Age-Related Deficits in Binaural Hearing: Contribution of Peripheral and Central Effects.

Pure-tone audiograms often poorly predict elderly humans' ability to communicate in everyday complex acoustic scenes. Binaural processing is crucial for discriminating sound sources in such complex acoustic scenes. The compromised perception of communication signals presented above hearing threshold has been linked to both peripheral and central age-related changes in the auditory system. Investigating young and old Mongolian gerbils of both sexes, an established model for human hearing, we demonstrate age-related supra-threshold deficits in binaural hearing using behavioral, electrophysiological, anatomical, and imaging methods. Binaural processing ability was measured as the binaural masking level difference (BMLD), an established measure in human psychophysics. We tested gerbils behaviorally with "virtual headphones," recorded single-unit responses in the auditory midbrain and evaluated gross midbrain and cortical responses using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Furthermore, we obtained additional measures of auditory function based on auditory brainstem responses, auditory-nerve synapse counts, and evidence for central inhibitory processing revealed by PET. BMLD deteriorates already in middle-aged animals having normal audiometric thresholds and is even worse in old animals with hearing loss. The magnitude of auditory brainstem response measures related to auditory-nerve function and binaural processing in the auditory brainstem also deteriorate. Furthermore, central GABAergic inhibition is affected by age. Because the number of synapses in the apical turn of the inner ear was not reduced in middle-aged animals, we conclude that peripheral synaptopathy contributes little to binaural processing deficits. Exploratory analyses suggest increased hearing thresholds, altered binaural processing in the brainstem and changed central GABAergic inhibition as potential contributors.

Toward Quantitative Multisite Preclinical Imaging Studies in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Evaluation of the Immune-Fibrosis Axis.

The immune-fibrosis axis plays a critical role in cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. Imaging approaches to monitor temporal inflammation and fibroblast activation in mice have seen wide application in recent years. However, the repeatability of quantitative measurements remains challenging, particularly across multiple imaging centers. We aimed to determine reproducibility of quantitative inflammation and fibroblast activation images acquired at 2 facilities after myocardial infarction in mice. Methods: Mice underwent coronary artery ligation and sequential imaging with 68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i to assess chemokine receptor type 2 expression at 3 d after myocardial infarction and 68Ga-FAPI-46 to assess fibroblast activation protein expression at 7 d after myocardial infarction. Images were acquired at 1 center using either a local or a consensus protocol developed with the second center; the protocols differed in the duration of isoflurane anesthesia and the injected tracer dose. A second group of animals were scanned at the second site using the consensus protocol. Image analyses performed by each site and just by 1 site were also compared. Results: The uptake of 68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i in the infarct territory tended to be higher when the consensus protocol was used (P = 0.03). No difference was observed between protocol acquisitions for 68Ga-FAPI-46. Compared with the local protocol, the consensus protocol decreased variability between individual animals. When a matched consensus protocol was used, the 68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i infarct territory percentage injected dose per gram of tissue was higher on images acquired at site B than on those acquired at site A (P = 0.006). When normalized to body weight as SUV, this difference was mitigated. Both the percentage injected dose per gram of tissue and the SUV were comparable between sites for 68Ga-FAPI-46. Image analyses at the sites differed significantly, but this difference was mitigated when all images were analyzed at site A. Conclusion: The application of a standardized acquisition protocol may lower variability within datasets and facilitate comparison of molecular radiotracer distribution between preclinical imaging centers. Like clinical studies, multicenter preclinical studies should use centralized core-based image analysis to maximize reproducibility across sites.

Preparation and PET/CT imaging of implant directed 68Ga-labeled magnetic nanoporous silica nanoparticles.

