Sex-dependent effect of sublethal copper concentrations on de novo cholesterol synthesis in astrocytes and their possible links to variations in cholesterol and amyloid precursor protein levels in neuronal membranes.

BACKGROUND: Cholesterol (Cho) is an essential lipophilic molecule in cells; however, both its decrease and its increase may favor the development of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although copper (Cu) is an essential trace metal for cells, the increased plasma concentration of its free form has been linked with AD development and severity. AD affects aged people, but its prevalence and severity are higher in women than in men. We have previously shown that Cu promotes Cho de novo synthesis in immature neurons as well as increased Cho in membrane rafts and Aß levels in culture medium, but there are no results yet regarding sex differences in the effects of sublethal Cu exposure on Cho de novo synthesis. METHODS: We examined the potential sex-specific impact of sublethal Cu concentrations on de novo Cho synthesis in primary cultures of male and female astrocytes. We also explored whether this had any correlation with variations in Cho and APP levels within neuronal membrane rafts. RESULTS: Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that Cu treatment leads to a greater increase in ROS levels in female astrocytes than in males. Furthermore, through RT-PCR analysis, we observed an upregulation of SREBP-2 and HMGCR. Consistently, we observed an increase in de novo Cho synthesis. Finally, western blot analysis indicated that the levels of ABCA1 increase after Cu treatment, accompanied by a higher release of radiolabeled Cho and an elevation in Cho and APP levels in neuronal membrane rafts. Importantly, all these results were significantly more pronounced in female astrocytes than in males. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that Cu stimulates Cho synthesis in astrocytes, both in a ROS-dependent and -independent manner. Moreover, female astrocytes displayed elevated levels of HMGCR, and de novo Cho synthesis compared to males following TBH and Cu treatments. This corresponds with higher levels of Cho released into the culture medium and a more significant Cho and APP rise within neuronal rafts. We consider that the increased risk of AD in females partly arises from sex-specific responses to metals and/or exogenous substances, impacting key enzyme regulation in various biochemical pathways, including HMGCR.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) primarily affects the elderly and is linked to excess cholesterol (Cho) and copper (Cu). It is more prevalent and severe in women. Previous research suggested that Cu may enhance Cho synthesis in developing neurons, raising Cho levels in specialized membrane structures (rafts) and Aß protein in the culture medium. However, the specific effects of Cu exposure on Cho synthesis in males and females are not entirely understood. We conducted experiments using astrocytes, the primary cells in the brain that produce Cho in adults, and neurons, both from male and female rats. We exposed them to non-lethal levels of Cu to explore its potential sex-related effects on (1) Cho metabolism in astrocytes, and (2) The relationship between the Cho released by astrocytes and the levels of Cho and amyloid precursor protein (APP) in neuronal membrane rafts. Our findings suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive sensitivity is higher in females than in male astrocytes. Cu, alongside ROS, promoted Cho synthesis, with female astrocytes being more susceptible. These released more Cho into the medium after Cu exposure, and Cho and APP levels were also higher in female neuronal rafts exposed to Cu-treated astrocyte-conditioned medium. Our results thus imply that the higher risk of AD in females may arise partly from sex-related disparities in cellular responses to external substances, impacting such crucial biochemical pathways as Cho synthesis.

Effect of Sublethal Copper Overload on Cholesterol De Novo Synthesis in Undifferentiated Neuronal Cells.

Although copper (Cu) is an essential trace metal for cells, it can induce harmful effects as it participates in the Fenton reaction. Involuntary exposure to Cu overload is much more common than expected and has been linked with neurodegeneration, particularly with Alzheimer's disease (AD) evidenced by a positive correlation between free Cu in plasma and the severity of the disease. It has been suggested that Cu imbalance alters cholesterol (Chol) homeostasis and that high membrane Chol promotes the amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) secreting the ß-amyloid (Aß) peptide. Despite the wide knowledge on the effects of Cu in mature brain metabolism, the consequence of its overload on immature neurons remains unknown. Therefore, we used an undifferentiated human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) to analyze the effect of sublethal concentrations of Cu on 1- de novo Chol synthesis and membrane distribution; 2-APP levels in cells and its distribution in membrane rafts; 3-the levels of Aß in the culture medium. Our results demonstrated that Cu increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) and favors Chol de novo synthesis in both ROS-dependent and independent manners. Also, at least part of these effects was due to the activation of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl CoA reductase (HMGCR). In addition, Cu increases the Chol/PL ratio in the cellular membranes, specifically Chol content in membrane rafts. We found no changes in total APP cell levels; however, its presence in membrane rafts increases with the consequent increase of Aß in the culture medium. We conclude that Cu overload favors Chol de novo synthesis in both ROS-dependent and independent manners, being at least in part, responsible for the high Chol levels found in the cell membrane and membrane rafts. These may promote the redistribution of APP into the rafts, favoring the amyloidogenic processing of this protein and increasing the levels of Aß.

