ABSTRACT
Viruses with encephalitogenic potential can cause neurological conditions of clinical and epidemiological importance, such as Saint Louis encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Dengue virus, Zika virus, Chikungunya virus, Mayaro virus and West Nile virus. The objective of the present study was to determine the number of arboviruses with neuroinvasive potential isolated in Brazil that corresponds to the collection of viral samples belonging to the Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute (SAARB/IEC) of the Laboratory Network of National Reference for Arbovirus Diagnosis from 1954 to 2022. In the analyzed period, a total of 1,347 arbovirus samples with encephalitogenic potential were isolated from mice; 5,065 human samples were isolated exclusively by cell culture; and 676 viruses were isolated from mosquitoes. The emergence of new arboviruses may be responsible for diseases still unknown to humans, making the Amazon region a hotspot for infectious diseases due to its fauna and flora species characteristics. The detection of circulating arboviruses with the potential to cause neuroinvasive diseases is constant, which justifies the continuation of active epidemiological surveillance work that offers adequate support to the public health system regarding the virological diagnosis of circulating arboviruses in Brazil.
Subject(s)
Arboviruses , Chikungunya virus , Flavivirus , Zika Virus Infection , Zika Virus , Animals , Humans , Mice , Brazil/epidemiology , Encephalitis Virus, St. LouisABSTRACT
The outbreaks of rabies in humans transmitted by Desmodus rotundus in 2004 and 2005, in the northeast of the Brazilian State of Para, eastern Amazon basin, made this a priority area for studies on this zoonosis. Given this, the present study provides data on this phenomenon in an urban context, in order to assess the possible circulation of the classic rabies virus (RABV) among bat species in Capanema, a town in the Amazon basin. Bats were collected, in 2011, with mist nets during the wet and dry seasons. Samples of brain tissue and blood were collected for virological and serological survey, respectively. None of the 153 brain tissue samples analyzed tested positive for RABV infection, but 50.34% (95% CI: 45.67-55.01%) of the serum samples analyzed were seropositive. Artibeus planirostris was the most common species, with a high percentage of seropositive individuals (52.46%, 95% CI: 52.31 52.60%). Statistically, equal proportions of seropositive results were obtained in the rainy and dry seasons (c2 = 0.057, d.f. = 1, p = 0.88). Significantly higher proportions of males (55.96%, 95% CI: 48.96-62.96%) and adults (52.37%, 95% CI: 47.35-57.39%) were seropositive. While none of the brain tissue samples tested positive for infection, the high proportion of seropositive specimens indicates that RABV may be widespread in this urban area.
Os surtos de raiva em humanos transmitida por Desmodus rotundus em 2004 e 2005 no nordeste do estado do Pará, Brasil, Amazônia Oriental, fizeram desta uma área prioritária para estudos sobre essa zoonose. Diante disso, o presente estudo fornece dados sobre esse fenômeno em contexto urbano, afim de avaliar uma possível circulação do vírus clássico da raiva (RABV) entre espécies de morcegos em Capanema, cidade localizada na bacia Amazônica. Os morcegos foram coletados em 2011, com auxílio de redes de espera durante as estações seca e chuvosa. Amostras de encéfalo e de sangue foram coletadas para o diagnóstico virológico e sorológico, respectivamente. Das 153 amostras de encéfalo analisadas, nenhuma encontrou-se positiva para infecção pelo RABV, porém, 50,34% (95% CI: 45,67-55,01) das amostras de soro analisadas estavam soropositivas. Artibeus planirostris foi a espécie mais comum, e seu percentual de indivíduos soropositivos foi bem elevado (52.46%, 95% CI: 52,31-52,60). Porções estatisticamente iguais de soropositivos foram registrados nas estações (c2 = 0,057, d.f. = 1, p = 0,88). Uma porção significativamente elevada de machos (55,96%, 95% CI: 48,96%-62,96%), e adultos (52,37%, 95% CI: 47,35%-57,39%) foram soropositivos. Apesar de nenhuma das amostras de encéfalo terem sido positivas para raiva, a alta proporção de espécimes soropositivos indica uma possível circulação do RABV nessa área urbana.
