of erythema nodosum, and must be systematically ruled out. As non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug are usually prescribed as a treatment of erythema nodosum, it should be used cautiously to reduce the risk of complications in the cat-scratch disease.

Protuberant fibro-osseous lesion of the temporal bone: report of four cases and review of the literature.

'Bullough lesions', also referred to as protuberant fibro-osseous lesions (PFOL), are rare temporal bone lesions initially described in 1999. Since only 12 cases have been reported, several key issues, such as their origin and recommended management strategies, remain unresolved. This article reports the largest cohort included in the literature to date, comprising four patients with PFOL. PFOL appears to be characterized by female and right-side predominance. These lesions were consistently located regarding the mastoid, generally diagnosed in early adulthood, without functional symptoms, and were always fibro-osseous. Invasive/malignant features were not found on imaging or histology. The main differential diagnosis was malignant low-grade parosteal osteosarcoma. Clinical examination and computed tomography images provided strong elements supporting the diagnosis of PFOL. Biopsy allowed molecular biology investigations (MDM2 and CDK4 amplification), in order to rule out low-grade parosteal osteosarcoma.

Borderline ovarian tumors: Guidelines from the French national college of obstetricians and gynecologists (CNGOF).

It is recommended to classify Borderline Ovarian Tumors (BOTs) according to the WHO classification. Transvaginal and suprapubic ultrasonography are recommended for the analysis of an ovarian mass (Grade A). In case of an undetermined ovarian lesion on ultrasonography, it is recommended to perform a pelvic MRI (Grade A) with a score for malignancy (ADNEX MR/O-RADS) (Grade C) included in the report and to formulate a histological hypothesis (Grade C). Pelvic MRI is recommended to characterize a tumor suspected of being BOT (Grade C). It is recommended to evaluate serum levels of HE4 and CA125 and to use the ROMA score for the diagnosis of indeterminate ovarian mass on imaging (grade A). If there is a suspicion of a mucinous BOT on imaging, serum levels of CA 19-9 may be proposed (Grade C). For Early Stages (ES) of BOT, if surgery without risk of tumor rupture is possible, laparoscopy with protected extraction is recommended over laparotomy (Grade C). For treatment of a bilateral serous ES BOT with a strategy to preserve fertility and/or endocrine function, bilateral cystectomy is recommended where possible (Grade B). For mucinous BOTs with a treatment strategy of fertility and/or endocrine function preservation, unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is recommended (grade C). For mucinous BOTs treated by initial cystectomy, unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is recommended (grade C). For serous or mucinous ES BOTs, routine hysterectomy is not recommended (Grade C). For ES BOTs, lymphadenectomy is not recommended (Grade C). For ES BOTs, appendectomy is recommended only in case of a macroscopically pathological appendix (Grade C). Restaging surgery is recommended in cases of serous BOTs with micropapillary architecture and an incomplete abdominal cavity inspection during initial surgery (Grade C). Restaging surgery is recommended for mucinous BOTs after initial cystectomy or in cases where the appendix was not examined (Grade C). If restaging surgery is decided for ES BOTs, the following procedures should be performed: peritoneal washing (grade C), omentectomy (grade B), complete exploration of the abdominal cavity with peritoneal biopsies (grade C), visualization of the appendix and appendectomy in case of a pathological macroscopic appearance (grade C) as well as unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in case of a mucinous BOT initially treated by cystectomy (grade C). In advanced stages (AS) of BOT, it is not recommended to perform a lymphadenectomy as a routine procedure (Grade C). For AS BOT in a patient with a desire to fall pregnant, conservative treatment involving preservation of the uterus and all or part of the ovary may be proposed (Grade C). Restaging surgery aimed at removing all lesions, not performed initially, is recommended for AS BOTs (Grade C). After treatment, follow-up for a duration greater than 5 years is recommended due to the median recurrence time of BOTs (Grade B). It is recommended that a systematic clinical examination be carried out during follow-up of a treated BOT (Grade B). If the determination of tumor markers is normal preoperatively, the routine dosage of tumor markers in BOT follow-up is not recommended (Grade C). In case of an initial elevation in serum CA 125 levels, it is recommended to monitor CA 125 during follow up (Grade B). In case of conservative treatment, it is recommended to use transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasound during follow up of a treated BOT (Grade B). In the event of a BOT recurrence in a woman of childbearing age, a second conservative treatment may be proposed (Grade C). A consultation with a physician specialized in Assisted Reproductive Technique (ART) should be offered in the case of BOTs in women of childbearing age (Grade C). When possible, a conservative surgical strategy is recommended to preserve fertility in women of childbearing age (Grade C). In the case of optimally treated BOT, there is no evidence to contraindicate the use of ART. The use of hormonal contraception after serous or mucinous BOT is not contraindicated (Grade C). After management of mucinous BOT, for women under 45 years, given the benefit of Hormonal Replacement Therapy (HRT) on cardiovascular and bone risks, and the lack of hormone sensitivity of mucinous BOTs, it is recommended to offer HRT (Grade C). Over 45 years of age, HRT can be prescribed in case of a climacteric syndrome after individual benefit to risk assessment (Grade C).

