Simplified Geleijnse score for identifying chest pain features associated with coronary ischemia.

BACKGROUND: The Geleijnse score, which was proposed to assess for coronary ischemia, has practical limitations. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to design and evaluate a simplified version of the Geleijnse score. METHODS: We enrolled patients with suspected coronary heart disease but negative troponin T or absence of enzymatic curve, and a non-diagnostic 12-lead ECG. The initial study was performed in a retrospective derivation cohort and the results were subsequently validated in a prospective cohort. RESULTS: From 109 patients included in the derivation cohort, 33 (30.3%) received a diagnosis of coronary heart disease. Chest pain with both arms radiation (OR 3.54), severe intensity (OR 2.41), improvement by nitroglycerin (OR 1.61), associated dyspnea (OR 1.97) and prior exertional angina history (OR 2.91) were independently associated with an ischemic origin on multivariate logistic regression analysis. ROC curves comparison demonstrated both the original and simplified scores presented modest predictive ability with significant difference when analyzed using dichotomous cut-offs (0.647 [simplified] vs. 0.544 [original], p = 0.042) but not as a continuous variable (0.670 [simplified] vs. 0.621 [original], p = 0.396). In 305 patients from the validation cohort, the simplified score presented extensively increased predictive accuracy than the Geleijnse, in the continuous (c-indexes = 0.735 vs. 0.685, p = 0.040) and the dichotomic (c-indexes = 0.682 vs. 0.514, p<0.001) forms. CONCLUSIONS: A simplified version of the Geleijnse score, including some routine clinical manifestations associated with coronary heart disease, presented significantly better predictive ability compared to the original score.

A nurse-led atrial fibrillation clinic: Impact on anticoagulation therapy and clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Nurses play a central role in the management of atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. An unresolved question is whether a nurse-led clinic would improve clinical outcomes. Herein, we investigated the impact of a nurse-led clinic on anticoagulation therapy and clinical outcomes in a cohort of naïve AF patients. METHODS: Prospective study including AF patients starting vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) into a nurse-led AF clinic. These patients were followed in this specific AF clinic. Additionally, AF patients already taking VKAs for 6 months followed according to the routine clinical practice were included as comparison group. The quality of anticoagulation was assessed at 6 months. Efficacy and safety endpoints were recorded during follow-up. RESULTS: We included 223 patients (Nurse-led clinic: 107; Usual care: 116). The mean time in therapeutic range and the proportion of INRs within the therapeutic range were similar in both groups. During 2.06 (IQR 1.01-2.94) years of follow-up, 64 (28.7%) patients changed to direct-acting oral anticoagulants. The proportion of switchers was higher in the nurse-led clinic (37.4%) than in the usual care group (20.7%) (P = .006) and these patients spent less time to switch (2.0 [IQR 0.7-2.9] vs 6.0 [IQR 3.7-11.2] years; P < .001). Importantly, the annual rate of ischaemic stroke/TIA was significantly lower in the nurse-led clinic (0.47%/year vs 3.88%/year, P = .016), without differences in safety endpoints. CONCLUSION: A nurse-led AF clinic may offer a "patient-centered" review and holistic follow-up, and it would be associated with a reduction of ischaemic stroke/TIA, without increasing bleeding complications. Further studies should confirm these results.

