ABSTRACT
The clinical presentation of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) at diagnosis differs in children compared to adults. At younger age, anemia appears to be frequent at diagnosis, but its prevalence and its impact on prognosis are not well known. In the International Registry of Childhood CML, we selected children and adolescents in chronic phase at diagnosis of CML and treated upfront with imatinib. We examined their hemoglobin level at diagnosis according to the WHO grades to assess the prevalence of anemia and its impact on response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Data on 430 patients were included. Anemia at diagnosis was observed in 350 patients (81%), with a mean hemoglobin level of 96.4 g/l (SD 23.6). Among them, 182 patients (52%) presented with moderate anemia and 110 (31%) with severe anemia while 58 (17%) had mild anemia. Compared with mild and no anemia, moderate and severe forms were significantly associated with younger age at diagnosis, asthenia, splenomegaly, and increased leukocyte and basophil counts. Delays in achieving major and deep molecular responses were significantly increased for patients with moderate and severe anemia, and also failure of imatinib treatment was more frequent in these two sub-cohorts. However, hemoglobin level was not significantly associated with survival. Anemia at diagnosis of pediatric CML was frequent and may be considered as a prognostic factor.
Subject(s)
Anemia , Antineoplastic Agents , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive , Adult , Adolescent , Humans , Child , Imatinib Mesylate/therapeutic use , Prognosis , Prevalence , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy , Anemia/drug therapy , Hemoglobins , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
The EUTOS Long-Term Survival score was tested in 350 children with chronic myeloid leukemia in first chronic phase treated with imatinib and registered in the International Registry for Childhood Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. With a median follow up of 3 years (range, 1 month to 6 years) progression and/or death (whichever came first) occurred in 23 patients. For the entire cohort of patients the 5-year progression-free survival rate was 92% (95% CI: 87%-94%) and the 5-year survival accounting for chronic myeloid leukemia deaths was 97% (95% CI: 94%-99%). Of the 309 patients allocated to low (n=199), intermediate (n=68) and high (n=42) risk groups by the EUTOS Long-Term Survival score, events (progression and/or death) occurred in 6.0%, 8.8% and 26.2%, respectively. Estimates of the 5-year progression-free survival rates according to these three risk groups were 96% (95% CI: 92%-98%), 88% (95% CI: 76%-95%) and 67% (95% CI: 48%-81%), respectively. Differences in progression-free survival according to these risk groups were highly significant (P<0.0001, overall). The EUTOS Long-Term Survival score showed better differentiation of progression-free survival than the Sokal (<45 years), Euro and EUTOS scores in children and adolescents with chronic myeloid leukemia and should be considered in therapeutic algorithms. (Trial registered at: www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT01281735).
Subject(s)
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/epidemiology , Adolescent , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Child , Child, Preschool , Disease Progression , Disease-Free Survival , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/mortality , Male , Prognosis , Registries , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In the adult population with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), variant translocations are usually not considered to be impairing the prognosis, whereas some additional cytogenetic abnormalities (ACAs) are associated with a negative impact on survival. Because of the rarity of CML in the pediatric population, such abnormalities have not been investigated in a large group of children with CML. METHODS: The prognostic relevance of variant t(9;22) and ACAs at diagnosis was assessed in 301 children with CML in the chronic phase who were enrolled in the International Registry for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Children and Adolescents. RESULTS: Overall, 19 children (6.3%) presented with additional cytogenetic findings at diagnosis: 5 children (1.7%) had a variant t(9;22) translocation, 13 children (4.3%) had ACAs, and 1 had both. At 3 years, for children with a classic translocation, children with ACAs, and children with a variant t(9;22) translocation who were treated with imatinib as frontline therapy, the probability of progression-free survival (PFS) was 95% (95% confidence interval [CI], 91%-97%), 100%, and 75% (95% CI, 13%-96%), respectively, and the probability of overall survival (OS) was 98% (95% CI, 95%-100%), 100% (95% CI, 43%-98%), and 75% (95% CI, 13%-96%), respectively. No statistical difference was observed between the patients with classic cytogenetic findings and those with additional chromosomal abnormalities in terms of PFS and OS. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to adults with CML, additional chromosomal abnormalities observed at diagnosis do not seem to have a significant prognostic impact. Cancer 2017;123:3609-16. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Chromosome Aberrations/statistics & numerical data , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/mortality , Disease-Free Survival , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Administration Schedule , Follow-Up Studies , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/epidemiology , Humans , Internationality , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Registries , Retrospective Studies , Statistics, Nonparametric , Survival Analysis , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Glomus tumor is a well known pathology in hand surgery; in addition to sites in the upper limbs, it can also affect the lower limbs and develop in other parts of the body. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven females and four males with glomus tumors underwent surgery between 1990 and 1998 at our hospital. These cases were retrospectively studied, and immunohistochemical staining was carried out for vimentin, factor VIII and CD34. RESULTS: At the time of diagnosis, the mean age of the patients was 49 years, with a mean follow-up of 18.5 months. Regarding tumor site, there were six digital, one wrist, two neck and two lower limb locations. In this series, familial incidence was observed in two cases, i.e., two sisters with tumor occurrence at the same digital site. Tumor size varied from 0.2 to 5 cm. In agreement with the findings in the literature, the present results showed only a low incidence of locations other than in the upper and lower limbs. Moreover, no multiple locations or degenerative malignancy were observed, both of which are known to be rare. In all cases, the histological aspect of these tumors was typically benign. Immunohistochemical studies of the tumor cells were positive for anti-vimentin antibody in all cases, negative for anti-factor VIII in all cases and irregularly positive for anti-CD34 antibody. DISCUSSION: It was not possible to confirm the specificity of the anti-CD34 antibody for glomus tumor in this series. The hypothesis of the endothelial origin of glomus tumor can probably be dismissed in the absence of the expression of anti-factor VIII and anti-CD34 antibodies.
