Prevalence and Trends in Cigarette Smoking With and Without Tobacco Use Disorder Among Adults in the United States: 2010-2021.

Objective: Few national estimates are available on the prevalence of tobacco use disorder (TUD) in the United States (US), and most trials exclusively assess daily smoking rather than TUD. We examined the prevalence and trends in cigarette smoking with vs without TUD among adults.Methods: Data came from the 2010-2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (n = 483,982), a cross sectional, US representative dataset. A TUD composite variable was created based on established definitions (eg, DSM-5 symptoms). Weighted prevalence of past 30-day cigarette smoking, daily smoking (30/30 days) and nondaily smoking (<30/30 days) with and without TUD, was calculated annually.Results: In 2021, the prevalence of past 30- day overall cigarette smoking was 17%; 11% reported daily cigarette smoking, whereas 6% reported nondaily cigarette smoking. Only 1% of the population reported daily smoking without TUD, whereas 10% reported daily smoking with TUD. Two percent of the population reported nondaily smoking without TUD, and 4% of the population reported nondaily smoking with TUD. Daily smoking with TUD and nondaily smoking with and without TUD decreased significantly from 2010 to 2021 (all P's < .001). US adults reporting TUD symptoms (vs not) were more likely to be older, identify as White, have lower income and less education, and have a substance use disorder.Conclusions: The prevalence of daily cigarette smoking with TUD was 10× higher than the prevalence of daily cigarette smoking without TUD. Twice as many US adults with nondaily smoking reported TUD than no TUD, illustrating that daily smoking is not necessary for TUD.

Brief Resolved Unexplained Events Symptoms Frequently Result in Inappropriate Gastrointestinal Diagnoses and Treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To determine associations between presenting symptoms and oropharyngeal dysphagia diagnoses, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) diagnoses, and treatment with acid suppression medication in infants with brief resolved unexplained event (BRUE). STUDY DESIGN: We performed a prospective cohort study of infants with BRUE to review presenting symptoms and their potential impact on testing and treatment. Videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) results and explanatory diagnoses were obtained from medical record review; acid suppression use was determined by parental survey. Binary and multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between presenting symptoms and obtaining VFSS, VFSS results, GERD diagnoses, and acid suppression medication. RESULTS: Presenting symptoms were varied in 157 subjects enrolled at 51.0 ± 5.3 days of age, with many symptoms that may be related to GERD or dysphagia. Of these, 28% underwent VFSS with 71% abnormal. Overall, 42% had their BRUE attributed to GERD, and 33% were treated with acid suppression during follow-up. Presenting symptoms were significantly associated with the decision to obtain VFSS but not with abnormal VFSS results. Presenting symptoms were also associated with provision of GERD explanatory diagnoses. Both presenting symptoms and GERD explanatory diagnoses were associated with acid suppression use (aOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.03-5.3, P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Presenting symptoms may play a role in clinicians' decisions on which BRUE patients undergo VFSS but are unreliable to make a diagnosis of oropharyngeal dysphagia. Presenting symptoms may also influence assignment of GERD explanatory diagnoses that is associated with increased acid suppression medication use.

Transpyloric feeding is associated with adverse in-hospital outcomes in infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association of transpyloric feeding (TPF) with the composite outcome of tracheostomy or death for patients with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (sBPD). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective multi-center cohort study of preterm infants <32 weeks with sBPD receiving enteral feedings. We compared infants who received TPF at 36, 44, or 50 weeks post-menstrual age to those who did not receive TPF at any of those timepoints. Odds ratios were adjusted for gestational age, small for gestational age, male sex, and invasive ventilation and FiO2 at 36 weeks. RESULTS: Among 1039 patients, 129 (12%) received TPF. TPF was associated with an increased odds of tracheostomy or death (aOR 3.5, 95% CI 2.0-6.1) and prolonged length of stay or death (aOR 3.1, 95% CI 1.9-5.2). CONCLUSIONS: Use of TPF in sBPD after 36 weeks was infrequent and associated with worse in-hospital outcomes, even after adjusting for respiratory severity at 36 weeks.