Parenteral Copper Administration at the Beginning of a Fixed-Time Artificial Insemination Protocol in Beef Cattle: Effect on Ovarian Function and Pregnancy Rates.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between plasma copper (Cu) concentration and ovarian function during a fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocol and the effect of parenteral Cu administration (100 mg) at the start of such protocol (day 0) on area of preovulatory follicle (APF); area of corpus luteum (ACL), plasma estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P4) concentrations; CL blood flow (CLBF); and pregnancy rate in beef heifers and cows. In cows, plasma Cu concentration on days 0 and 7 correlated positively with APF. Copper administration increased plasma Cu concentration and decreased APF and plasma E2 concentration (day 9), without modifying ACL, plasma P4 concentration, and CLBF (day 16) in cows. Pregnancy rate was higher in Cu-supplemented cattle on day 41 after FTAI as compared with controls (58.76 and 45.28%, respectively). In conclusion, Cu administration at the beginning of the FTAI protocol increased pregnancy rate in beef heifers and cows, modifying APF and plasma E2 concentration in the latter.

Challenges and Errors in Genetic Testing: The Fifth Case Series.

PURPOSE: In this ongoing case series, 33 genetic testing cases are documented in which tests were recommended, ordered, interpreted, or used incorrectly and/or in which clinicians faced challenges related to history/reports provided by patients or laboratories. METHODS: An invitation to submit cases of challenges or errors in genetic testing was issued to the general National Society of Genetic Counselors Listserv, the National Society of Genetic Counselors Cancer Special Interest Group members, as part of a case series with Precision Oncology News, and via social media (i.e., Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn). Deidentified clinical documentation was requested and reviewed when available. Thirty-three cases were submitted, reviewed, and accepted. A thematic analysis was performed. Submitters were asked to approve cases before submission. RESULTS: All cases took place in the United States, involved hereditary cancer testing and/or findings in cancer predisposition genes, and involved medical-grade genetic testing, direct-to-consumer testing, or research genetic testing. In 9 cases, test results were misinterpreted, leading to incorrect screening or risk-reducing procedures being performed/recommended. In 5 cases, incorrect or unnecessary testing was ordered/recommended. In 3 cases, incorrect clinical diagnoses were made, or opportunities for diagnoses were delayed. In 3 cases, errors or challenges arose related to medical intervention after testing or reported genetic diagnosis. In 2 cases, physicians provided incorrect information related to the inheritance pattern of a syndrome. In 2 cases, there were challenges related to the interpretation of genetic variants. In 2 cases, challenges arose after direct-to-consumer testing. One case involved test results that should never have been reported based on sample quality. In 1 case, a patient presented a falsified test result. In 5 cases, multiple errors were made. DISCUSSION: As genetic testing continues to become more complicated and common, it is critical that patients and nongenetics providers have access to accurate and timely genetic counseling information. Even as multiple medical bodies highlight the value of genetic counselors (GCs), tension exists in the genomics community as GCs work toward licensure and Medicare provider status. It is critical that health care communities leverage, rather than restrict, the expertise and experience of GCs so that patients can benefit from, and not be harmed by, genetic testing. In order to responsibly democratize genomics, it will be important for genetics and nongenetic health care providers to collaborate and use alternative service delivery models and technology solutions at point of care. To deliver on the promise of precision medicine, accurate resources and tools must be utilized.

Effects of Parenteral Supplementation with Minerals and Vitamins on Oxidative Stress and Humoral Immune Response of Weaning Calves.

We aimed to evaluate the effects of injectable mineral and vitamin supplementation on weaning calves subjected to a low-stress (fence-line) weaning system. Seven-month-old Aberdeen Angus female calves (n = 40, 152 ± 11 kg body weight) from a selenium-deficient area of extensive cattle production on natural grass were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 20 each). One group received subcutaneous supplementation with copper, zinc, selenium, manganese and vitamins A and E (SG), and the other was given sterile saline solution (CG). The animals were supplemented twice, seven days before weaning (day -7) and on the day of weaning (day 0), and they were evaluated 30 (+30) and 60 (+60) days after weaning. Total antioxidant status (TAS), selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, body weight, and average daily gain (ADG) were evaluated. Additionally, antibody titers were assessed prior to and after each immunization with a vaccine containing bovine herpes virus type 1 (BoHV-1). On day +30, body weight (p = 0.03) was higher in SG, whereas TAS (p = 0.02) and GPx (p = 0.0038) activity were lower in CG and remained constant in SG. Antibody titers increased in SG and CG following immunization, being higher in SG on days +30 and +60 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, parenteral supplementation of minerals and vitamins with antioxidant effects in a low-stress weaning system prevented the decrease in TAS and GPx activity, improved antibody response and had positive effects on body weight.

