ABSTRACT
Dental caries and oral infections have become a widespread issue in the modern world. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxicity characteristics of the extracts of Echinacea purpura, Arctium lappa, and the essential oil of Zataria multiflora as a potential herbal mouthwash. The essential oil of Z. multiflora leaves and the extracts of E. purpurea and A. lappa roots were prepared. The characterization was carried out by GC-MS and also, total phenol and flavonoid were assed for all three samples. The antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects were evaluated against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus salivarius, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The cytotoxic effect of the samples was evaluated on HEK 293 and HDFa cells by MTT test. Thymol and carvacrol contents in EO of Z. multiflora were measured at 31% and 42.2%, respectively. A. lappa had the lowest total phenolic and flavonoid value among the samples. On the other hand, the total phenolic content of Z. multiflora and the total flavonoid content of E. purpurea were the highest. The MIC values of Zataria, Arctium, and Echinacea against S. mutans were 0.011% v/v, 187.5 mg/ml, and 93.75 mg/ml, while MBC were 0.011% v/v, 375 mg/ml, and 187.5 mg/ml, respectively. The formulation showed bactericidal activity against S. mutans in the concentration of 5.86 mg/ml for Echinacea and Burdock extracts and 0.08 µl/ml for EO of Zataria. The formulation significantly affected microbial biofilm formation and induced biofilm degradation. The cell viability percentages were higher than 50% during 24 and 48 h. The formulation had a significant antimicrobial effect on cariogenic bacteria and C. albicans, with the lowest cytotoxic effects. Therefore, this formulation can be an appropriate candidate for mouthwash.
ABSTRACT
Orodental problems have long been managed using herbal medicine. The development of nanoparticle formulations with herbal medicine has now become a breakthrough in dentistry because the synthesis of biogenic metal nanoparticles (MNPs) using plant extracts can address the drawbacks of herbal treatments. Green production of MNPs such as Ag, Au, and Fe nanoparticles enhanced by plant extracts has been proven to be beneficial in managing numerous orodental disorders, even outperforming traditional materials. Nanostructures are utilized in dental advances and diagnostics. Oral disease prevention medicines, prostheses, and tooth implantation all employ nanoparticles. Nanomaterials can also deliver oral fluid or pharmaceuticals, treating oral cancers and providing a high level of oral healthcare. These are also found in toothpaste, mouthwash, and other dental care products. However, there is a lack of understanding about the safety of nanomaterials, necessitating additional study. Many problems, including medication resistance, might be addressed using nanoparticles produced by green synthesis. This study reviews the green synthesis of MNPs applied in dentistry in recent studies (2010-2021).
ABSTRACT
Background: This study aimed to assess the effect of different whitening toothpastes containing activated charcoal, abrasive particles or hydrogen peroxide on the color of aged microhybrid composite. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro, experimental study, 45 composite discs (2 mm × 7 mm) were fabricated of a microhybrid composite. They underwent accelerated artificial aging for 300 h, corresponding to 1 year of clinical service. The composites were then randomly divided into five groups (n = 9). One group served as the control and underwent tooth brushing with distilled water. The remaining four groups underwent tooth brushing with Colgate Total whitening (Gt), Colgate Optic White (Go), Perfect White Black (Gp) and Bencer (Gb) toothpastes in a brushing machine The International Commission on Illumination values (Lm, am, bm) were determined using a spectrophotometer. Color change (ΔE) calculated based on this formula: ΔEm= ([ΔLm] 2 + [Δam] 2 + [Δbm] 2)½. The differences were defined by ΔE1 (after aging-baseline),ΔE2 (after brushing-after aging) and ΔE3 (after brushing-base line). ΔE1 were evaluated to ensure that color mismatch had occurred (ΔE1 > 5.5). Difference in (L, a, b) parameters after aging and after tooth brushing in each group, color parameter changes (ΔL2, Δa2, Δb2, ΔL3, Δa3, Δb3) and ΔE2 and ΔE3 were analyzed and compared using Wilcoxon test and independent sample median test at P = 0.05 level of significance. Results: The color parameter changes, ΔE3 and Δ E2 were not significantly different among the five groups (P > 0.05). In Gp and Gb charcoal a*, b*, and L* after tooth brushing (P < 0.05). In Colgate Optic group, the a* parameter significantly decreased while the L* parameter significantly increased (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that there is no significant difference in the color change of Spectrum composite following tooth brushing with different whitening toothpastes for two weeks. It should be noted that Δ E3 reached to <3.3 only in charcoal whitening toothpastes.