Breastfeeding in infants who aspirate may increase risk of pulmonary inflammation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate management strategies and pulmonary outcomes for breastfed infants with oropharyngeal dysphagia. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective cohort study of breastfed infants diagnosed with oropharyngeal dysphagia with documented aspiration or laryngeal penetration on videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS). Medical records were reviewed for VFSS results and speech-language pathologist recommendations following VFSS, results of chest x-ray, results of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) within 1 year of VFSS, and aspiration-related hospitalizations occurring before or within 1 year of VFSS. Subjects were categorized as cleared or not cleared to breastfeed based on the VFSS. Proportions were compared with Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests and means with Student's t-tests. RESULTS: Seventy-six infants (4.7 ± 0.4 months old) were included; 50% (38) had aspiration and 50% (38) had laryngeal penetration. After VFSS, 70% (53) were cleared to breastfeed while 30% (23) were not cleared to breastfeed. Patients with aspiration were less likely to be cleared to breastfeed (p = .006); however, 55% (21/38) of those with aspiration were still cleared to breastfeed. Infants cleared to breastfeed had significantly more pulmonary hospitalizations (p = .04) and were also at increased risk of elevated neutrophil count (p = .02) and culture growth on BAL (p = .01). Significantly increased abnormal neutrophil count was also found in those cleared to breastfeed with laryngeal penetration (p = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Infants with oropharyngeal dysphagia counseled to continue breastfeeding had increased risk of BAL inflammation and more pulmonary hospitalizations compared to those that were told to stop breastfeeding.

Communicating the benefits of quitting smoking on mental health increases motivation to quit in people with anxiety and/or depression.

BACKGROUND: Although smoking rates have declined over time, this decline has not been observed among those with mental health concerns. It is therefore important to develop effective messaging to support quitting in this population. METHODS: We conducted an online experiment with 419 adults who smoke cigarettes daily. Participants with, or without a lifetime history of anxiety and/or depression were randomized to view a message focused on the benefits of quitting smoking on mental or physical health. Participants then reported motivation to quit smoking, mental health concerns about quitting, and perceived effectiveness of the message. RESULTS: Participants with a lifetime history of anxiety and/or depression who saw the message focused on the benefits of quitting smoking on mental health reported greater motivation to quit than when they saw a message focused on the benefits to physical health. This was not replicated when examining current symptoms instead of lifetime history. Pre-existing beliefs that smoking improves one's mood were greater in those experiencing current symptoms and in those with a lifetime history of anxiety and/or depression. There was no main or interaction (message type X mental health status) effect of message type received on mental health related concerns about quitting. CONCLUSIONS: This study is one of the first to evaluate a smoking cessation message with content specifically targeted to those with mental health concerns about quitting smoking. Additional work is needed to determine how to best target those with mental health concerns with messages focused on the benefits of quitting on mental health.

Cigarette and Alternative Tobacco Product Use among Adult Cancer Survivors Enrolled in 9 ECOG-ACRIN Clinical Trials.

BACKGROUND: While cigarette smoking has declined among the U.S. general population, sale and use of non-cigarette alternative tobacco products (ATP; e.g., e-cigarettes, cigars) and dual use of cigarettes/ATPs are rising. Little is known about ATP use patterns in cancer survivors enrolled in clinical trials. We investigated prevalence of tobacco product use, and factors associated with past 30-day use, among patients with cancer in national trials. METHODS: Cancer survivors (N = 756) enrolled in 9 ECOG-ACRIN clinical trials (2017-2021) completed a modified Cancer Patient Tobacco Use Questionnaire (C-TUQ) which assessed baseline cigarette and ATP use since cancer diagnosis and in the past 30 days. RESULTS: Patients were on average 59 years old, 70% male, and the mean time since cancer diagnosis was 26 months. Since diagnosis, cigarettes (21%) were the most common tobacco product used, followed by smokeless tobacco use (5%), cigars (4%), and e-cigarettes (2%). In the past 30 days, 12% of patients reported smoking cigarettes, 4% cigars, 4% using smokeless tobacco, and 2% e-cigarettes. Since cancer diagnosis, 5.5% of the sample reported multiple tobacco product use, and 3.0% reported multiple product use in the past 30 days. Males (vs. females; OR 4.33; P = 0 < 0.01) and individuals not living with another person who smokes (vs. living with; OR, 8.07; P = 0 < 0.01) were more likely to use ATPs only versus cigarettes only in the past 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with cancer, cigarettes were the most prevalent tobacco product reported. IMPACT: Regardless, ATPs and multiple tobacco product use should be routinely assessed in cancer care settings.