[Borderline Ovarian Tumours: CNGOF Guidelines for Clinical Practice - Short Text]. / Tumeurs frontières de l'ovaire. Recommandations pour la pratique clinique du CNGOF ­ Texte court.

This work was carried out under the aegis of the CNGOF (Collège national des gynécologues et obstétriciens français) and proposes guidelines based on the evidence available in the literature. The objective was to define the diagnostic and surgical management strategy, the fertility preservation and surveillance strategy in Borderline Ovarian Tumor (BOT). No screening modality can be proposed in the general population. An expert pathological review is recommended in case of doubt concerning the borderline nature, the histological subtype, the invasive nature of the implant, for all micropapillary/cribriform serous BOT or in the presence of peritoneal implants, and for all mucinous or clear cell tumors (grade C). Macroscopic MRI analysis should be performed to differentiate the different subtypes of BOT: serous, seromucinous and mucinous (intestinal type) (grade C). If preoperative biomarkers are normal, follow up of biomarkers is not recommended (grade C). In cases of bilateral early serous BOT with a desire to preserve fertility and/or endocrine function, it is recommended to perform a bilateral cystectomy if possible (grade B). In case of early mucinous BOT, with a desire to preserve fertility and/or endocrine function, it is recommended to perform a unilateral adnexectomy (grade C). Secondary surgical staging is recommended in case of serous BOT with micropapillary appearance and uncomplete inspection of the abdominal cavity during initial surgery (grade C). For early-stage serous or mucinous BOT, it is not recommended to perform a systematic hysterectomy (grade C). Follow up after BOT must be pursued for more than 5 years (grade B). Conservative treatment involving at least the conservation of the uterus and a fragment of the ovary in a patient wishing to conceive may be proposed in advanced stages of BOT (grade C). A new surgical treatment that preserves fertility after a first non-invasive recurrence may be proposed in women of childbearing age (grade C). It is recommended to offer a specialized consultation for Reproductive Medicine when diagnosing BOT in a woman of childbearing age. Hormonal contraceptive use after serous or mucinous BOT is not contraindicated (grade C).

[Borderline Ovarian Tumours: CNGOF Guidelines for Clinical Practice - Fertility]. / Tumeurs frontières de l'ovaire. Recommandations pour la pratique clinique du CNGOF ­ Fertilité.

OBJECTIVES: Borderline ovarian tumours (BOT) represent around 15% of all ovarian neoplasms and are more likely to be diagnosed in women of reproductive age. Overall, given the epidemiological profile of BOT and their favourable prognosis, ovarian function and fertility preservation should be systematically considered in patients presenting these lesions. METHODS: The research strategy was based on the following terms: borderline ovarian tumour, fertility, fertility preservation, infertility, fertility-sparing surgery, in vitro fertilization, ovarian stimulation, oocyte cryopreservation, using PubMed, in English and French. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Fertility counselling should become an integral part of the clinical management of women with BOT. Patients with BOT should be informed that surgical management of BOT may cause damage ovarian reserve and/or peritoneal adhesions. Nomogram to predict recurrence, ovarian reserve markers and fertility explorations should be used to provide a clear and relevant information about the risk of infertility in patients with BOT. Fertility-sparing surgery should be considered for young women who wish preserving their fertility when possible. There is insufficient evidence to claim a causal relation between controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) and BOT. However, in case of poor prognosis factors, the use of COS should be considered cautiously through a multidisciplinary approach. In case of infertility after surgery for BOT, COS can be performed without delay, once histopathological diagnosis of BOT is confirmed. There is insufficient consistent evidence that fertility drugs and COS increase the risk of recurrence of BOT after conservative management. The conservative surgical treatment can be associated to oocyte cryopreservation considering the high risk of recurrence of the disease. In women with BOT recurrence in a single ovary and in women with bilateral ovarian involvement when the conservative management is not possible, other fertility preservation strategies are available, but still experimental.

