Second primary carcinoma arising on a flap: a new primary or a relapse?

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Free flaps or pedicle flaps are the mainstay of cancer surgery in the head and neck area. However, their long-term sequelae are still poorly understood. Among these, the development of a secondary primary tumor on a flap is a rare and uncertain reported event.   Methods: A computer-aided systematic literature search was performed by using the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases. A systematic review of the literature, following the PRISMA checklist, was carried out with the aim of analyzing all the citations reporting this second primary, with attention to risk factors, behavior, etiological causes.   Results: Overall, 27 cases of second primary squamous cell carcinoma arising on a pedicle or free flap were identified. In addition, other three cases were discussed.   Conclusions: Persistent exposure to oral stimuli such saliva, oral microbiome, smoke or a colonization by the adjacent mucosa were considered as a possible cause of second primary carcinoma. Although rare, a new neoplasm onset should know and considered as a new concept in the follow-up of patients undergoing reconstruction with free or pedicle flaps.

Adult onset Xanthogranuloma presenting as a solitary laryngeal localization: case report and review of literature.

Juvenile Xanthogranuloma (XG) is a rare disorder that belongs to the heterogeneous group of histiocytic neoplasms, characterized by a clonal expansion of non-Langerhans cell histiocytes that share a dermal macrophage phenotype. Although the head and neck region is the most common reported site of involvement by the Juvenile Xanthogranuloma family, laryngeal localization is extremely rare. We report a unique case of Adult Onset Xanthogranuloma with subglottic localization, presenting as a solitary laryngeal mass without other systemic or cutaneous lesions. A review of the previously described cases of laryngeal Xanthogranuloma has been performed, highlighting 7 cases of Juvenile Xanthogranuloma and only 3 cases of Adult Onset Xanthogranuloma. Despite the extreme rarity of laryngeal localization of XG, this histiocytic neoplasm should be considered as a differential diagnosis for laryngeal masses causing airway obstruction, even in the absence of other concomitant manifestations.

Anomaly of digastric muscle: an alarm bell for head and neck surgeon.

Objectives: Here follows the discussion of a case of hypoplasia of both bellies of digastric muscle and the difficult during neck dissection, because of his surgical importance like a pivotal landmark. METHODS: We reported a case report concerning digastric muscle abnormalities, accidentally discovered during neck dissection due to surgical excision of a glottic squamous cell carcinoma staged as cT3N0. A brief literature review was done to compare and research similar cases. RESULTS: Literature counts several reports of digastric muscle abnormalities, namely involving the anterior belly. Little has been written about hypoplasia of digastric muscle. CONCLUSION: Digastric muscle abnormalities are rare, which can be absent or, more frequently, duplicated. Albeit its anomalies are anecdotal, it is advisable to give due consideration to the hypoplasia of both bellies of the digastric muscle during the analysis of radiological imaging, in order to prevent the risk of operative complications. According to our knowledge, this is the first and singular case of digastric muscle's hypoplasia.

Antibody Persistence 6 Months Post-Vaccination with BNT162b2 among Health Care Workers.

BACKGROUND: We present immunogenicity data 6 months after the first dose of BNT162b2 in correlation with age, gender, BMI, comorbidities and previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: An immunogenicity evaluation was carried out among health care workers (HCW) vaccinated at the Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO). All HCW were asked to be vaccine by the national vaccine campaign at the beginning of 2021. Serum samples were collected on day 1 just prior to the first dose of the vaccine and on day 21 just prior to the second vaccination dose. Thereafter sera samples were collected 28, 49, 84 and 168 days after the first dose of BNT162b2. Quantitative measurement of IgG antibodies against S1/S2 antigens of SARS-CoV-2 was performed with a commercial chemiluminescent immunoassay. RESULTS: Two hundred seventy-four HWCs were analyzed, 175 women (63.9%) and 99 men (36.1%). The maximum antibody geometric mean concentration (AbGMC) was reached at T2 (299.89 AU/mL; 95% CI: 263.53-339.52) with a significant increase compared to baseline (p < 0.0001). Thereafter, a progressive decrease was observed. At T5, a median decrease of 59.6% in COVID-19 negative, and of 67.8% in COVID-19 positive individuals were identified with respect to the highest antibody response. At T1, age and previous COVID-19 were associated with differences in antibody response, while at T2 and T3 differences in immune response were associated with age, gender and previous COVID-19. At T4 and T5, only COVID-19 positive participants demonstrated a greater antibody response, whereas no other variables seemed to influence antibody levels. CONCLUSIONS: Overall our study clearly shows antibody persistence at 6 months, albeit with a certain decline. Thus, the use of this vaccine in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic is supported by our results that in turn open debate about the need for further boosts.

Nasal Tip Rotation by Exclusive Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System Deep Medial Ligament Management: An Objective Evaluation.

The nasal tip constitutes the mobile portion of the nose, in direct contraposition to the pyramid that is a fixed structure. Its configuration, position, and shape are derived mainly from the outline and from the thickness of the wing cartilages, important elements of the nasal tip, that together with skin and subcutaneous tissue can deeply influence the configuration and dynamics of this section of the nose as well. In reshaping the nasal tip, 2 fundamental concepts must be considered: projection and rotation; these may be modified, acting on the nasal cartilaginous framework and/or on the superficial nasal fibromuscular structure (SMAS). The aims of this study are to evaluate the nasal tip changes in terms of rotation and projection obtained just acting on superficial muscle aponeurotic deep medial layer without performing any dissection or modification of the nasal tip framework, and to try to explain these possible changes according to the SMAS structure rearrangements only. Twenty-one patients (18 female and 3 male) were subjected to closed rhinoplasty, without tip cartilage dissection/modification. Preoperative and postoperative tip rotation angle, nasolabial angle, and tip projection were measured. The only tip procedure performed was the resection of the SMAS deep medial layer. Our results show significant rotation of the nasal tip and no statistically significant tip deprojection.

An unusual case of unintentional firearm death of a 3-year-old child.

The authors report the case of an accidental death of a 3-year-old child who unintentionally shot himself while he was handling his father's handgun.The peculiarity of the observed injury makes the case particularly interesting, along with the fact that, in Italy, unintentional firearm-related deaths are rather uncommon among children and adolescents.Because of the presence of only 1 bullet hole on the parietal-occipital region, radiological cranial examinations were performed before proceeding with the autopsy.Computed tomographic scans were useful to confirm the entrance site of the bullet and, especially, to establish the trajectory with the whole spectrum of fractures.The case shows that the unusual entrance site of the bullet through the nose led to a fatal cranial injury, as a result of curiosity of a 3-year-old child in the presence of an unsupervised handgun.