A Prospective Study of Parental Experience with Thickening Feeds for Children with Oropharyngeal Dysphagia and Gastroesophageal Reflux.

Thickening is efficacious and commonly recommended for oropharyngeal dysphagia and gastroesophageal reflux. Little is known about parental experience with this practice. Results of this cross-sectional questionnaire study suggest attitudes are positive, but parents frequently adjust recipes/nipple sizes, which might increase aspiration risk. Clinical follow-up is essential to ensure safe feeding.

Communicating the benefits of quitting smoking on mental health increases motivation to quit in people with anxiety and/or depression: A randomized trial of two health messages.

Background: Although smoking rates have declined over time, this decline has not been observed among those with mental health concerns. It is therefore important to develop effective messaging to support quitting in this population. Methods: We conducted an online experiment with 419 adults who smoke cigarettes daily. Participants with, or without a lifetime history of anxiety and/or depression were randomized to view a message focused on the benefits of quitting smoking on mental or physical health. Participants then reported motivation to quit smoking, mental health concerns about quitting, and perceived effectiveness of the message. Results: Participants with a lifetime history of anxiety and/or depression who saw the message focused on the benefits of quitting smoking on mental health reported greater motivation to quit than when they saw a message focused on the benefits to physical health. This was not replicated when examining current symptoms instead of lifetime history. Pre-existing beliefs that smoking improves one's mood were greater in those experiencing current symptoms and in those with a lifetime history of anxiety and/or depression. There was no main or interaction (message type X mental health status) effect of message type received on mental health related concerns about quitting. Conclusions: This study is one of the first to evaluate a smoking cessation message with content specifically targeted to those with mental health concerns about quitting smoking. Additional work is needed to determine how to best target those with mental health concerns with messages focused on the benefits of quitting on mental health. Implications: These data can begin to inform regulatory efforts to address tobacco use in those with comorbid anxiety and/or depression by providing information on how to effectively communicate the benefits of quitting smoking on mental health.

Gastrointestinal factors associated with risk of bronchiectasis in children.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate gastrointestinal (GI) risk factors for bronchiectasis in children. We hypothesized that upper GI tract dysmotility would be associated with increased risk of bronchiectasis. STUDY DESIGN: Subjects in this retrospective cohort study included those evaluated for persistent pulmonary symptoms in the Aerodigestive Center at Boston Children's Hospital who underwent chest computed tomography (CT) between 2002 and 2019. To determine gastrointestinal predictors of bronchiectasis, baseline characteristics, comorbidities, enteral tube status, medications received, gastroesophageal reflux burden, adequacy of swallow function, esophageal dysmotility, gastric dysmotility, and neutrophil count on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were compared between patients with and without bronchiectasis. Proportions were compared with Fisher's exact test and binary logistic regression with stepwise selection was used for multivariate analysis. ROC analyses were utilized to compare BAL neutrophils and bronchiectasis. RESULTS: Of 192 subjects, 24% were found to have evidence of bronchiectasis on chest CT at age 7.9 ± 0.5 years. Enteral tubes (OR 5.77, 95% CI 2.25-14.83, p < 0.001) and increased BAL neutrophil count (OR 5.79, 95% CI 1.87-17.94, p = 0.002) were associated with increased risk while neurologic comorbidities were associated with decreased risk (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.09-0.66, p = 0.006). Gastroesophageal reflux was not found to be a significant risk factor. Neutrophil counts >10% had 72% sensitivity and 60% specificity for identifying bronchiectasis. CONCLUSIONS: Enteral tubes were associated with significantly increased risk of bronchiectasis but gastroesophageal reflux was not. Providers should consider obtaining chest CT to evaluate for bronchiectasis in children found to have unexplained elevated BAL neutrophil count.