Early presentation in ameloblastic fibroma.

Ameloblastic fibroma are rare mixed tumors composed by both epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. They mostly affect the posterior mandibular sector in young adults. Here we report an atypical case affecting a very young patient in an unusual localization. We describe the management of the case and discuss the origin of this little know lesion.

[Antiglomerular basement disease in children: Literature review and therapeutic options]. / Syndrome de Goodpasture et maladie des anticorps anti-membrane basale chez l'enfant : revue de la littérature.

Antiglomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis that may be associated with pulmonary hemorrhage (Goodpasture syndrome). The disease is caused by autoantibodies (classically IgGs) directed against the α3 subunit of type IV collagen. This is a rare disease in the adult population and extremely rare in children, with a reported cumulative annual incidence at 1/106 people/year. Among scarce reported pediatric cases (n=31), most are girls (M/F sex ratio, 1:4), and the mean age at diagnoses is 9.2±4.6 years. A medical diagnosis is an emergency and is based on the identification of specific antibodies in the serum, and pathognomonic linear fixation of IgGs along the glomerular basement membrane. Without appropriate treatment, the disease is generally fulminant, and patient and kidney survival is poor. Indeed, glomerular function strongly correlates with histological lesions. The current guidelines recommend the use of plasma exchanges and immunosuppressive drugs. For the past few years, alternative therapeutics such as specific anti-B-cell antibodies (rituximab) or specific extrarenal cleansing such as immunoadsorption have been successfully used in adults. Immunoadsorptions (IAs) can remove pathogenic IgGs from the circulation and do not require plasma infusions, contrary to plasma exchanges. In this review, we discuss the key points of antiglomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis diagnosis and conventional or alternative therapeutics.

Comet assay on thawed embryos: An optimized technique to evaluate DNA damage in mouse embryos.

Our objective was to optimize the CA technique on mammal embryos. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1000 frozen 2-cell embryos from B6CBA mice were used. Based on a literature review, and after checking post-thaw embryo viability, the main outcome measures included: 1) comparison of the embryo recovery rate between 2 CA protocols (2 agarose layers and 3 agarose layers); 2) comparison of DNA damage by the CA on embryos with (ZP+) and without (ZP-) zona pellucida; and 3) comparison of DNA damage in embryos exposed to 2 genotoxic agents (H2O2 and simulated sunlight irradiation (SSI)). DNA damage was quantified by the % tail DNA. RESULTS: 1) The recovery rate was 3,3% (n=5/150) with the 2 agarose layers protocol and 71,3% (n=266/371) with the 3 agarose layers protocol. 2) DNA damage did not differ statistically significantly between ZP- and ZP+ embryos (12.60±2.53% Tail DNA vs 11.04±1.50 (p=0.583) for the control group and 49.23±4.16 vs 41.13±4.31 (p=0.182) for the H2O2 group); 3) H2O2 and SSI induced a statistically significant increase in DNA damage compared with the control group (41.13±4.31% Tail DNA, 36.33±3.02 and 11.04±1.50 (p<0.0001)). The CA on mammal embryos was optimized by using thawed embryos, by avoiding ZP removal and by the adjunction of a third agarose layer.

[Cutaneous lesions during hot-tub hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Pseudomonas folliculitis ?] / Lésions cutanées au cours d'une pneumopathie d'hypersensibilité aux bains bouillonnants : folliculites à Pseudomonas ?

BACKGROUND: Interstitial lung disease, cutaneous rash and elevated serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may suggest diagnoses other than sarcoidosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 58-year-old man had presented dyspnoea for 2 years with increased angiotensin-converting enzyme, as well as an interstitial syndrome and micronodules. The possibility of sarcoidosis was raised. Systemic corticosteroids resulted in improvement of the dyspnoea although it recurred on dose reduction. We noted fluctuating eczematous macules of the limbs with a histology of aspecific folliculitis. The identification of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in the bronchoalveolar wash prompted us to initiate antimycobacterial therapy, but this was to no avail. Review of the CT-scan and questioning of the patient (daily use of a Jacuzzi for 7 years) resulted in diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to MAC. The cutaneous lesions were taken to indicate "hot tub folliculitis". Discontinuation of hot-tub use and a short course of oral corticosteroids resulted in healing within 4 months, with no recurrence at 2 years. DISCUSSION: HTL is a form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to the presence of MAC in the water of Jacuzzis. This condition regresses spontaneously without treatment on discontinuation of Jacuzzi use. Hot-tub folliculitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) presents as macules and papules on covered skin areas (swimsuit) within 48hours of bathing and often declines within 2 weeks. CONCLUSION: Our case is original as regards the concomitant lung and cutaneous involvement associated with Jacuzzi use, with an immunoallergic mechanism for the MAC and probably an infectious mechanism for the PA.