Effect of cysteine, glutamate and glycine supplementation to in vitro fertilization medium during bovine early embryo development.

Glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant synthesized from three constitutive amino acids (CAA): cysteine (Cys), glycine (Gly) and glutamate (Glu). Glutathione plays an important role in oocyte maturation, fertilization and early embryo development. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Cys (0.6 mM), Gly (0.6 mM) and Glu (0.9 mM) supplementation during in vitro fertilization (IVF) of cattle oocytes. In a Pilot Experiment, de novo synthesis of GSH in bovine zygote was evaluated using a modified TALP medium prepared without MEM-essential and MEM-non-essential amino acids (mTALP): mTALP + CAA (constitutive amino acids); mTALP + CAA+5 mMBSO (buthionine sulfoximide); mTALP + Cys + Gly; mTALP + Cys + Glu and mTALP + Gly + Glu. This evidence led us to investigate the impact of CAA supplementation to TALP medium (with essential and non-essential amino acids) on zygote viability, lipid peroxidation, total intracellular GSH content (include reduced and oxidized form; GSH-GSSG), pronuclear formation in zygotes and subsequent embryo development. IVF media contained a) TALP; b) TALP + Cys + Gly + Glu (TALP + CAA); c) TALP + Cys + Gly; d) TALP + Cys + Glu; e) TALP + Gly + Glu, were used. Total GSH-GSSG concentration was increased in TALP, TALP + CAA, and TALP + Cys + Gly. The viability of zygote was similar among treatments. Lipid peroxidation was increased in zygote fertilized with TALP + Cys + Gly; TALP + Cys + Glu; TALP + Gly + Glu and TALP + CAA. The percentage of penetrated oocytes decreased in TALP + CAA and TALP + Cys + Gly. The cleavage rate was lower in TALP + CAA and TALP + Gly + Glu. The percentage of embryos developing to the blastocyst stage was lower in TALP + Cys + Glu and TALP + CAA. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the synthesis of GSH during IVF. However, Cys, Gly and Glu supplementation to TALP medium had negative effects on embryonic development.

Caries y hábitos de higiene oral en un grupo de adultos mayores del Estado de México / Caries and oral health habits in a group of elderly from the State of Mexico

Introducción: La caries es una enfermedad multifactorial que se ha asociado con hábitos de higiene bucal deficientes. La Federación Dental Internacional establece el cepillado con una pasta fluorada dos veces por día como el patrón básico de higiene dental personal. Objetivo: Describir la frecuencia de caries y hábitos de higiene oral en un grupo de adultos mayores. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional, prolectivo, transversal, descriptivo, en 74 adultos mayores del Estado de México con una media de edad de 63.4 (± 5.9); 73% (54) del sexo femenino y 27% (20) del masculino. Se valoraron la higiene dental con el índice IHOS y la experiencia de caries con el CPOD, y se aplicó un cuestionario sobre hábitos de higiene oral, que incluía las preguntas de frecuencia de cepillado y uso de hilo dental. Resultados: La experiencia de caries dental medida a través del índice CPOD para el total de la población fue de 20.0 (± 4.5); la categoría más alta del índice fue cariado con una media de 9.3 (± 6.0), al análisis por sexo se observó que el 70% (38) de las mujeres y el 65% (13) de los hombres presentan más de seis dientes con lesión cariosa ­no se encontró una diferencias estadísticamente significativa­. A la pregunta de cuántas veces se cepilla los dientes, el 32% (24) no lo hacía o lo realizaba sólo una vez al día; de éstos, 17 presentaban ≥ 6 lesiones cariosas. El 94% (66) usa para el cepillado de dientes pastas comerciales con flúor; cuatro usan alternativas como jabón de baño, detergente, pasta naturista, bicarbonato; dos adultos mayores usan sólo agua. La valoración de la higiene dental en el 70% (52) de los adultos mayores se califica como deficiente; 20 adultos mayores ­de ellos, 16 son mujeres­ reportan el uso de hilo dental. Conclusión: Los hábitos de higiene oral en los adultos mayores aún se encuentran lejos del patrón establecido por la Federación Dental Internacional, lo que contribuye al incremento de enfermedades bucodentales, entre éstas, las enfermedades periodontales y la caries radicular que, junto con las enfermedades sistémicas, coadyuvan al deterioro de la calidad de vida de los ancianos (AU)