Subject(s)
Animals , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Chiroptera/virology , Rabies virus/immunology , Rabies virus/isolation & purification , Rabies/veterinary , Urban Health , Brazil , Brain/virology , Chi-Square Distribution , Chiroptera/blood , Cities/statistics & numerical data , Disease Vectors , Rabies/blood , Rabies/diagnosis , Seasons , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
The outbreaks of rabies in humans transmitted by Desmodus rotundus in 2004 and 2005, in the northeast of the Brazilian State of Para, eastern Amazon basin, made this a priority area for studies on this zoonosis. Given this, the present study provides data on this phenomenon in an urban context, in order to assess the possible circulation of the classic rabies virus (RABV) among bat species in Capanema, a town in the Amazon basin. Bats were collected, in 2011, with mist nets during the wet and dry seasons. Samples of brain tissue and blood were collected for virological and serological survey, respectively. None of the 153 brain tissue samples analyzed tested positive for RABV infection, but 50.34% (95% CI: 45.67-55.01%) of the serum samples analyzed were seropositive. Artibeus planirostris was the most common species, with a high percentage of seropositive individuals (52.46%, 95% CI: 52.31 52.60%). Statistically, equal proportions of seropositive results were obtained in the rainy and dry seasons (c2 = 0.057, d.f. = 1, p = 0.88). Significantly higher proportions of males (55.96%, 95% CI: 48.96-62.96%) and adults (52.37%, 95% CI: 47.35-57.39%) were seropositive. While none of the brain tissue samples tested positive for infection, the high proportion of seropositive specimens indicates that RABV may be widespread in this urban area.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral/blood , Chiroptera/virology , Rabies virus/immunology , Rabies virus/isolation & purification , Rabies/veterinary , Urban Health , Animals , Brain/virology , Brazil , Chi-Square Distribution , Chiroptera/blood , Cities/statistics & numerical data , Disease Vectors , Rabies/blood , Rabies/diagnosis , Seasons , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
The Amazon as a whole is the largest reservoir of arboviruses worldwide, while the Brazilian Amazon hosts the largest variety of arboviruses isolated to date. In this study, the results of an indirect sandwich IgG ELISA, standardized for 19 arbovirustypes circulating among horses in Brazilian Amazon, were compared to results of the hemagglutination inhibition test. A screening test assessed the conditional probability distribution and a Pearson linear correlation test determined the correlation strength among the absorbance values recorded for viruses from the same family.
Subject(s)
Animals , Antibodies/analysis , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Hemagglutination , Arbovirus Infections , Horses/classificationABSTRACT
The Amazon as a whole is the largest reservoir of arboviruses worldwide, while the Brazilian Amazon hosts the largest variety of arboviruses isolated to date. In this study, the results of an indirect sandwich IgG ELISA, standardized for 19 arbovirustypes circulating among horses in Brazilian Amazon, were compared to results of the hemagglutination inhibition test. A screening test assessed the conditional probability distribution and a Pearson linear correlation test determined the correlation strength among the absorbance values recorded for viruses from the same family.
Subject(s)
Animals , Arbovirus Infections , Antibodies/analysis , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Hemagglutination , Horses/classificationABSTRACT
Since 2004, the main transmitter of human rabies in Latin America has been the vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus). Based on the nucleoprotein of the rabies virus (RV), we analyzed antigenic and genetic profiles of isolates from 29 samples taken from humans living in different areas of the Amazon region. Two isolates were from Ecuador and 27 from the Northern and Northeastern regions of Brazil, which were obtained during outbreaks in various municipalities in the states of Pará and Maranhão in the years 2004 and 2005. The partial N gene (nt 104-1477) of the 29 isolates was sequenced, and the sequences were used to build a neighbor-joining tree with the Kimura-2 parameter model. All 29 human RV isolates were identified as belonging to antigenic variant 3 (AgV3) and were genetically grouped into the D. rotundus cluster, which was divided into two subclusters (A and B), subcluster A in turn being divided into four genetic groups (A1, A2, A3 and A4). Genetic and molecular markers characterizing these genetic lineages were also identified. The results of this study show that the isolates belong to the same rabies cycle as that of the vampire bat D. rotundus. However, the division of clusters within the lineage associated with D. rotundus shows that different genetic sublineages of the virus were circulating in the Amazon region during the study period. Our findings suggest that there are phylogeographic differences between isolates obtained over a short period.