BACKGROUND: Implant infections caused by biofilm forming bacteria are a major threat in orthopedic surgery. Delivering antibiotics directly to an implant affected by a bacterial biofilm via superparamagnetic nanoporous silica nanoparticles could present a promising approach. Nevertheless, short blood circulation half-life because of rapid interactions of nanoparticles with the host's immune system hinder them from being clinically used. The aim of this study was to determine the temporal in vivo resolution of magnetic nanoporous silica nanoparticle (MNPSNP) distribution and the effect of PEGylation and clodronate application using PET/CT imaging and gamma counting in an implant mouse model. METHODS: PEGylated and non-PEGylated MNPSNPs were radiolabeled with gallium-68 (68Ga), implementing the chelator tris(hydroxypyridinone). 36 mice were included in the study, 24 mice received a magnetic implant subcutaneously on the left and a titanium implant on the right hind leg. MNPSNP pharmacokinetics and implant accumulation was analyzed in dependence on PEGylation and additional clodronate application. Subsequently gamma counting was performed for further final analysis. RESULTS: The pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of all radiolabeled nanoparticles could clearly be visualized and followed by dynamic PET/CT imaging. Both variants of 68Ga-labeled MNPSNP accumulated mainly in liver and spleen. PEGylation of the nanoparticles already resulted in lower liver uptakes. Combination with macrophage depletion led to a highly significant effect whereas macrophage depletion alone could not reveal significant differences. Although MNPSNP accumulation around implants was low in comparison to the inner organs in PET/CT imaging, gamma counting displayed a significantly higher %I.D./g for the tissue surrounding the magnetic implants compared to the titanium control. Additional PEGylation and/or macrophage depletion revealed no significant differences regarding nanoparticle accumulation at the implantation site. CONCLUSION: Tracking of 68Ga-labeled nanoparticles in a mouse model in the first critical hours post-injection by PET/CT imaging provided a better understanding of MNPSNP distribution, elimination and accumulation. Although PEGylation increases circulation time, nanoparticle accumulation at the implantation site was still insufficient for infection treatment and additional efforts are needed to increase local accumulation.

Molecular Imaging of Myocardial Fibroblast Activation in Patients with Advanced Aortic Stenosis Before Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: A Pilot Study.

Using multimodal imaging, we investigated the extent and functional correlates of myocardial fibroblast activation in patients with aortic stenosis (AS) scheduled for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). AS may cause myocardial fibrosis, which is associated with disease progression and may limit response to TAVR. Novel radiopharmaceuticals identify upregulation of fibroblast activation protein (FAP) as a cellular substrate of cardiac profibrotic activity. Methods: Twenty-three AS patients underwent 68Ga-FAP inhibitor 46 (68Ga-FAPI) PET, cardiac MRI, and echocardiography within 1-3 d before TAVR. Imaging parameters were correlated and then were integrated with clinical and blood biomarkers. Control cohorts of subjects without a history of cardiac disease and with (n = 5) and without (n = 9) arterial hypertension were compared with matched AS subgroups. Results: Myocardial FAP volume varied significantly among AS subjects (range, 1.54-138 cm3, mean ± SD, 42.2 ± 35.6 cm3) and was significantly higher than in controls with (7.42 ± 8.56 cm3, P = 0.007) and without (2.90 ± 6.67 cm3; P < 0.001) hypertension. FAP volume correlated with N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (r = 0.58, P = 0.005), left ventricular ejection fraction (r = -0.58, P = 0.02), mass (r = 0.47, P = 0.03), and global longitudinal strain (r = 0.55, P = 0.01) but not with cardiac MRI T1 (spin-lattice relaxation time) and extracellular volume (P = not statistically significant). In-hospital improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction after TAVR correlated with pre-TAVR FAP volume (r = 0.440, P = 0.035), N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide, and strain but not with other imaging parameters. Conclusion: FAP-targeted PET identifies varying degrees of left ventricular fibroblast activation in TAVR candidates with advanced AS. 68Ga-FAPI signal does not match other imaging parameters, generating the hypothesis that it may become useful as a tool for personalized selection of optimal TAVR candidates.

PSMA-heterogeneity in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: Circulating tumor cells, metastatic tumor burden, and response to targeted radioligand therapy.