Introduction: Caries is a multifactorial disease that has been associated with deficient oral hygiene habits. The FDI Word Dental Federation establishes brushing with a fluoridated paste twice a day as the basic standard of personal oral hygiene. Objective: Describe the frequency of tooth decay and oral hygiene habits in a group of elderly. Material and methods: An observational, prolective, cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in 74 elderly of the State of Mexico with an average age of 63.4 (± 5.9); 73% (54) female and 27% (20) male. The oral hygiene with the IHOS index, the cavity experience with the DMFT was assessed, and a questionnaire on oral hygiene habits was applied, which included the questions of frequency of brushing and flossing. Results: The tooth decay experience measured through the CPOD index for the total population was 20.0 (± 4.5); the highest category of the index was decayed with an average of 9.3 (± 6.0), to the analysis by sex it was observed that, 70% (38) of the women and 65% (13) of the men present more than six teeth with a carious lesión ­no statistically significant differences were found­. To the question of how many times you brush your teeth, 32% (24) did not do it or did it only once a day, of these, 17 had ≥ 6 carious lesions. 94% (66) uses for tooth brushing, commercial pastes with fluoride; four ethereal, naturist paste like soap or detergent, bicarbonate; two senior adult uses only water. The evaluation of oral hygiene in 70% (52) of the elderly is classified as deficient; 20 senior adults ­of whom 16 are women­ report the use of dental floss. Conclusion: Oral hygiene habits in senior adults are still far from the pattern established by the FDI which contributes to the increase of oral diseases, including periodontal diseases and root decay which, together with systemic diseases contribute to deterioration of the quality of life of the elderly (AU)

Effect of gastrointestinal nematodes on serum copper and phosphorus of growing beef calves in northwestern Argentina.

The aim of this work was to study the effect of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) on copper (Cu) and phosphorus (P) in blood of beef cattle in two ranches (R1 and R2) located in northwestern Argentina. In 2015-2016 (R1) and 2016-2017 (R2), in each ranch, 22 weaned female calves were divided into two groups: calves treated systematically with 200 mcg/kg moxidectin every 45-50 days (TG) and untreated calves (UTG). The following parameters were measured: number of fecal eggs (epg), fecal cultures, serum Cu and P levels, and live weight gain (LWG). Differences between groups were compared using analysis of variance and Tukey test. GIN infections in both ranches were subclinical and moderate, showing the highest epg (R1 = 907 ± 754; R2 = 1049 ± 1040) by mid-winter. Epg values of TG groups were always negligible (> 93% of moxidectin efficacy). The dominant nematode genera were Cooperia and Haemonchus. The average serum Cu values (µg/dl) indicated low (R1 = 49.7 ± 18) and severe (R2 = 27.2 ± 14) deficiency. The effect of treatments was evident in both ranches from late winter, with TG showing significantly (p < 0.01) higher serum levels in winter, spring, and early autumn (R1 = 65.1, 50.9, and 60.3; R2 = 48.0, 25.7, and 22.4) than UTG (R1 = 44.3, 33.9, and 32.9; R2 = 25.5, 18.2, and 16.4). There were no differences in serum P levels between groups. LWG of TG increased significantly (p < 0.008) (27.2% in R1 and 38.6% in R2), with respect to those of UTG. This study showed a negative effect of GIN on serum Cu values in moderately infected growing calves.

Effect of Injectable Copper and Zinc Supplementation on Weight, Hematological Parameters, and Immune Response in Pre-weaning Beef Calves.

Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) deficiency may cause poor weight gain, hematological changes, and immune failure in extensive beef cattle breeding systems. Diagnosis of the deficiency is based on plasma Cu and Zn concentrations; however, there are discrepancies regarding data interpretation. Here, plasma Cu and Zn concentrations are discussed as risk markers. We evaluated the effect of parenteral Cu and Zn supplementation on their plasma concentrations, weight gain, hematological parameters, and antibody titers to bovine herpes virus 1 (BoHV-1). Pre-weaning calves (n = 40; 99 ± 8 kg bw) from a typical breeding area of Argentina with background Cu and Zn deficiency were used. They were assigned to two homogeneous groups in a completely randomized design. Calves were subcutaneously injected with 0.3 mg/kg Cu and 1 mg/kg Zn (supplemented group), or saline solution (control), every 40 days during 120 days. Plasma Cu and Zn concentrations, hematological parameters, and weight were recorded. On days 40 and 80 of the trial, calves were vaccinated with inactivated BoHV-1. Antibody immune response was measured on days 80 and 120. Data were analyzed with a mixed model for repeated measures over time. Before treatment, plasma Cu was low and Zn was adequate in both groups. After treatment, plasma Cu increased and remained within a normal range, whereas plasma Zn remained constant. Supplemented animals had higher weight gain (p < 0.01); higher hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin levels (p < 0.05); and higher immune response to BoHV-1 (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that Cu and Zn supplementation improved daily weight gain and the immune response of pre-weaning calves.