[Survey of the prescriptions of proton pump inhibitors in patients admitted in an internal medicine ward: how is the compliance to the French guidelines?]. / Rapport sur l'utilisation des inhibiteurs de la pompe à protons : les recommandations françaises sont-elles respectées ?

PURPOSE: In June 2009, the national French authority for Health reported many off-label uses of proton pump inhibitors (PPI). Our objective was to analyse the justification and modalities of PPI prescriptions in patients before their admission in a department of internal medicine. METHODS: Data were prospectively collected during 5months. At admission, all prescriptions of PPI by general practitioners (GP) were recorded. The accordance of the prescriptions with the marketing authorization indications and the French guidelines in terms of duration of treatment or dosage was analyzed. These informations were obtained from computerized medical records and, if necessary, by contacting GPs. RESULTS: We collected 173 prescriptions. Fifty-six (32%) were in accordance with marketing authorization indications and, among them, 15 prescriptions (9% of all) respected the French guidelines about dosage and duration of treatment. One hundred and six prescriptions (61%) were not adequate and among them an off-label use was notified in 91 (53% of all); among them 33% for simple dyspeptic disorders, 23% for the prevention of NSAID-induced lesions in patients without risk factors, and finally 17% for the prevention of stress ulcer. Fifty-two prescriptions (30%) were unclassified due to incomplete data. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that a vast majority of the prescriptions for PPIs are not in accordance with French guidelines. Preventive actions against abusive prescriptions, withdrawal strategies or replacement of already prescribed PPIs should be implemented to reduce the risk of side effects and the economic impact of long term use of PPIs.

Rhabdomyosarcoma an ubiquitous pediatric tumour.

Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue tumor in children. It occurs everywhere and its prognosis depends on the location and its histological type--embryonic or alveolar. The new immunohistochemical markers desmin and myogenin in combination with molecular biological detection of specific translocations in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma improved diagnostic capacities. Less aggressive treatment in curable cases reduces the undesirable outcomes of therapy.

Cellulitis revealing a cryptococcosis-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a renal allograft recipient.

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) has rarely been described in the course of disseminated cryptococcosis in solid organ transplant recipients. We report here the case of a renal transplant recipient who developed severe cellulitis in the context of Cryptococcus neoformans-associated IRIS while undergoing reduction of his immunosuppressive therapy. IRIS appeared concomitantly with a dramatic increase of blood CD4+ T cells (94-460/mm(3)) and required the administration of a short-term steroid therapy to resolve.

Neonatal hyperinsulinism: clinicopathologic correlation.

Neonatal hyperinsulinism is a life-threatening disease that, when treated by total pancreatectomy, leads to diabetes and pancreatic insufficiency. A more conservative approach is now possible since the separation of the disease into a nonrecurring focal form, which is cured by partial surgery, and a diffuse form, which necessitates total pancreas removal only in cases of medical treatment failure. The pathogenesis of the disease is now divided into K-channel disease (hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial [HHF] 1 and 2), which can mandate surgery, and other metabolic causes, HHF 3 to 6, which are treated medically in most patients. The diffuse form is inherited as a recessive gene on chromosome 11, whereas most cases of the focal form are caused by a sulfonylurea receptor 1 defect inherited from the father, which is associated with a loss of heterozygosity on the corresponding part of the mother's chromosome 11. The rare bifocal forms result from a maternal loss of heterozygosity specific to each focus. Paternal disomy of chromosome 11 is a rare cause of a condition similar to Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. A preoperative PET scan with fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine and perioperative frozen-section confirmation are the types of studies done before surgery when needed. Adult variants of the disease are less well defined at the present time.

Prehospital rapid sequence intubation for head trauma: conditions for a successful program.