Disparities in the Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate According to Cockcroft-Gault, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease-4, and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration Equations and Relation With Outcomes in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: A simple method to assess renal function is the estimated glomerular filtration rate, and it shows prognostic implications. However, it remains unknown which equation should be used in patients with acute coronary syndrome. We compared the ability and correlation of the Cockcroft-Gault, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease-4 (MDRD-4), and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations and their predictive performance for major adverse cardiovascular events, all-cause mortality, and major bleeding in a cohort of patients with acute coronary syndrome. METHODS AND RESULTS: Multicenter prospective registry involving 1699 consecutive patients with acute coronary syndrome from 3 tertiary institutions. At entry, renal function was assessed using the Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD-4, and CKD-EPI-creatinine equations. During 12 months of follow-up, we recorded all major adverse cardiovascular events (composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal ischemic stroke), bleeding events (Bleeding Academic Research Consortium classification), and all-cause mortality. Receiver operating characteristic curve comparisons demonstrated that Cockcroft-Gault equation had higher predictive ability compared with MDRD-4 equation for major adverse cardiovascular events (0.651 versus 0.616; P=0.023), major bleeding (0.600 versus 0.551; P=0.005), and all-cause mortality (0.754 versus 0.717; P=0.033), as well as higher predictive ability compared with CKD-EPI equation for major bleeding (0.600 versus 0.564; P=0.018). Integrated discrimination improvement and net reclassification improvement analyses showed superior discrimination and reclassification of Cockcroft-Gault equation. Decision curve analyses graphically demonstrated higher net benefit and clinical usefulness of the Cockcroft-Gault equation in comparison with MDRD-4 and CKD-EPI equations. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute coronary syndrome, the Cockcroft-Gault equation presented superior predictive ability for major adverse cardiovascular events, major bleeding, and all-cause mortality compared with MDRD-4 equation, and superior predictive ability for major bleeding compared with CKD-EPI equation. The Cockcroft-Gault equation also showed higher net benefit and clinical usefulness.

Clinical implications of nonsarcomeric gene polymorphisms in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis. Although is an autosomal dominant trait, a group of nonsarcomeric genes have been postulated as modifiers of the phenotypic heterogeneity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We prospectively recruited 168 HCM patients and 136 healthy controls from three referral centres. Patients and controls were clinically stable at entry in the study. Nine polymorphisms previously associated with ventricular remodelling were determined: I/D ACE, AGTR1(A1666C), CYP11B2(C344T), PGC1-α(G482S), COLIA1(G2046T), ADRB1(R389G), NOS3(G894T), RETN(-420C>G) and CALM3(-34T>A). Their potential influence on prognosis, assessed by hospital admissions, and their cause were recorded. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 49·5 months. Allele and genotype frequencies did not differ between patients and controls. Thirty-six patients (21·5%) required urgent hospitalization (18·5% for heart failure, 22·2% for atrial arrhythmias, 11·1% for ventricular arrhythmias, 29·6% for ischaemic heart disease, 14·8% for stroke and 3·7% for other reasons) with a hospitalization rate of 8·75% per year. Multivariate analysis showed an independent predictive value for noncarriers of polymorphic COL1A1 allele [HR: 2·76(1·26-6·05), P = 0·011] and a trend in homozygous carriers of ADRB1 Arg389 variant [HR: 1·98(0·99-4·02); P = 0·057]. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that COL1A1 polymorphism (2046G>T) is an independent predictor of prognosis in HCM patients supporting the importance of nonsarcomeric genes on clinical prognosis in HCM.

Identification and confirmation of haptoglobin as a potential serum biomarker in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using proteomic approaches.

INTRODUCTION: Aiming at identifying biomarkers for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), the serum proteome was explored through a two-dimensional gel-based proteomic approach (2D-DIGE) coupled with mass spectrometry and database interrogation. METHODS: Serum samples from 20 male HCM patients and their sex- and age-matched controls were cleaned from interfering components. Patients and controls were pooled in five matched groups with the same age, and proteins extracts from each pool were labelled with cyanine dyes. Then, gel images were analysed using a fluorescence scanner and proteins were identified. Tryptic peptides were analysed by capillary reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled online with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). RESULTS: Four different proteins were observed to be differentially expressed between HCM patients and their matched controls. Of them, decreases in haptoglobin levels were confirmed to be associated with HCM in an independent set of 181 consecutive HCM patients from our monographic clinic and 114 controls with similar age and sex using a nephelometer-based technique. Moreover, a significant negative correlation was observed between haptoglobin and subaortic gradient, thus highlighting the role of haptoglobin in HCM. CONCLUSION: All these observations point out the utility of the 2D-DIGE proteomic strategy for the identification of serum proteins indicative of the presence of cardiac injury.