Associations of subclinical hypocalcemia with fertility in a herd of grazing dairy cows.

The main objective was to assess the associations of subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH), diagnosed at parturition (SCH-0) and 7 d in milk (SCH-7), with fertility in a herd of grazing dairy cows. Additional objectives were to characterize Ca concentration on 0 and 7 d in milk (DIM), assessing the risk factors for SCH-0 and SCH-7 and also the relationship with health status (metritis, endometritis, subclinical ketosis, and culling). A prospective observational study was carried out in a dairy farm in Argentina. Holstein cows (n = 126) were body condition scored (BCS, 1-5) on -21 ± 3, 0, 7 ± 3, and 28 ± 7 DIM and blood was collected on 0 and 7 ± 3 DIM to determine Ca and ß-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Calcium concentrations <2.0 and <2.14 mmol/L were used to define SCH-0 and SCH-7, respectively. The associations of SCH with (1) the odds for pregnancy to first service (P1AI) and pregnancy by 100 DIM (P100) were evaluated by logistic models, (2) the services per pregnancy was evaluated by a Poisson regression model, and (3) the hazards of insemination and pregnancy were evaluated with proportional hazards regression models whereas median days from calving to first insemination and to pregnancy were estimated by Kaplan-Meier method. Additionally, Ca concentration was assessed by linear regression models, and the associations of SCH-0 and SCH-7 with the odds for metritis, endometritis, subclinical ketosis, and culling were evaluated by logistic models. Calcium concentrations were similar at 0 and 7 DIM (2.40 vs. 2.41 mmol/L, respectively); they were higher in cows calving in fall than in summer (2.58 vs. 2.24 mmol/L), and they also were higher in primiparous than in multiparous cows (2.53 vs. 2.28 mmol/L, respectively). The proportion of cows having SCH-0 and SCH-7 was 27.3 and 39.3%, respectively. Fall-calving cows had lower odds for SCH-0 [odds ratio (OR) = 0.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.12-0.86] than summer-calving cows, multiparous cows had higher odds for SCH-0 (OR = 3.96, 95% CI = 1.09-14.39) than primiparous cows, and cows with prepartum BCS ≥3.00 had higher odds for SCH-0 (OR = 4.03, 95% CI = 1.17-13.89) than in cows with BCS <3.00. Conversely, parity and prepartum BCS were not important predictors for SCH-7. Surprisingly, SCH-0 was not a risk factor for SCH-7. Cows with SCH-0 had lower odds for P1AI (OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.07-0.99) than normocalcemic cows, given that P1AI was 14 versus 38%, respectively. The hazard of first service was not associated with SCH-0 (hazard ratio = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.63-1.70) but cows with SCH-0 had lower hazard of pregnancy (hazard ratio = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.16-0.98) and took 32 d longer to get pregnant (105 vs. 73) than normocalcemic cows. Conversely, SCH-7 was not associated with fertility. Finally, SCH-0 and SCH-7 were associated with the odds for subclinical ketosis and metritis, respectively. In conclusion, SCH-0 but not SCH-7 is associated with reduced fertility in a herd of grazing dairy cows, but both were associated with health status.

Effects of Copper and Zinc Supplementation on Weight Gain and Hematological Parameters in Pre-weaning Calves.

Cow-calf operations may be affected by trace mineral deficiencies, particularly copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) deficiency, which may decrease the calf daily weight gain and alter hematological parameters. We evaluated the effect of Cu and Zn supplementation on pre-weaning calves (n = 40; 92 ± 6 kg initial body weight) from the Salado River basin, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Calves were divided into four groups (n = 10 each) and subcutaneously administered 0.3 mg/kg Cu (Cu group), 1 mg/kg Zn (Zn group), Cu and Zn together (Cu + Zn group), and sterile saline solution (control group) every 40 days for 120 days. Plasma Cu and Zn concentrations, hematological parameters, and weight were recorded every 40 days. A completely randomized 2 × 2 factorial treatment design was used and data were analyzed with a mixed model for repeated measures over time. Cu and Zn were detected in plasma after the second sampling. Cu × Zn interaction was significant (p = 0.09), being Cu concentration higher in the Cu + Zn than in the Cu group. Differences in weight gain (Zn × time interaction; p < 0.01) were observed in the Zn but not in the Cu group (p > 0.1). On the other hand, none of the treatments altered any of the hematological parameters assessed (p > 0.1). Our results show the risk of lower weight gain due to Zn deficiency in pre-weaning calves raised in the Salado River basin.