BACKGROUND: Recent reports have questioned the safety and efficacy of prehospital rapid sequence intubation (RSI) for patients with head trauma. The purpose of this study is to determine the rate of successful prehospital RSI, associated complications, and delays in transport of critically injured trauma patients treated by a select, well-trained group of paramedics with frequent exposure to this procedure and a rigorous quality control system. METHODS: A helicopter paramedic group's database of patient flight records (1999 to 2003) was merged with registry data of a suburban Level I trauma center. Both databases included comprehensive performance improvement data. After Institutional Review Board approval, data were analyzed to determine RSI success rate, impact on oxygenation, delays in transport and complications associated with attempted RSI. Attempted RSI was defined as any insertion of the laryngoscope into the oropharynx. RESULTS: In all, 1,117 trauma patients were transported. One hundred and seventy-five had attempted RSI (74% male, mean age 31.1 +/- 19.2 years, 91% blunt trauma, 88% with Head/Neck AIS >or=2, mean Injury Severity Score 25.6, mean scene Glasgow Coma Scale score 4.8 +/- 2.4). One hundred and sixty-nine patients (96.6%) had successful scene RSI. Seventy percent were intubated on the first attempt, 89% by the second attempt, and 96% by the third attempt. Of the six patients (3.4% overall) who failed RSI, (2.3% overall) had scene cricothyroidotomy and two (1.1% overall) were managed by bag-valve mask. Complications included five (2.9%) right mainstem intubations and 2 (1.2%) endotracheal tube dislodgments en route. There were no esophageal intubations. Four patients in extremis (2.3%) had arterial desaturations associated with RSI. Arterial blood gas analyzed upon arrival revealed (mean pCO2 36.6 +/- 8, median 37). Attempted RSI was associated with a mean of 6 minutes of added scene time. CONCLUSION: Prehospital RSI for trauma patients can be safely and effectively performed with low rates of complication and without significant delay in transport. This study suggests that resources for prehospital airway management should be focused on training, regular experience, and close monitoring of a limited group of providers, thereby maximizing their exposure and experience with this procedure. This is particularly important given the high rates of traumatic brain injury encountered.

[Role of spleen cells in protection against malaria]. / Rôle des cellules de la rate dans la protection contre le paludisme.

IMMUNITY: The anti-infectious effect of the spleen in general and its anti-malarial effect has been known for a long time. This effect is associated, among other functions, with the spleen's capacity to filter and destroy erythrocytes parasitized by plasmodies or altered by various physical (heat...) or chemical factors. In addition, splenic immunity, which associates specific and nonspecific humoral and cellular effector mechanisms is no longer a question of debate. OPEN QUESTIONS: There remains nevertheless one aspect of the question to be elucidated: the probable interaction between this immunity and other (genetic...) factors of the malarious host. CELL FUNCTIONS: This article summarizes current knowledge in connection with: a) participation of various cell populations in the mechanisms of splenic filtration and phagocytosis and b) genesis of a repertory of B and T lymphocytes, plasmodio-specific memory cells. During an infection, lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages are recruited from peripheral blood and, in cooperation with cells known as "barrier" cells, increase the capacity of splenic filtration/purge and phagocytosis. In addition, the appearance of B and T lymphocytes with specific memory of P. falciparum result from hypermutation in VH genes (for B lymphocytes) or from clonal selection (for T lymphocytes). The folicular dendritic cells accomplish a reserve function. By constantly releasing the antigen, these cells would contribute to maintaining immune memory or to stimulating naive cells. Further studies are necessary to better understand the role of the splenic microcirculation and to identify parasite components which stimulate the protective response of the spleen against plasmodies.

Detection of serum antibodies against Leishmania 94 kDa antigen in visceral and cutaneous leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum.

Leishmania promastigotes polypeptides are analyzed by immunoblotting with sera from patients infected with different Leishmania species and presenting visceral or cutaneous infections. These sera recognize Leishmania polypeptides in several molecular masses. The major findings of this study are as follow. 1) The Leishmania 94 kDa antigen, which is specifically recognized by all sera from L. infantum-infected patients with visceral infection, is recognized by some sera from L. infantum-infected patients presenting cutaneous infection. 2) All patients with cutaneous infections due to L. tropica, L. amazonensis, or L. guyanensis do not develop anti-94 kDa antibodies, whatever the Leishmania species used as antigens. 3) Difference in electrophoretic mobilities is seen between the 94 kDa antigen identified by sera from Leishmania infantum-infected patients, and the antigen both recognized by the Concavalin A lectin and a rabbit antiserum raised against deglycosylated Promastigote Surface Protease.