BACKGROUND: We explored the interrelation between prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression on circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and that of solid metastatic lesions as determined by whole-body PSMA-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) to refine the prediction of response to subsequent PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy (RLT). METHODS: A prospective study was performed in 20 patients with advanced mCRPC. Of these, 16 underwent subsequent RLT with [177 Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 at a dose of 7.4 GBq every 6-8 weeks. PSMA expression on CTCs using the CellSearch system was compared to clinical and serological results, and to marker expression in targeted imaging and available histological sections of prostatectomy specimens (19% of RLT patients). Clinical outcome was obtained after two cycles of RLT. RESULTS: Marked heterogeneity of PSMA expression was observed already at first diagnosis in available histological specimens. Targeted whole-body imaging also showed heterogeneous inter- and intra-patient PSMA expression between metastases. Heterogeneity of CTC PSMA expression was partially paralleled by heterogeneity of whole-body tumor burden PSMA expression. Twenty percent of CTC samples showed no PSMA expression, despite unequivocal PSMA expression of solid metastases at PET. A high fraction of PSMA-negative CTCs emerged as the sole predictor of poor RLT response (odds ratio [OR]: 0.9379 [95% confidence interval, CI, 0.8558-0.9902]; p = 0.0160), and was prognostic for both shorter progression-free survival (OR: 1.236 [95% CI, 1.035-2.587]; p = 0.0043) and overall survival (OR: 1.056 [95% CI, 1.008-1.141]; p = 0.0182). CONCLUSION: This proof-of-principle study suggests that liquid biopsy for CTC PSMA expression is complementary to PET for individual PSMA phenotyping of mCRPC.

Molecular imaging of the brain-heart axis provides insights into cardiac dysfunction after cerebral ischemia.

Ischemic stroke imparts elevated risk of heart failure though the underlying mechanisms remain poorly described. We aimed to characterize the influence of cerebral ischemic injury on cardiac function using multimodality molecular imaging to investigate brain and cardiac morphology and tissue inflammation in two mouse models of variable stroke severity. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) generated extensive stroke damage (56.31 ± 40.39 mm3). Positron emission tomography imaging of inflammation targeting the mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) revealed localized neuroinflammation at 7 days after stroke compared to sham (3.8 ± 0.8 vs 2.6 ± 0.7 %ID/g max, p < 0.001). By contrast, parenchyma topical application of vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 did not generate significant stroke damage or neuroinflammatory cell activity. MCAo evoked a modest reduction in left ventricle ejection fraction at both 1 weeks and 3 weeks after stroke (LVEF at 3 weeks: 54.3 ± 5.7 vs 66.1 ± 3.5%, p < 0.001). This contractile impairment was paralleled by elevated cardiac TSPO PET signal compared to sham (8.6 ± 2.4 vs 5.8 ± 0.7%ID/g, p = 0.022), but was independent of leukocyte infiltration defined by flow cytometry. Stroke size correlated with severity of cardiac dysfunction (r = 0.590, p = 0.008). Statistical parametric mapping identified a direct association between neuroinflammation at 7 days in a cluster of voxels including the insular cortex and reduced ejection fraction (ρ = - 0.396, p = 0.027). Suppression of microglia led to lower TSPO signal at 7 days which correlated with spared late cardiac function after MCAo (r = - 0.759, p = 0.029). Regional neuroinflammation early after cerebral ischemia influences subsequent cardiac dysfunction. Total body TSPO PET enables monitoring of neuroinflammation, providing insights into brain-heart inter-organ communication and may guide therapeutic intervention to spare cardiac function post-stroke.

Characterizing the transition from immune response to tissue repair after myocardial infarction by multiparametric imaging.