Assessment of Cu-Zn EDTA Parenteral Toxicity in Calves.

Copper (Cu) parenteral administration is used in a beef cow-calf operations to prevent or correct Cu deficiency in bovines. At present, Zinc (Zn) salts have been incorporated to complement Cu antioxidant effect. A risk of hepatotoxicity generated by overdose is a negative consequence of injectable Cu application. Cu-Zn EDTA appears as an alternative; however, data about its toxicity is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess toxicity risk of different doses of Cu-Zn EDTA in calves. Thirty two Aberdeen Angus calves of 162 (±20) kg BW were assigned to 4 groups (n = 8), homogeneous in weight, sex, and age. Cu-Zn EDTA was administrated in doses of 0.3 mg/kg BW (group 1X); 0.6 mg/kg BW (group 2X); 0.9 mg/kg BW (group 3X) and sterile saline solution (control group-with no treatment). Clinical and blood parameters in animals were monitored during 28 days. In groups' control, 1X and 2X there were no alterations in the assessed parameters. In group 3X, one of the animals showed depression, permanent decubitus, and muscular twitching; that animal had to be killed in extremis for humanitarian reasons. Necropsy and Cu tissue concentration findings confirmed intoxication in the clinically affected animal. The rest of the animals in group 3X showed only a temporary increase in liver enzymes. The results indicate that a dose of 0.9 mg/kg BW of Cu as Cu-Zn EDTA is potentially hepatotoxic, this dose is similar to other soluble salts of parenteral administration.

Prácticas y creencias sobre estilos de vida asociadas alíndice de masa corporal en enfermeros / Practices and beliefs about lifestyle associated with the body mass index in nurses

Identificar las prácticas y creencias sobre estilos de vida asociadas al índice de masacorporal en el personal de enfermería.MetodologíaEstudio descriptivo, comparativo, correlacional realizado en 136 enfermeros(as)trabajadores en un hospital público de Zacatecas, México, seleccionados a través de unmuestreo aleatorio estratificado por turno laboral. Se aplicó el instrumento de Prácticasy creencias sobre estilos de vida y una cédula para identificar datos personales. Se tomópeso y talla de cada participante. Los datos fueron analizados en el programa SPSS versión18.0ResultadosEl 65,54% del personal de enfermería presentó estilos de vida poco saludables, siendo lapráctica de actividad física el mayor problema, mientras que el autocuidado y cuidadomédico (=64,55) fueron los componentes con mejores resultados. Las creencias mejorevaluadas fueron las asociadas con la actividad física y deporte (=77,45). Un 40,4%presentó sobrepeso y 35,3% algún grado de obesidad. El aumento de índice de masacorporal se asoció con la alimentación no saludable y el sedentarismo (p<.01). Seencontraron diferencias significativas en las prácticas y creencias sobre estilos de vidasegún el turno de trabajo, nivel educativo y estado civil (p< .05).ConclusionesSon las prácticas, específicamente la alimentación y actividad física, y no las creenciassobre el estilo de vida, las que se asocian al exceso de peso en personal de enfermería. Noexiste coherencia entre las creencias y comportamientos en estos profesionales de la salud...

To identify practices and beliefs about lifestyle associated with the body mass index innursing personnel.MethodologyThis is a descriptive, comparative and correlational study, carried out on 136 nurses,workers of a general hospital in Zacatecas, Mexico. The participants were selected througha random stratified sampling by work shift. We applied an instrument for practices andbeliefs about Lifestyle and a document to identify personal data. The weight and size ofevery participant were taken into account. Data were analyzed in SPSS Statistics version18.ResultsMost of the nursing personnel considered presented lifestyles somehow unhealthy (65,54%).Their major problem was physical activity practices, while self-care and medical-carewere the best evaluated lifestyle components ( =64,55). The most positive beliefs wereassociated with sports and physical activity ( =77,45). 40,4% presented overweight, and35,3% showed some degree of obesity. The increase in body mass index was associatedwith unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle (p<.01). We found meaningful differences inthe practices and beliefs about lifestyle in relation to the work shift, level of education andcivil status (p< .05).ConclusionsThe practices, specifically feeding and physical activity, and not the beliefs about lifestyle,are the ones associated with the excess of weight in nurses. There is not consistency betweenbeliefs and behaviors in these health professionals...

Case report: Amyand's hernia, diagnosis to consider in a routine procedure.