Subject(s)
Chiroptera/virology , Nucleocapsid Proteins/genetics , Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology , Rabies virus/genetics , Rabies virus/immunology , Rabies/transmission , Rabies/virology , Animals , Brazil , Cluster Analysis , Ecuador , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , Genotype , Humans , Molecular Epidemiology , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , RNA, Viral/genetics , Rabies virus/isolation & purification , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
A Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavírus (SPH) na Amazônia brasileira vem sendo diagnosticada desde 1995, com a identificação do hantavírus Castelo dos Sonhos. Até setembro de 2007 já foram registrados 158 casos de SPH procedentes dos estados do Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia e Mato Grosso. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi à caracterização genética de hantavírus e determinação da associação vírus-hospedeiro dos hantavírus brasileiros associados com SPH em distintos ecossistemas amazônicos no Maranhão e Pará-Mato Grosso. As amostras biológicas, estudadas, procederam de casos de SPH, de inquérito sorológico humano e de espécimes de roedores provenientes de estudos ecoepidemiológicos realizados nos municípios de Anajatuba/MA, Campo Novo do Parecis/MT, Tangará da Serra/MT e Altamira/PA. Amostras de soros e/ou sangue de humanos, bem como sangue de roedores foram, inicialmente, submetidos ao teste imunoenzimático (ELISA) visando à detecção de anticorpos anti-hantavírus. A RT Nested-PCR e/ou RT Hemi-Nested-PCR, seguidas do seqüenciamento nucleotídico parcial do gene N e análises filogenéticas das amostras positivas foram realizados para caracterização genética. A amplificação do genoma viral foi obtida em três amostras humanas do Maranhão; três do Pará; e 20 de Mato Grosso; bem como em 14 amostras de roedores capturados, sendo três de Anajatuba [Necromys lasirus (n=1) e Oligoryzomys aff. fornesi (n=2)]; cinco roedores de Campo Novo do Parecis e dois de Tangará da Serra, todos da espécie Calomys aff. callosus; e quatro amostras de roedores da espécie Oligoryzomys aff. moojeni, dos estudos em Campo Novo do Parecis. O inquérito sorológico em humanos realizado no ano de 2005 em Anajatuba mostrou imunidade em 10,9por cento da população local estudada sugerindo a circulação de hantavírus autóctones e ocorrência silenciosa dessa virose na região. As análises filogenéticas entre as seqüências obtidas neste estudo e de outros hantavírus disponíveis no GenBank demonstraram...futuros.
