Factores asociados a glucemia alterada en ayunas en mujeres adultas no diabéticas / Glycaemic profile and its association with related factors insulin resistance in adult women without diabetes

RESUMEN Introducción: La identificación e intervención de los estados metabólicos previos a la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM 2), permite evitar la aparición de la enfermedad en un alto porcentaje de los casos. Objetivo: Evaluar los factores de riesgo asociados a los valores de glucemia alterada en ayunas (GAA) en mujeres adultas no diabéticas, concurrentes a consulta nutricional en Centro Endocrinológico de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal y analítico en muestra no probabilística de 316 mujeres (40 a 65 años) no diabéticas, clasificadas según la glucemia en ayunas en dos grupos (Gl <100 mg/dl y Gl ≥100 y <126 mg/dl). Se estudiaron como factores de riesgo relacionados a la GAA: circunferencia de cintura aumentada (CC) >88 cm, peso no saludable según Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) ≥27 kg/m2, sedentarismo (menos de 150 minutos por semana de actividad física programada), hipertensión arterial (HTA: ≥140/90 mmHg) y relación TG/HDL-C elevada (≥3). Se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS 19.0 calculando media, desvío estándar y test de Chi cuadrado. El nivel de significación estadístico se fijó en p <0,05. Resultados: La edad media fue 53,6 (DS = 6,5) años, siendo el 35,8% premenopáusicas y 64,2% postmenopáusicas. El 33,2% de la muestra presentó GAA. El 52,8% presentó peso no saludable y el 45,3% CC aumentada. El 66,5% fue sedentaria, el 21,5% HTA y el 22,2% relación TG/HDL-C elevada. La GAA se asoció significativamente con HTA (p <0,001) y relación TG/HDL-C elevada (p <0,001). Conclusiones: Los valores de HTA y la relación TG/HDL-C elevada fueron los dos factores que se asociaron con la GAA en esta muestra. Se recomienda su pesquisa como marcadores tempranos para prevenir el riesgo de DM2.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The identification and intervention of the metabolic states prior to the diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), allows to avoid the appearance of the disease in a high percentage of the cases. Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with the values of fasting altered glycemia (GAA) in non-diabetic adult women, concurrent to nutritional consultation at the Endocrinological Center of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional and analytical study in a non-probabilistic sample of 316 women (40 to 65 years) without diabetes and not pregnant, who were classified according to fasting glycemia in two Groups (Gl <100 mg/dl and Gl≥100 and <126 mg/dl). They were studied as risk factors related to GAA: increased waist circumference (WC) >88 cm, unhealthy body mass index (BMI) ≥27 kg/m2, physical inactivity (less than 150 minutes a week), arterial hypertension (HT: ≥140/90 mmHg) and elevated TG/HDL-C ratio (≥3). The statistical program SPSS 19.0 was used to calculate mean, standard deviation and Chi square test. The level of statistical significance was set at p <0.05. Results: The mean age was 53.6 (SD = 6.5) years (35.8% premenopausal and 64.2% postmenopausal). 33.2% of the sample had GAA. 52.8% had unhealthy weight and 45.3% had increased BCA. 66.5% were sedentary, 21.5% had a diagnosis of hypertension and 22.2% had a high TG/HDL-C ratio. GAA was significantly associated with HTA (p<0,001) and elevated TG / HDL-C ratio (p <0,001). Conclusions: The HTA values and the elevated TG/HDL-C ratio were the two factors that in this study were associated with GAA in this sample. Their research is recommended as early markers to prevent the risk of DM2.

Influyen los valores de tirotrofina sobre el descenso de peso corporal en mujeres adultas con sobrepeso y obesidad? / Do thyrotropin values influence on the decrease of body weight in adult women with overweight and obesity