Amyand hernia is a rare entity that is generally an unexpected intraoperative finding. The decision to perform prophylactic appendectomy, must take into account individual factors that may increase morbidity in a short, medium or long term future.

A propósito de un caso: hernia de Amyand, diagnóstico a considerar en un procedimiento de rutina / Case report: Amyand’s hernia, diagnosis to consider in a routine procedure

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Relationship between gender, income and education and self-perceived oral health among elderly Mexicans. An exploratory study.

The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between sociodemographic factors and self-perceived oral health (SPOH) among the elderly. A cross-sectional, exploratory examination of 150 elderly subjects whose ages ranged from 60-86 was conducted. These subjects used the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) to assess their SPOH. In addition, sociodemographic data were collected from study participants. Data were analyzed using Student's t-test, the examination of odds ratio (OR) of logistic regression analysis, the chi-square test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index for the study participants was 20.1 ± 5.8; 21.3% of subjects were edentulous, and 69.3% of subjects wore removable dentures. 62.7% of study participants had poor SPOH (defined as GOHAI score <44). Poor SPOH was significantly more frequent among males (OR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.03-7.13, p < 0.05), low-income individuals (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.3 -5.8, p < 0.01), and subjects with less education (OR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.1-4.6, p < 0.05) than among the overall subject population. The findings suggest that gender (male), low income and low educational levels have a significant influence on the self-perceived oral health status of elderly individuals, irrespective of tooth loss.

Relationship between gender, income and education and self-perceived oral health among elderly Mexicans. An exploratory study / Relação entre gênero, renda e educação com a autopercepão da saúde bucal em idosos mexicanos. Um estudo exploratório

The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between sociodemographic factors and self-perceived oral health (SPOH) among the elderly. A cross-sectional, exploratory examination of 150 elderly subjects whose ages ranged from 60-86 was conducted. These subjects used the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) to assess their SPOH. In addition, sociodemographic data were collected from study participants. Data were analyzed using Student's t-test, the examination of odds ratio (OR) of logistic regression analysis, the chi-square test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index for the study participants was 20.1 ± 5.8; 21.3% of subjects were edentulous, and 69.3% of subjects wore removable dentures. 62.7% of study participants had poor SPOH (defined as GOHAI score <44). Poor SPOH was significantly more frequent among males (OR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.03-7.13, p < 0.05), low-income individuals (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.3 -5.8, p < 0.01), and subjects with less education (OR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.1-4.6, p < 0.05) than among the overall subject population. The findings suggest that gender (male), low income and low educational levels have a significant influence on the self-perceived oral health status of elderly individuals, irrespective of tooth loss.

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a relação entre os fatores sociodemográficos com a autopercepção da saúde bucal (SPOH) em idosos. Realizou-se um estudo transversal exploratório de 150 idosos. Para avaliar a sua percepção da saúde bucal utilizou-se o Geriatric Oral Assesment Index (GOHAI) e também foram coletados dados sociodemográficos. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste T Student, a razão de chances (OR) de análise de regressão logística, o teste Chi Quadrado (p < 0.05) e análise de variância ANOVA. A média do índice de dentes cariados, perdidos ou obturados (CPO-D) dos participantes no estudo foi de 20.1 ± 5.8; 21.3% foram edêntulos e 69.3% eram portadores de prótese removível. O 62.7% dos participantes no estudo teve pobre autopercepção da saúde bucal (definida com uma suma de GOHAI < 44), a qual foi significativamente mais frequente nos homens (OR = 2.72, 95% Cl: 1.03-7.13, p < 0.05), com baixa renda (OR = 2.7, 95% Cl: 1.3 - 5.8, p < 0.01), e com menor escolaridade (OR = 2.26, 95% Cl: 1.1-4.6, p <0.05) do que entre a população em geral. Os resultados presentes sugerem que nos idosos a baixa renda e a menor escolaridade têm influência significativa na autopercepção da saúde bucal, independentemente da perda dentária.

[Preventive and remineralization effect over incipient lesions of caries decay by phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate]. / Efecto preventivo y de remineralizacion de caries incipientes del fosfopeptido de caseina fosfato de calcio amorfo.