Caffeine levels and dietary intake in smokers with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Caffeine is one of the most widely used psychoactive drugs in the United States. High rates of caffeine use have been observed in adult smokers as well as those with serious mental illness. The current secondary analysis aimed to extend previous findings demonstrating high caffeine intake in schizophrenia by examining dietary intake of caffeine and serum caffeine levels in outpatient smokers with schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BP) and control smokers with no psychiatric diagnoses (CON). Two hundred forty-eight adult smokers (SCZ=80; BP=80; CON=88) were included in the current study. Adult smokers with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and no psychiatric diagnoses were 40.85 (SD = 11.90) years old on average and all participants were current smokers (∼20 cigarettes per day). Twenty-four hour self-reported caffeine intake (in mg) was highest among individuals with bipolar disorder (median=195.3), followed by adults with schizophrenia (median=155.0) and controls (median=131.7). Participants with bipolar disorder also had the highest serum caffeine levels (in ng/ml; median=1725), followed by those with schizophrenia (median=1194) and controls (median=613.2).  These results provide additional evidence of high caffeine intake among adults with schizophrenia and extend findings by identifying even higher rates of caffeine use in those with bipolar disorder. The current study suggests that caffeine intake is higher among subgroups of patients with serious mental illness.

A Prospective Study of Brief Resolved Unexplained Events: Risk Factors for Persistent Symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: The risk of persistent symptoms after a brief resolved unexplained event (BRUE) is not known. Our objective was to determine the frequency and risk factors for persistent symptoms after BRUE hospitalizations. METHODS: We conducted a prospective longitudinal cohort study of infants hospitalized with an admitting diagnosis of BRUE. Caregiver-reported symptoms, anxiety levels, and management changes were obtained by questionnaires during the 2-month follow-up period. Clinical data including repeat hospitalizations were obtained from a medical record review. Multivariable analyses with generalized estimating equations were conducted to determine the risk of persistent symptoms. RESULTS: Of 124 subjects enrolled at 51.6 ± 5.9 days of age, 86% reported symptoms on at least 1 questionnaire after discharge; 65% of patients had choking episodes, 12% had BRUE spells, and 15% required a repeat hospital visit. High anxiety levels were reported by 31% of caregivers. Management changes were common during the follow-up period and included 30% receiving acid suppression and 27% receiving thickened feedings. Only 19% of patients had a videofluoroscopic swallow study while admitted, yet 67% of these studies revealed aspiration/penetration. CONCLUSIONS: Many infants admitted with BRUE have persistent symptoms and continue to access medical care, suggesting current management strategies insufficiently address persistent symptoms. Future randomized trials will be needed to evaluate the potential efficacy of therapies commonly recommended after BRUE.

Daily-level assessment of the contexts under which seeking social support relates to risk of suicidal thinking.

INTRODUCTION: Perceived social support is a well-established protective factor against suicidal ideation, yet few studies have examined how actually seeking social support relates to suicidal ideation. We investigated the contexts under which social support seeking may be related to greater, or lesser, suicidal ideation. METHODS: Undergraduates completed ecological momentary assessments up to 6 times daily. Multi-level moderated logistic regressions examined interactions between presence of daily-level support seeking with burdensomeness and loneliness as indicators of same-day and next-day suicidal ideation. RESULTS: Seeking social support was positively associated with same-day, but not next-day reports of suicidal thinking. On days when participants felt burdensome and sought support, they had greater odds of reporting suicidal ideation (OR = 1.659, 95% CI = [1.420, 1.938]), compared with days they felt burdensome but did not seek support. There was no effect of burdensomeness on next-day ideation. There was no significant interaction effect between support seeking and loneliness on same-day or next-day ideation. CONCLUSIONS: Seeking support and feeling like a burden are associated with a greater likelihood of experiencing suicidal ideation. The current results underscore the importance of equipping at-risk individuals with a toolbelt of a variety of coping skills.

Tobacco/nicotine use among individuals using cannabis for therapeutic purposes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: While the relationship between recreational cannabis and nicotine use is well established, little is known about nicotine use among users of cannabis for therapeutic purposes (CTP). METHODS: Patients attending a medical marijuana dispensary (N = 697; 75.3% White; 60.0% male) completed a survey examining nicotine use, motivation to quit cigarette smoking, routes of administration of nicotine and cannabis, and CTP qualifying conditions. RESULTS: More than one-third (39.3%) of participants reported current nicotine use. Compared to exclusive cigarette smokers, e-cigarette users and non-users of nicotine were approximately four times more likely to vape, rather than to smoke, cannabis. Furthermore, 46.8% of cigarette smokers reported plans to quit smoking in the next 6 months (but not in the next month) and an additional 31.6% planned to quit in the next month. Having a psychiatric condition was associated with nicotine use and higher motivation to quit smoking. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Users of CTP are more likely to use nicotine products than the general population and the route of administration of nicotine products is related to the route of administration of CTP. If aerosolized CTP is a less harmful route of administration than smoked CTP, dispensary staff should be aware of this relationship and take this into account when recommending a noncombustible route. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: This study further characterizes nicotine use behaviors and motivation to quit smoking among users of CTP and may be among the first to examine nicotine use among patients of a medical marijuana dispensary.