Introducción: . Objetivos: Estudiar si los valores de TSH influyen sobre el descenso del peso corporal en mujeres adultas con sobrepeso u obesidad. Metodología: Diseño de intervención sobre muestra no probabilística de mujeres >30 años y con IMC ≥25 Kg/m2, que asistieron a un Centro Endocrinológico de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Resultados: Se estudiaron 105 mujeres (50.8±12.2 años) con un IMC medio de 30.0±4.9 Kg/m2. El 57.1% eran hipotiroideas bajo tratamiento con LT4. Según valor de TSH: Grupo A (27.6%) ≥2.5 mUI/L y Grupo B (72.4%) <2.5 mUI/L. A partir del programa de intervención, la mayoría descendió menos del 1% semanal con respecto a su peso inicial (51.7% grupo A y 56.6% Grupo B), con un grado de adherencia al tratamiento entre el 60 y 70% (51.7% grupo A y 50.1% Grupo B) sin observarse diferencias significativas entre los grupos. No se encontró asociación entre la pérdida de peso semanal con la función tiroidea (OR:0.64; IC:0.29-1.39; p:0.32) ni con valor de TSH (OR:1.21; IC:0.51-2.86; p:0.66). Se encontró correlación directa entre la pérdida de peso semanal y el grado de adherencia al tratamiento (r:0.464; p: 0.000) e inversa con el tiempo transcurrido hasta el primer control (r:-0.30; p: 0.002) y rangos del IMC (r: -0.282; p: 0.004), independientemente de la edad, la función tiroidea o el valor de TSH que presentaban las pacientes. Conclusiones: Los valores de TSH y la función tiroidea no influyeron sobre la pérdida de peso semanal. El descenso de peso se relacionó con la adherencia al tratamiento en forma directa independientemente de la edad, la función tiroidea o el valor de TSH.

Evaluation of surface water quality using an ecotoxicological approach: a case study of the Piracicaba River (São Paulo, Brazil).

A long-term study was conducted to evaluate Piracicaba River water (São Paulo state, Brazil) using different methodologies and organisms. During 1 year (February 2011 to January 2012), water samples were collected monthly at six different locations and exposed under laboratory conditions to the microcrustaceans Ceriodaphnia dubia and Ceriodaphnia silvestrii for 7 days and to the fish Danio rerio for 4 days to evaluate effects on reproduction and on gill morphology, respectively. Physical-chemical parameters of the water were also measured. Physical-chemical characteristics demonstrated decreasing water quality from upstream to downstream of the river. Effects on the reproduction of C. dubia and C. silvestrii were observed in 3 months (February and March 2011 and January 2012) and occurred in samples collected close to industrialized cities like Americana and Piracicaba. Evaluation of the gills showed normal function of the organ during all months, except in February, September, and October for some locations.

First Report of Clubroot of Eruca sativa Caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae in Brazil.

Eruca sativa Mill. (family Brassicaceae), with its origin in western Asia, is a culinary and pharmacological species cultivated in Europe, Brazil, and other countries. In the United States, it is a minor crop known as arugula or roquette. Clubroot on E. sativa has not been reported in Brazil and has been reported once in the United States in 1914 (1,2,3). On several occasions since 2000, stunted and wilted plants (cv. Rúcula Cultivada) were collected from growers' fields and greenhouses that had been direct-seeded in Vargem Bonita, DF (two fields and one greenhouse) and Quatro Barras, PR (two fields). The infected arugula crops were found in areas where other plants from the genus Brassica were traditionally cultivated. Disease incidence in individual fields varied from 20 to 80%. Diseased plants were severely affected with hypertrophic, malformed roots, and root galls resembling Woronin's description (4). Plasmodia and resting spores in thin sections prepared from root galls were observed with compound and electron microscopes. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on arugula and Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr. (universal host) with inoculum from naturally infected arugula. The soil of potted test plants at the four-to-five-leaf stage was drenched with a suspension of resting spores. Symptoms identical to those observed on the original plants were produced on all inoculated plants 2 to 3 weeks after inoculation. Control plants remained symptomless. The pathogen was positively identified as Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. with the combination of macroscopic and microscopic symptoms and signs of the disease and pathogen. P. brassicae was first reported in Brazil in 1965 in the state of São Paulo and in the 1980s in Distrito Federal on several members of the Brassicae. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. brassicae infecting E. sativa in Brazil. Arugula is a susceptible host and should not be planted on P. brassicae-infested land. References: (1) D. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. 1989. (2) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, On-line publication. ARS, USDA, 2003. (3) J. S. Karling. The Plasmodiophorales. Published by J. S. karling, NY. 1942. (4) M. S. Woronin. Plasmodiophora brassicae the Cause of Cabbage Hernia. Phytopathological Classics 4. The American Phytopathological Society, Ithaca, NY, 1934.