Subject(s)
Amazonian Ecosystem , Orthohantavirus/classification , Molecular Epidemiology , Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome/epidemiology , Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome/therapy , Brazil/epidemiologyABSTRACT
A ocorrência recente de surtos de raiva humana transmitida por morcegos hematófagos Desmodus rotundus vem sendo registrada no Estado do Pará desde 2004. Neste artigo, é realizado um estudo retrospectivo de caracterização genética de 37 cepas do vírus rábico de diferentes mamíferos, incluindo o homem, isoladas de 2000 a 2005, de diferentes regiões paraenses. Foi obtido o sequenciamento nucleotídico parcial do gene N e construída árvore filogenética baseada no método Neighbor-joining. A análise filogenética determinou a formação de cinco clades principais e agrupou as cepas isoladas no Estado do Pará em três distintas clades: clade I, cepas da variante antigênica 3 (VAg3), comumente encontrada nos morcegos D. rotundus; clade II, cepa relacionada à VAg3, porém com topologia diferenciada isolada de morcego frugívoro Uroderma bilobatum; e clade IV, cepas da variante antigênica 2 (VAg2), comumente isoladas de cães domésticos. No Pará, no período estudado, circularam as variantes VAg2 e VAg3. A VAg3 da clade I se encontra subdividida em três linhagens virais (I-a, I-b, e I-c) associadas à distribuição geográfica: duas delas (I-a e I-b) circulam no continente nas regiões paraenses do Sudeste, Nordeste e Baixo Amazonas, enquanto a linhagem I-c restringe-se à ilha do Marajó. A associação dos dados genéticos com os ecológicos fornece uma melhor compreensão da epidemiologia molecular da raiva no Estado do Pará e sugere que duas distintas variantes antigênicas isoladas do vírus da raiva foram associadas com a transmissão da doença por morcegos hematófagos entre 2000 e 2005. Finalmente, foi demonstrado neste estudo a presença de pelo menos três distintas linhagens genéticas de VAg3 no estado, e a emergência de uma possível nova variante, que foi isolada de um morcego frugívoro U. bilobatum capturado na localidade de Ajará, município de Portel, durante o surto ocorrido em 2004.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Chiroptera , Molecular Epidemiology , Rabies virus , BrazilABSTRACT
In order to investigate the pathogenicity of the virus strain GOI 4191 that was isolated from a fatal adverse event after yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccination, an experimental assay using hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) as animal model and YFV 17DD vaccine strain as virus reference was accomplished. The two virus strains were inoculated by intracerebral, intrahepatic and subcutaneous routes. The levels of viremia, antibody response, and aminotransferases were determined in sera; while virus, antigen and histopathological changes were determined in the viscera. No viremia was detected for either strain following infection; the immune response was demonstrated to be more effective to strain GOI 4191; and no significant aminotransferase levels alterations were detected. Strain GOI 4191 was recovered only from the brain of animals inoculated by the IC route. Viral antigens were detected in liver and brain by immunohistochemical assay. Histothological changes in the viscera were characterized by inflammatory infiltrate, hepatocellular necrosis, and viral encephalitis. Histological alterations and detection of viral antigen were observed in the liver of animals inoculated by the intrahepatic route. These findings were similar for both strains used in the experiment; however, significant differences were observed from those results previously reported for wild type YFV strains.
Subject(s)
Alanine Transaminase/blood , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Yellow Fever Vaccine , Yellow Fever/virology , Yellow fever virus/pathogenicity , Animals , Brain/pathology , Brain/virology , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cricetinae , Disease Models, Animal , Immunohistochemistry , Liver/pathology , Liver/virology , Male , Mesocricetus , Phenotype , Vero Cells , Yellow Fever/immunology , Yellow Fever/prevention & control , Yellow fever virus/immunologyABSTRACT
In order to investigate the pathogenicity of the virus strain GOI 4191 that was isolated from a fatal adverse event after yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccination, an experimental assay using hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) as animal model and YFV 17DD vaccine strain as virus reference was accomplished. The two virus strains were inoculated by intracerebral, intrahepatic and subcutaneous routes. The levels of viremia, antibody response, and aminotransferases were determined in sera; while virus, antigen and histopathological changes were determined in the viscera. No viremia was detected for either strain following infection; the immune response was demonstrated to be more effective to strain GOI 4191; and no significant aminotransferase levels alterations were detected. Strain GOI 4191 was recovered only from the brain of animals inoculated by the IC route. Viral antigens were detected in liver and brain by immunohistochemical assay. Histothological changes in the viscera were characterized by inflammatory infiltrate, hepatocellular necrosis, and viral encephalitis. Histological alterations and detection of viral antigen were observed in the liver of animals inoculated by the intrahepatic route. These findings were similar for both strains used in the experiment; however, significant differences were observed from those results previously reported for wild type YFV strains.