INTRODUCTION. Dental caries continues to affect a large percentage of Mexican children and currently advises that if diagnosed at an early stage can be reversed with minimally invasive treatments. The casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate known as CPP-ACP is a phosphoprotein capable of releasing calcium and phosphate ions in the oral environment promoting remineralization. OBJECTIVE. To evaluate the effect of CPP-ACP with fluoride added in a scholar preventive program. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A cuasi- experimental study was conducted in 104 schools of six years old. The children were classified into three groups and received six months biweekly applications of different treatments: casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate added fluoride (CPP-ACPF), sodium fluoride (NaF) and a control group. Clinical evaluation was performed with the laser fluorescence technique (Diagnodent model 2095). 1340 teeth were included: 294 teeth with incipient lesions and 1,046 healthy teeth. Statistical tests of χ2 y Mc Nemar were used. RESULTS. In the group that received the application of CPP-ACPF, 38% of incipient carious lesions were remineralizing compared with 21% in the group receiving the NaF (p < 0.001) and 15% in the control group (p < 0.0001) The percentage of teeth free of caries were preserved in the therapy group phosphoprotein was the biggest. This group also showed the lower proportion of deep carious lesion development (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION. The application biweekly for six months of CPP-ACPF showed a protective and remineralizing effect on incipient carious lesions. His action was better than the application of NaF. However, to reduce the impact from dental caries in schoolchildren is important to have a comprehensive preventive approach that includes promoting self-care, as well as the application of sealants.

Self-concept in children with Down syndrome.

Self-concept is a critical indicator of quality of life but few studies have examined this subject in children with Down syndrome (DS). In this study, we propose a novel methodology to assess the self-concept of children with DS by analyzing their responses towards two dolls, one with a "typically developing" (TD) appearance and one with the phenotypic features of DS. Fifty-four children with DS participated in play sessions with both dolls and were then interviewed to assess doll preference, resemblance, and attribution of positive qualities. We observed that children with DS: (i) exhibited a preference for the TD doll regardless of age, gender, IQ or self-awareness; (ii) attributed more positive qualities to the TD doll than the DS doll; and (iii) believed that they resembled the TD doll, rather than the more phenotypically accurate representation of themselves. Older participants were more likely to exhibit self-recognition by this technique. These findings contribute to current understandings of how people with DS view themselves and their disability.

Perfil de salud bucodental en un grupo de adultos mayores del estado de Hidalgo / Bucco-dental health profile of a group of senior citizens in the state of Hidalgo

Introducción: acciones como la promoción de la salud contribuyen contribuyen al incremento de la esperanza de vida, con el constante aumento en el número de personas ancianas. Objetivo: Determinar el perfilepidemiológico de salud bucodental en un grupo de adultos mayores del estado de Hidalgo. Metodología: Estudio observacional, prolectivo, transversal y descriptivo en 102 adultos mayores del estado de Hidalgo. La evaluación de higiene bucal se realizó con el IHOS,la experiencia de caries con el CPOD, caries radicular con el índice de Katz (ICR) y las periodontopatías con el índice de Russell (IP). Resultados: El valor del IHOS de los adultos mayores fue de 1.7 (± 0.8); en los > 70 años de edad, la higiene bucodental es defi ciente(p < 0.04). El promedio del índice CPOD fue de 19.7 (± 6.1), la categoría más alta del índice fue diente perdido (11.1 ± 9.2); por sexo se presentaron diferencias estadísticamente signifi cativas en cariado (p < 0.002) y perdido (p < 0.04). La caries radicular fue de 24.9 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 20.7-29.1), aun cuando no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas se observa que, el ICR es mayor en: sexo masculino (28.3 por ciento; IC95 por ciento 21.1-35.5), mayores de 70 años (25.9 por ciento; IC95% 19.7-32.1) y escolaridad > 6 años (25.5 por ciento; IC95 por ciento 15.0-36.0)...

Introduction:Actions such as promoting health help increase life expectancy and contribute to the ever-increasing number of seniors in our society. Objective: To determine the epidemiological profi le of bucco-dental health in a group of senior citizens from the state of Hidalgo. Methodology: We carried out a descriptive, cross-sectional, observational, prolective study involving 102 senior citizens from the state of Hidalgo. The subjects’ oral hygiene was evaluated using the Simplifi ed Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S); their history of caries using the DMFT Index; root caries using Katz’s root caries index (RCI); and periodontal diseases using Russell’s periodontal index (PI). Results:The value of the OHI-S of the subjects was 1.7 (± 0.8); at > 70 years old, bucco-dental hygiene was defi cient (p < 0.04). The average DMFT Index was 19.7 (± 6.1); the highest category in the index was tooth loss (11.1 ± 9.2). There were statistically signifi cant differences between the sexes in terms of caries (p < 0.002) and tooth loss (p < 0.04). The prevalence of root caries was 24.9% (IC95% 20.7-29.1). Though there were no signifi cant statistical differences, we did fi nd the RCI to be higher in males (28.3%; IC95% 21.1-35.5), people over 70 (25.9%; IC95%19.7-32.1), and people with > 6 years of formal education (25.5%; IC95% 15.0-36.0).