Assessing Sex, Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Mental Health Concerns in Tobacco Use Disorder Treatment Research: Measurement Challenges and Recommendations From a Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Pre-conference Workshop.

This paper reports on topics discussed at a Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco pre-conference workshop at the 2019 annual Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco meeting. The goal of the pre-conference workshop was to help develop a shared understanding of the importance of several tobacco-related priority groups in tobacco use disorder (TUD) treatment research and to highlight challenges in measurement related to these groups. The workshop focused on persons with minoritized sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation identities; persons with minoritized racial and ethnic backgrounds; persons with lower socioeconomic status (SES); and persons with mental health concerns. In addition to experiencing commercial tobacco-related health disparities, these groups are also underrepresented in tobacco research, including TUD treatment studies. Importantly, there is wide variation in how and whether researchers are identifying variation within these priority groups. Best practices for measuring and reporting sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, SES, and mental health concerns in TUD treatment research are needed. This paper provides information about measurement challenges when including these groups in TUD treatment research and specific recommendations about how to measure these groups and assess potential disparities in outcomes. The goal of this paper is to encourage TUD treatment researchers to use measurement best practices in these priority groups in an effort to conduct meaningful and equity-promoting research. Increasing the inclusion and visibility of these groups in TUD treatment research will help to move the field forward in decreasing tobacco-related health disparities. Implications: Tobacco-related disparities exist for a number of priority groups including, among others, women, individuals with minoritized sexual and gender identities, individuals with minoritized racial and ethnic backgrounds, individuals with lower SES, and individuals with mental health concerns. Research on TUD treatments for many of these subgroups is lacking. Accurate assessment and consideration of these subgroups will provide needed information about efficacious and effective TUD treatments, about potential mediators and moderators, and for accurately describing study samples, all critical elements for reducing tobacco-related disparities, and improving diversity, equity, and inclusion in TUD treatment research.

Factors associated with past-year attempts to quit e-cigarettes among current users: Findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Wave 4 (2017-2018).

Over 10 million adults report use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), with approximately 3.6 million reporting daily use. Even as the popularity of ENDS has increased, both as an available nicotine delivery system and an alternative to combustible cigarette smoking, few studies to date have examined ENDS cessation interest and related behaviors among ENDS users. The current study aimed to describe past year attempts to quit ENDS among current users and to investigate ENDS use / user characteristics associated with unsuccessful attempts to quit in the past year among adult, current, established ENDS users using data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 4. Over 10 % of ENDS users reported an attempt to quit completely in the past year, and 60 % indicated future intention to quit completely. Higher nicotine dependence, lower-frequency ENDS use, and higher interest in quitting were associated with past year attempts to quit ENDS. The current study adds support to claims that many ENDS users plan to quit using ENDS someday and highlights the need for continued research on ENDS cessation.