Visando investigar a possível patogenicidade do vírus isolado (GOI 4191) de um evento adverso fatal pela vacinação antiamarílica, realizou-se um ensaio experimental em Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), usando-se a cepa vacinal 17DD como parâmetro. As amostras virais foram inoculadas por via intracerebral, intra-hepática e subcutânea. Nos soros foram determinados níveis de viremia, resposta imune e aminotransferases, e nas vísceras a presença de vírus, antígeno e lesões teciduais. Não se detectou viremia para as duas amostras, a resposta imune foi maior para GOI 4191, e as aminotransferases não apresentaram alterações compatíveis com danos hepáticos. Nos animais inoculados por via intracerebral o vírus foi recuperado somente a partir do cérebro, sendo o antígeno viral detectado, por imuno-histoquímica, no cérebro e fígado. Infiltrado inflamatório e corpúsculos acidófilos foram observados no fígado e lesões tipo encefalite viral no sistema nervoso central. Alterações histológicas e antígeno viral foram observados, também, no fígado dos animais infectados por via intra-hepática, e ausentes naqueles inoculados por via subcutânea. Os resultados foram similares para as duas amostras testadas, entretanto distintos daqueles relatados na literatura para cepas silvestres do vírus amarílico.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cricetinae , Male , Alanine Transaminase/blood , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Yellow Fever Vaccine , Yellow Fever/virology , Yellow fever virus/pathogenicity , Brain/pathology , Brain/virology , Chlorocebus aethiops , Disease Models, Animal , Immunohistochemistry , Liver/pathology , Liver/virology , Mesocricetus , Phenotype , Vero Cells , Yellow Fever/immunology , Yellow Fever/prevention & control , Yellow fever virus/immunologyABSTRACT
Aborda, com enfoque histórico, episódios causados por arbovírus associados com doença no homem e decorrentes de projetos de desenvolvimento realizados em Manaus e alguns municípios do Estado do Amazonas.(AU)
Subject(s)
Arbovirus Infections/history , Yellow Fever/history , Public Health/history , Brazil , Communicable Disease Control/trendsSubject(s)
Humans , Arbovirus Infections , Pediatrics , Virus Diseases , Diagnosis, Differential , Encephalitis, Viral , Arbovirus Infections/diagnosis , Arbovirus Infections/epidemiology , Arbovirus Infections/etiology , Arbovirus Infections/prevention & control , Arbovirus Infections/therapy , Yellow FeverABSTRACT
Aborda, com enfoque histórico, episódios causados por arbovírus associados com doença no homem e decorrentes de projetos de desenvolvimento realizados em Manaus e alguns municípios do Estado do Amazonas.
Subject(s)
Arbovirus Infections/history , Public Health/history , Yellow Fever/history , Brazil , Communicable Disease Control/trendsSubject(s)
Humans , Arbovirus Infections , Pediatrics , Virus Diseases , Diagnosis, Differential , Encephalitis, Viral , Yellow Fever , Arbovirus InfectionsABSTRACT
Os autores descrevem a ocorrência de epidemias causadas pelo vírus Oropouche (Oro) nos Estados dpo Maranhäo (MA) e Goiás (GO) em 1988. 36 amostras de vírus foram obtidas a partir da inoculaçäo do sangue de 120 pacientes em camundongos recém nascidos. A doença foi caracterizada por febre, cefaléia, dores musculares, articulares, fotofobia, dor retro ocular, náuseas e tontura. 128 das 197 pessoas examinadas em Porto Franco, MA, tinham anticorpos inibidores da hemaglutinaçäo (IH) para o agente e, em 106 foram detectados anticorpos IGM por MACELISA. Todos os grupos etários foram infectados, embora a incidência tenha sido mais elevada entre aqueles com 10 a 19 anos de idade. Quanto ao sexo, a infecçäo ocorreu igualmente em ambos os sexos. Recorrência dos sintomas foi observada em 56% dos casos positivos estudados. A inoculaçäo em camundongos Swiss recém nascidos de 3.624 Culicoides paraensis (Ceratopogonidae) e 1.970 Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus (Culicidae), coletados em Porto Francos-MA, resultou em um único isolamento do vírus ORO a partir dos Culicoides. Essa é a primeira descriçäo de casos confirmados de infecçäo pelo vírus Oropouche nos Estados do Maranhäo e Goiás, Brasil