Persistent inflammation following myocardial infarction (MI) precipitates adverse outcome including acute ventricular rupture and chronic heart failure. Molecular imaging allows longitudinal assessment of immune cell activity in the infarct territory and predicts severity of remodeling. We utilized a multiparametric imaging platform to assess the immune response and cardiac healing following MI in mice. Suppression of circulating macrophages prior to MI paradoxically resulted in higher total leukocyte content in the heart, demonstrated by increased CXC motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) positron emission tomography imaging. This supported the formation of a thrombus overlying the injured region, as identified by magnetic resonance imaging. The injured and thrombotic region in macrophage depeleted mice subsequently showed active calcification, as evidenced by accumulation of 18F-fluoride and by cardiac computed tomography. Importantly, macrophage suppression triggered a prolonged inflammatory response confirmed by post-mortem tissue analysis that was associated with higher mortality from ventricular rupture early after occlusion and with increased infarct size and worse chronic contractile function at 6 weeks after reperfusion. These findings establish a molecular imaging toolbox for monitoring the interplay between adverse immune response and tissue repair after MI. This may serve as a foundation for development and monitoring of novel targeted therapies that may include immune modulation and endogenous healing support.

Cardiac Fibroblast Activation in Patients Early After Acute Myocardial Infarction: Integration with MR Tissue Characterization and Subsequent Functional Outcome.

After acute myocardial infarction (AMI), fibroblast activation protein (FAP) upregulation exceeds the infarct region. We sought further insights into the physiologic relevance by correlating FAP-targeted PET with tissue characteristics from cardiac MRI (CMR) and functional outcome. Methods: Thirty-five patients underwent CMR, perfusion SPECT, and 68Ga-FAP inhibitor (FAPI)-46 PET/CT within 11 d after AMI. Infarct size was determined from SPECT by comparison to a reference database. For PET, regional SUVs and isocontour volumes of interest determined the extent of cardiac FAP upregulation (FAP volume). CMR yielded functional parameters, area of injury (late gadolinium enhancement [LGE]) and T1/T2 mapping. Follow-up was available from echocardiography or CMR after 139.5 d (interquartile range, 80.5-188.25 d) (n = 14). Results: The area of FAP upregulation was significantly larger than the SPECT perfusion defect size (58% ± 15% vs. 23% ± 17%, P < 0.001) and infarct area by LGE (28% ± 11%, P < 0.001). FAP volume significantly correlated with CMR parameters at baseline (all P < 0.001): infarct area (r = 0.58), left ventricle (LV) mass (r = 0.69), end-systolic volume (r = 0.62), and end-diastolic volume (r = 0.57). Segmental analysis revealed FAP upregulation in 308 of 496 myocardial segments (62%). Significant LGE was found in only 56% of FAP-positive segments, elevated T1 in 74%, and elevated T2 in 68%. Fourteen percent (44/308) of FAP-positive segments exhibited neither prolonged T1 or T2 nor significant LGE. Of note, FAP volume correlated only weakly with simultaneously measured LV ejection fraction at baseline (r = -0.32, P = 0.07), whereas there was a significant inverse correlation with LV ejection fraction obtained at later follow-up (r = -0.58, P = 0.007). Conclusion: Early after AMI and reperfusion therapy, activation of fibroblasts markedly exceeds the hypoperfused infarct region and involves noninfarcted myocardium. The 68Ga-FAPI PET signal does not match regional myocardial tissue characteristics as defined by CMR but is predictive of the evolution of ventricular dysfunction. FAP-targeted imaging may provide a novel biomarker of LV remodeling that is complementary to existing techniques.

Volumetric 68Ga-DOTA-TATE PET/CT for assessment of whole-body tumor burden as a quantitative imaging biomarker in patients with metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

BACKGROUND: A quantitative imaging biomarker is desirable to provide a comprehensive measure of whole-body tumor burden in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors, and to standardize the evaluation of treatment-related changes. Therefore, we evaluated volumetric parameters for quantification of whole-body tumor burden from somatostatin receptor (SSR)-targeted PET/CT. METHODS: Thirty-two patients with metastastic grade1/grade 2 gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors who underwent a 68Ga-DOTA-TATE PET/CT for staging of disease before initiation of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy were included in this retrospective cohort analysis. Volumetric parameters of tumor lesions, SSR-derived tumor volume (SSR-TV) and total lesion SSR (TL-SSR), were calculated for each patient using a computerized volumetric technique with a 40% SUVmax cut-off, and compared with serum chromogranin A (CgA) levels. Progression-free survival (PFS) was determined in relation to volumetric parameters. In a subgroup of 18 patients, the feasibility of volumetric parameters for treatment monitoring was evaluated. RESULTS: Mean SSR-TV was 178±214 cm3 (range, 9-797 cm3), whereas mean TL-SSR was 4096±5191 cm3 (range, 61-19,203 cm3). Baseline CgA levels were associated with whole-body tumor burden (SSR-TV, r=0.57, P=0.0008; and TL-SSR, r=0.43, P=0.01, respectively). PFS was shorter in patients with high SSR-TV and high TL-SSR (HR 5.16, 95% CI, 1.61-29.67), P=0.009), and SSR-TV (P=0.0067) and TL-SSR (P=0.0215) emerged as the sole predictors of progression in regression analysis. Changes in CgA did not correctly identify treatment response (P=0.25). CONCLUSIONS: SSR-derived volumetric parameters provide a quantitative imaging biomarker for whole-body tumor burden, and may hold potential as a clear-cut measure for assessment of treatment response.

Pretherapeutic estimated glomerular filtration rate predicts development of chronic kidney disease in patients receiving PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy.

BACKGROUND: Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted radioligand therapy (RLT) may be associated with renal toxicity. We aimed to identify predictive parameters for the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) undergoing RLT. METHODS: In 46 mCRPC patients scheduled for Lu-177-PSMA-RLT, pretherapeutic estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR [ml/min/1.73 m2 ]), Tc-99m-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (Tc-99m-MAG3) clearance and baseline Ga-68-PSMA-ligand positron emission tomography (PET)-derived renal cortical uptake and PSMA-tumor volume (TV) were determined. We tested the predictive capability of these parameters and clinical risk factors for the occurrence of CKD (defined as CTCAE vers. 5.0 grade 2 or higher) during follow-up. RESULTS: After 4 ± 3 cycles of RLT average eGFR declined from 76 ± 17 to 72 ± 20 ml/min/1.73 m2 (p = 0.003). Increased estimated renal radiation dose (eRRD) was significantly associated with renal functional decline (p = 0.008). During follow-up, 16/46 (30.4%) developed CKD grade 2 (no grade 3 or higher). In receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, pretherapeutic eGFR was highly accurate in identifying the occurrence of CKD vs no CKD with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.945 (p < 0.001; best threshold, 77 ml/min/1.73 m2 ), followed by Tc-99m-MAG3-derived tubular extraction rate (TER; AUC, 0.831, p < 0.001; best threshold, 200 ml/min/1.73 m2 ). Renal PET signal (p = 0.751) and PSMA-TV (p = 0.942), however, were not predictive. Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed adverse renal outcome for patients with lower eGFR (p = 0.001) and lower scintigraphy-derived TER (p = 0.009), with pretherapeutic eGFR emerging as the sole predictive parameter in multivariate analysis (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Serious adverse renal events are not a frequent phenomenon after PSMA-targeted RLT. However, in patients developing moderate CKD after RLT, pretherapeutic eGFR is an independent predictor for renal impairment during follow-up.

Choice of anesthesia and data analysis method strongly increases sensitivity of 18F-FDG PET imaging during experimental epileptogenesis.

PURPOSE: Alterations in brain glucose metabolism detected by 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) may serve as an early predictive biomarker and treatment target for epileptogenesis. Here, we aimed to investigate changes in cerebral glucose metabolism before induction of epileptogenesis, during epileptogenesis as well as during chronic epilepsy. As anesthesia is usually unavoidable for preclinical PET imaging and influences the distribution of the radiotracer, four different protocols were compared. PROCEDURES: We investigated 18F-FDG uptake phase in conscious rats followed by a static scan as well as dynamic scans under continuous isoflurane, medetomidine-midazolam-fentanyl (MMF), or propofol anesthesia. Furthermore, we applied different analysis approaches: atlas-based regional analysis, statistical parametric mapping, and kinetic analysis. RESULTS: At baseline and compared to uptake in conscious rats, isoflurane and propofol anesthesia resulted in decreased cortical 18F-FDG uptake while MMF anesthesia led to a globally decreased tracer uptake. During epileptogenesis, MMF anesthesia was clearly best distinctive for visualization of prominently increased glucometabolism in epilepsy-related brain areas. Kinetic modeling further increased sensitivity, particularly for continuous isoflurane anesthesia. During chronic epilepsy, hypometabolism affecting more or less the whole brain was detectable with all protocols. CONCLUSION: This study reveals evaluation of anesthesia protocols for preclinical 18F-FDG PET imaging as a critical step in the study design. Together with an appropriate data analysis workflow, the chosen anesthesia protocol may uncover otherwise concealed disease-associated regional glucometabolic changes.

99mTc-HMPAO SPECT imaging reveals brain hypoperfusion during status epilepticus.

Status epilepticus (SE) is a clinical emergency with high mortality. SE can trigger neuronal death or injury and alteration of neuronal networks resulting in long-term cognitive decline or epilepsy. Among the multiple factors contributing to this damage, imbalance between oxygen and glucose requirements and brain perfusion during SE has been proposed. Herein, we aimed to quantify by neuroimaging the spatiotemporal course of brain perfusion during and after lithium-pilocarpine-induced SE in rats. To this purpose, animals underwent 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT imaging at different time points during and after SE using a small animal SPECT/CT system. 99mTc-HMPAO regional uptake was normalized to the injected dose. In addition, voxel-based statistical parametric mapping was performed. SPECT imaging showed an increase of cortical perfusion before clinical seizure activity onset followed by regional hypo-perfusion starting with the first convulsive seizure and during SE. Twenty-four hours after SE, brain 99mTc-HMPAO uptake was widely decreased. Finally, chronic epileptic animals showed regionally decreased perfusion affecting hippocampus and cortical sub-regions. Despite elevated energy and oxygen requirements, brain hypo-perfusion is present during SE. Our results suggest that insufficient compensation of required blood flow might contribute to neuronal damage and neuroinflammation, and ultimately to chronic epilepsy generated by SE.

Molecular imaging of fibroblast activation protein after myocardial infarction using the novel radiotracer [68Ga]MHLL1.

Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) evokes an organized remodeling process characterized by the activation and transdifferentiation of quiescent cardiac fibroblasts to generate a stable collagen rich scar. Early fibroblast activation may be amenable to targeted therapy, but is challenging to identify in vivo. We aimed to non-invasively image active fibrosis by targeting the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) expressed by activated (myo)fibroblasts, using a novel positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand [68Ga]MHLL1 after acute MI. Methods: One-step chemical synthesis and manual as well as module-based radiolabeling yielded [68Ga]MHLL1. Binding characteristics were evaluated in murine and human FAP-transfected cells, and stability tested in human serum. Biodistribution in healthy animals was interrogated by dynamic PET imaging, and metabolites were measured in blood and urine. The temporal pattern of FAP expression was determined by serial PET imaging at 7 d and 21 d after coronary artery ligation in mice as percent injected dose per gram (%ID/g). PET measurements were validated by ex vivo autoradiography and immunostaining for FAP and inflammatory macrophages. Results: [68Ga]MHLL1 displayed specific uptake in murine and human FAP-positive cells (p = 0.0208). In healthy mice the tracer exhibited favorable imaging characteristics, with low blood pool retention and dominantly renal clearance. At 7 d after coronary artery ligation, [68Ga]MHLL1 uptake was elevated in the infarct relative to the non-infarcted remote myocardium (1.3 ± 0.3 vs. 1.0 ± 0.2 %ID/g, p < 0.001) which persisted to 21 d after MI (1.3 ± 0.4 vs. 1.1 ± 0.4 %ID/g, p = 0.013). Excess unlabeled compound blocked tracer accumulation in both infarct and non-infarct remote myocardium regions (p < 0.001). Autoradiography and histology confirmed the regional uptake of [68Ga]MHLL1 in the infarct and especially border zone regions, as identified by Masson trichrome collagen staining. Immunostaining further delineated persistent FAP expression at 7 d and 21 d post-MI in the border zone, consistent with tracer distribution in vivo. Conclusion: The simplified synthesis of [68Ga]MHLL1 bears promise for non-invasive characterization of fibroblast activation protein early in remodeling after MI.

Optimization of Artificial Siderophores as 68Ga-Complexed PET Tracers for In Vivo Imaging of Bacterial Infections.

The diagnosis of bacterial infections at deep body sites benefits from noninvasive imaging of molecular probes that can be traced by positron emission tomography (PET). We specifically labeled bacteria by targeting their iron transport system with artificial siderophores. The cyclen-based probes contain different binding sites for iron and the PET nuclide gallium-68. A panel of 11 siderophores with different iron coordination numbers and geometries was synthesized in up to 8 steps, and candidates with the best siderophore potential were selected by a growth recovery assay. The probes [68Ga]7 and [68Ga]15 were found to be suitable for PET imaging based on their radiochemical yield, radiochemical purity, and complex stability in vitro and in vivo. Both showed significant uptake in mice infected with Escherichia coli and were able to discern infection from lipopolysaccharide-triggered, sterile inflammation. The study qualifies cyclen-based artificial siderophores as readily accessible scaffolds for the in vivo imaging of bacteria.

Simplified 89Zr-Labeling Protocol of Oxine (8-Hydroxyquinoline) Enabling Prolonged Tracking of Liposome-Based Nanomedicines and Cells.

In this work, a method for the preparation of the highly lipophilic labeling synthon [89Zr]Zr(oxinate)4 was optimized for the radiolabeling of liposomes and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). The aim was to establish a robust and reliable labeling protocol for enabling up to one week positron emission tomography (PET) tracing of lipid-based nanomedicines and transplanted or injected cells, respectively. [89Zr]Zr(oxinate)4 was prepared from oxine (8-hydroxyquinoline) and [89Zr]Zr(OH)2(C2O4). Earlier introduced liquid-liquid extraction methods were simplified by the optimization of buffering, pH, temperature and reaction times. For quality control, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and centrifugation were employed. Subsequently, the 89Zr-complex was incorporated into liposome formulations. PET/CT imaging of 89Zr-labeled liposomes was performed in healthy mice. Cell labeling was accomplished in PBS using suspensions of 3 × 106 hiPSCs, each. [89Zr]Zr(oxinate)4 was synthesized in very high radiochemical yields of 98.7% (96.8% ± 2.8%). Similarly, high internalization rates (≥90%) of [89Zr]Zr(oxinate)4 into liposomes were obtained over an 18 h incubation period. MicroPET and biodistribution studies confirmed the labeled nanocarriers' in vivo stability. Human iPSCs incorporated the labeling agent within 30 min with ~50% efficiency. Prolonged PET imaging is an ideal tool in the development of lipid-based nanocarriers for drug delivery and cell therapies. To this end, a reliable and reproducible 89Zr radiolabeling method was developed and tested successfully in a model liposome system and in hiPSCs alike.

PSMA Expression Predicts Early Biochemical Response in Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer under 177Lu-PSMA-617 Radioligand Therapy.

177Lu-Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-radioligand therapy (RLT) is a promising treatment option in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). We aimed to determine the predictive value of pretherapeutic PSMA-ligand positron emission tomography (PET) and established clinical parameters for early biochemical response after two cycles of RLT. In total, 71 mCRPC patients who had undergone PET/computed tomography (CT) with 68Ga-PSMA-11 prior to two cycles of 177Lu-PSMA-617 RLT were included. Malignant lesions on pretherapeutic PET/CTs were manually segmented and average maximum PSMA expression (maximum standardized uptake values, SUVmax), whole-body PSMA-tumor volume (TV), and whole-body total lesion (TL)-PSMA were calculated. We then tested the predictive performance of these parameters for early biochemical response (defined as prostate-sepcific antigen (PSA) decrease of ≥50% according to PCWG2) after two cycles of RLT, relative to established clinical parameters. Early PSA response was observed in 34/71 patients. PSA change after two cycles of RLT correlated with pretherapeutic SUVmax (r = -0.49; p < 0.001), but not with PSMA-TV (r = 0.02; p = 0.89) or TL-PSMA (r = -0.15; p = 0.22). A cut-off of 19.8 for SUVmax and 75.5 years for age was defined by receiver operating characteristics and revealed a significant outcome difference for early biochemical response between patients with adversely low vs. high PSMA expression and low vs. high age (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified SUVmax (HR, 7.94, p = 0.001) and age (HR, 8.05, p = 0.002) as independent predictors for PSA response early in the treatment course. Thus, high age and high PSMA expression in patients scheduled for RLT identify patients with early biochemical response. This study provides a rationale for further prospective studies exploring PET-guided treatment intensification in selected patients.

Molecular Imaging of Inflammation and Fibrosis in Pressure Overload Heart Failure.

[Figure: see text].

Reduced microglia activity in patients with long-term immunosuppressive therapy after liver transplantation.

PURPOSE: Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) can cause long-term impairment of brain function. Possible pathomechanisms include alterations of the cerebral immune system. This study used positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the translocator protein (TSPO) ligand 18F-GE-180 to evaluate microglial activation in liver-transplanted patients under different regimens of immunosuppression. METHODS: PET was performed in 22 liver-transplanted patients (3 CNI free, 9 with low-dose CNI, 10 with standard-dose CNI immunosuppression) and 9 healthy controls. The total distribution volume (VT) estimated in 12 volumes-of-interest was analyzed regarding TSPO genotype, CNI therapy, and cognitive performance. RESULTS: In controls, VT was about 80% higher in high affinity binders (n = 5) compared to mixed affinity binders (n = 3). Mean VT corrected for TSPO genotype was significantly lower in patients compared to controls, especially in patients in whom CNI dose had been reduced because of nephrotoxic side effect. CONCLUSION: Our results provide evidence of chronic suppression of microglial activity in liver-transplanted patients under CNI therapy especially in patients with high sensitivity to CNI toxicity.

Efficacy of PSMA PET-Guided Radiotherapy for Oligometastatic Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

PURPOSE: To assess the outcome of radiotherapy (RT) to all PSMA ligand positive metastases for patients with castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 42 patients developed oligometastatic mCRPC and received PSMA PET-guided RT of all metastases. The main outcome parameters were biochemical progression-free survival (bPFS), and second-line systemic treatment free survival (SST-FS). RESULTS: A total of 141 PSMA ligand-positive metastases were irradiated. The median follow-up time was 39.0 months (12-58 months). During the follow-up five out of 42 (11.9%) patients died of progressive mPCa. Five out of 42 (11.9%) patients showed no biochemical responses and presented with a PSA level ≥10% of the baseline PSA at first PSA level measurement after RT and were classified as non-responders. The median PSA level before RT was 4.79 ng/mL (range, 0.4-46.1), which decreased significantly to a median PSA nadir level of 0.39 ng/mL (range, <0.07-32.8; p=0.002). The median PSA level at biochemical progression after PSMA ligand-based RT was 2.75 ng/mL (range, 0.27-53.0; p=0.24) and was not significantly different (p=0.29) from the median PSA level (4.79 ng/mL, range, 0.4-46.1) before the PSMA ligand-based RT. The median bPFS was 12.0 months after PSMA ligand PET-based RT (95% CI, 11.2-15.8) and the median SST-FS was 15.0 months (95% CI, 14.0-21.5). CONCLUSION: In well-informed and closely followed-up patients, PSMA PET-guided RT represents a viable treatment option for patients with oligometastatic mCRPC to delay further systemic therapies.