Acid Suppression Does Not Improve Laryngomalacia Outcomes but Treatment for Oropharyngeal Dysphagia Might Be Protective.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the use of acid suppression and thickened feeds impact laryngomalacia outcomes in infants, including supraglottoplasty risk, time to supraglottoplasty, and hospitalization risk. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective cohort study to compare risk and time with supraglottoplasty and frequency and duration of hospitalizations for infants diagnosed with laryngomalacia at Boston Children's Hospital between January 1 and December 31, 2017. The primary outcomes were supraglottoplasty requirement, time to supraglottoplasty, and hospitalization risk. Multivariate analyses were performed to determine predictors of supraglottoplasty and hospitalization risk after adjusting for laryngomalacia severity and comorbidities in addition to propensity score adjustment. Kaplan-Meier curves were created to determine the impact of acid suppression use on time to supraglottoplasty. RESULTS: In total, 236 subjects with mean age 62.6 ± 4 days were included in the analysis; 55% were treated with acid suppression. Subjects treated with acid suppression had a greater risk of supraglottoplasty (hazard ratio 3.36, 95% CI 1.36-8.29, P = .009), shorter time to supraglottoplasty (5.64 ± 0.92 vs 7.98 ± 1.92 months, P = .006), and increased respiratory hospitalization risk (relative risk 1.97, 95% CI 1.01-3.85, 0.047), even after adjustment for covariates. Subjects receiving thickening had fewer respiratory hospitalization nights and longer time to supraglottoplasty (9.3 ± 1.7 vs 4.56 ± 0.73 months, P = .004), even after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Acid suppression use does not reduce the frequency of supraglottoplasty and related hospitalizations compared with untreated subjects. However, patients treated with thickening have decreased hospitalization and longer time to supraglottoplasty, suggesting that thickening of feeds may be a preferred intervention over acid suppression.

PedsQL™ Gastroparesis Symptoms Module Domain and Item Development: Qualitative Methods.

OBJECTIVES: Like adults, children suffer from gastroparesis; however, there are currently no validated instruments to determine the impact of gastroparesis in pediatric patients. The objective of this study was to develop the items and domains to support the content validity of the new Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL™) Gastroparesis Symptoms Module. METHODS: Patients were recruited from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Pediatric Gastroparesis Registry. The qualitative methods involved an iterative process comprising a literature review of existing questionnaires and gastroparesis clinical research, an expert review panel of pediatric gastroenterologists who provided feedback on the conceptual framework in developing the semi-structured interview, and in-depth focus interviews with six pediatric patients with gastroparesis and five of their parents (one did not participate) in developing relevant domains and item content. In the subsequent cognitive interviews phase, five additional patients with gastroparesis and their parents provided detailed feedback on item content, relevance, importance, and understandability of the domains and items. RESULTS: Ten domains/scales were derived from the qualitative methods, with item content saturation achieved at 67 items, with no further themes or content identified during the final cognitive interviews. The Module is comprised of 10 individual scales measuring nausea, stomach fullness when eating, vomiting, dry heaves, heartburn and reflux, stomach pain and hurt, food and drink limits, bloating, appetite, and worry. CONCLUSIONS: Our study supports the content validity of the new PedsQL Gastroparesis Symptoms Module. The Module field test study will be conducted in a multisite national study.

Overlapping Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux and Aspiration Highlight the Limitations of Validated Questionnaires.

OBJECTIVES: Infants frequently present with feeding difficulties and respiratory symptoms, which are often attributed to gastroesophageal reflux but may be because of oropharyngeal dysphagia with aspiration. The Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire Revised (I-GERQ-R) is a clinical measure of gastroesophageal reflux disease but now there is greater understanding of dysphagia as a reflux mimic. We aimed to determine the degree of overlap between I-GERQ-R and evidence of dysphagia, measured by Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool-10 (Pedi-EAT-10) and videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS). METHODS: We performed a prospective study of subjects <18 months old with feeding difficulties. All parents completed Pedi-EAT-10 and I-GERQ-R as a quality initiative to address parental feeding concerns. I-GERQ-R results were compared with Pedi-EAT-10 and, whenever available, results of prior VFSS. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationship between scores. Groups were compared with 1-way ANOVA and Fisher exact test. ROC analysis was completed to compare scores with VFSS results. RESULTS: One hundred eight subjects with mean age 7.1 ±â€Š0.5 months were included. Pedi-EAT-10 and I-GERQ-R were correlated (r = 0.218, P = 0.023) in all subjects and highly correlated in the 77 subjects who had prior VFSS (r = 0.369, P = 0.001). The blue spell questions on I-GERQ-R had relative risk 1.148 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.043-1.264, P = 0.142) for predicting aspiration/penetration on VFSS, with 100% specificity. Scores on the question regarding crying during/after feedings were also higher in subjects with abnormal VFSS (1.1 ±â€Š0.15 vs 0.53 ±â€Š0.22, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: I-GERQ-R and the Pedi-EAT-10 are highly correlated. I-GERQ-R results may actually reflect oropharyngeal dysphagia and not just gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants.