Corrigendum: Short and Long-Term Effects of Anesthesia in Octopus maya (Cephalopoda, Octopodidae) Juveniles.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00697.].

Short and Long-Term Effects of Anesthesia in Octopus maya (Cephalopoda, Octopodidae) Juveniles.

This study aimed to explore different substances (or cold sea water) as potential anesthetic agents to facilitate short-term handling in Octopus maya juveniles. We investigated oxygen consumption before (baseline), during (first 600 s of exposure) and after anesthesia (recovery) of octopuses (n = 98; 1.67 ± 0.5 g) exposed to cold sea water (SW; 11 and 13°C), ethanol (EtOH; 0.5; 1.5 and 3.0%), magnesium chloride (MgCl2; 0.75; 1.5 and 3.75%), ethanol combined with magnesium chloride (Mix; 1.5:0.75%; 0.75:1.13%; and 2.25:0.37%) and clove oil (0.15 mL L-1). After exposure, the animals were handled for 180 s (exposed to air) and weighted. Two experimental groups not exposed to anesthetics (with or without handling) were also evaluated. The criteria for general anesthesia were analysed. Times of induction and recovery, incidence of attack response after recovery and possible longer-term effects of repeated general anesthesia on growth and mortality of the octopuses were evaluated. During anesthesia, O. maya juveniles exposed to SW (11 and 13°C), EtOH (0.5; 1.5 and 3.0%), Mix (0.75:1.13%), and clove oil, presented a significant decrease on oxygen consumption. In animals exposed to different concentrations of EtOH and Mix 0.75:1.13%, this decrease was registered after an increase on oxygen consumption. Animals exposed to MgCl2 did not show significant changes on oxygen consumption, except for animals exposed MgCl2 3.75%, which showed a significant increase on oxygen consumption. At the end of recovery, except for octopuses exposed to clove oil and MgCl2 0.75%, the values of oxygen consumption observed were comparable to the ones registered during baseline. Animals exposed to SW 11°C, EtOH 3.0%, Mix 1.5:0.75% and MgCl2 3.75% fulfilled the criteria defined for general anesthesia. Exposure to MgCl2 (all concentrations), SW 13°C and clove oil reduced or inhibited the incidence of attack response after recovery. Except for animals exposed to clove oil, growth of the juveniles was not affected by the exposure to the different substances. Short-term handling (180 s) of O. maya juveniles can eventually be carried out without anesthesia. However, to facilitated handling, we suggest the use of EtOH 3.0% or cold sea water 11°C.

Influence of ectoparasites on hematological parameters of wild and cultured dusky grouper from Southeastern Brazil / Influência de ectoparasitos sobre os parâmetros hematológicos de garoupa verdadeira selvagem e cultivada no sudeste do Brasil

This study evaluated the occurrence of ectoparasites and its influence on the blood parameters of wild and cultured dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus from Southeastern Brazil. Hematological and parasitological analyses were made on 147 groupers, obtained from wild (n = 73) and aquaculture origins (n = 74), during cold (n = 70) and hot (n = 77) seasons between July 2009 and June 2010. Two species of ectoparasites were identified: Pseudorhabdosynochus beverleyburtonae (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) on the gills and Neobenedenia melleni (Monogenea: Capsalidae) on the body surface of the fish. Positive and negative correlations between mean abundances of N. melleni and P. beverleyburtonae, respectively, with red blood cells were observed in fish from both origins during hot season. Positive correlations between mean abundances of P. beverleyburtonae and thrombocytes in fish from both origins and negative correlations between mean abundance of N. melleni in cultured fish and thrombocytes were observed during hot season. Also during hot season, positive correlations between total count of white blood cells and mean abundance of N. melleni in cultured fish was found. This study demonstrates that parasitism by N. melleni and P. beverleyburtonae had influence on hematological parameters of wild and cultured dusky grouper E. marginatus in Southeastern Brazil.

Este estudo avaliou a ocorrência de ectoparasitos e seus efeitos sobre os parâmetros hematológicos da garoupa verdadeira Epinephelus marginatus selvagem e de aquicultura no Sudeste do Brasil. Análises hematológicas e parasitológicas foram realizadas em 147 garoupas, coletadas no ambiente natural (n = 73) e em cativeiro (n = 74), durante as estações fria (n = 70) e quente (n = 77) entre julho de 2009 e junho de 2010. Duas espécies de ectoparasitos foram identificadas: Pseudorhabdosynochus beverleyburtonae (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) nas brânquias e Neobenedenia melleni (Monogenea: Capsalidae) na superfície corporal dos peixes. Correlações positiva e negativa entre abundâncias médias de N. melleni e P. beverleyburtonae, respectivamente, com eritrócitos, foram observadas em peixes de ambas origens durante a estação quente. Correlação positiva entre abundâncias médias de P. beverleyburtonae e trombócitos em peixes de ambas as origens e correlação negativa entre abundância média de N. melleni em peixes cultivados e trombócitos foram observadas durante a estação quente. Ainda durante a estação quente, correlação positiva entre a contagem total de leucócitos e abundância de N. melleni em peixes cultivados foi encontrada. Este estudo demonstra que o parasitismo por N. melleni e P. beverleyburtonae influenciou nos parâmetros hematológicos da garoupa verdadeira E. marginatus selvagem e cultivada no Sudeste do Brasil.

Influence of ectoparasites on hematological parameters of wild and cultured dusky grouper from Southeastern Brazil / Influência de ectoparasitos sobre os parâmetros hematológicos de garoupa verdadeira selvagem e cultivada no sudeste do Brasil

This study evaluated the occurrence of ectoparasites and its influence on the blood parameters of wild and cultured dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus from Southeastern Brazil. Hematological and parasitological analyses were made on 147 groupers, obtained from wild (n = 73) and aquaculture origins (n = 74), during cold (n = 70) and hot (n = 77) seasons between July 2009 and June 2010. Two species of ectoparasites were identified: Pseudorhabdosynochus beverleyburtonae (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) on the gills and Neobenedenia melleni (Monogenea: Capsalidae) on the body surface of the fish. Positive and negative correlations between mean abundances of N. melleni and P. beverleyburtonae, respectively, with red blood cells were observed in fish from both origins during hot season. Positive correlations between mean abundances of P. beverleyburtonae and thrombocytes in fish from both origins and negative correlations between mean abundance of N. melleni in cultured fish and thrombocytes were observed during hot season. Also during hot season, positive correlations between total count of white blood cells and mean abundance of N. melleni in cultured fish was found. This study demonstrates that parasitism by N. melleni and P. beverleyburtonae had influence on hematological parameters of wild and cultured dusky grouper E. marginatus in Southeastern Brazil.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou a ocorrência de ectoparasitos e seus efeitos sobre os parâmetros hematológicos da garoupa verdadeira Epinephelus marginatus selvagem e de aquicultura no Sudeste do Brasil. Análises hematológicas e parasitológicas foram realizadas em 147 garoupas, coletadas no ambiente natural (n = 73) e em cativeiro (n = 74), durante as estações fria (n = 70) e quente (n = 77) entre julho de 2009 e junho de 2010. Duas espécies de ectoparasitos foram identificadas: Pseudorhabdosynochus beverleyburtonae (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) nas brânquias e Neobenedenia melleni (Monogenea: Capsalidae) na superfície corporal dos peixes. Correlações positiva e negativa entre abundâncias médias de N. melleni e P. beverleyburtonae, respectivamente, com eritrócitos, foram observadas em peixes de ambas origens durante a estação quente. Correlação positiva entre abundâncias médias de P. beverleyburtonae e trombócitos em peixes de ambas as origens e correlação negativa entre abundância média de N. melleni em peixes cultivados e trombócitos foram observadas durante a estação quente. Ainda durante a estação quente, correlação positiva entre a contagem total de leucócitos e abundância de N. melleni em peixes cultivados foi encontrada. Este estudo demonstra que o parasitismo por N. melleni e P. beverleyburtonae influenciou nos parâmetros hematológicos da garoupa verdadeira E. marginatus selvagem e cultivada no Sudeste do Brasil.(AU)

Hematological profile of the red snapper Lutjanus analis captured in Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, and cultured in floating net cages / Perfil hematológico de cioba Lutjanus analis capturados em Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, e criados em tanques-rede

This study evaluated the hematological profile of 24 red snapper Lutjanus analis specimens before and after the culture in floating net cages. The fish were caught with baited traps in Lagoa da Conceição, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and stocked in floating net cages for 30 days. At the beginning and at the end of the culture period, hematological parameters such as hematocrit percentage, differential count of leukocytes and total count of erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes were analyzed. Additionally, the fish were weighed and measured in both sampling periods. Fish showed a mean weight of 364.8 ± 63.7 g and total length of 28.7 ± 1.8 cm before culture and a mean weight of 417.4 ± 86.5 g and total length of 30.3 ± 0.7 cm after culture. Significant increase (p < 0,05) in the hematocrit percentage and total leukocytes and monocytes counts after culture were observed. This study showed that L. analis cultured for 30 days showed changes in the hematological parameters that might be related to adaptive physiological mechanisms of this species to farming conditions.

Este estudo avaliou o quadro hematológico de 24 espécimes de cioba Lutjanus analis antes e depois da criação em tanques-rede. Os peixes foram capturados com armadilhas do tipo covo na Lagoa da Conceição, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil, e estocados em tanques-rede por 30 dias. No início e no final do período de cultivo, os parâmetros hematológicos como percentual de hematócrito, número total de eritrócitos, além das contagens totais de leucócitos e trombócitos e contagem diferencial de leucócitos foram analisados. Adicionalmente, os peixes foram medidos e pesados em ambos os períodos de amostragem. Os peixes apresentaram peso médio de 364,8 ± 63,7 g e comprimento total médio de 28,7 ± 1,8 cm antes do cultivo, e peso médio de 417,4 ± 86,5 g e comprimento total médio de 30,3 ± 0,7 cm depois do cultivo. Foi observado aumento significativo (p < 0,05) no percentual de hematócrito, número total de leucócitos e monócitos após o período de cultivo. Este estudo mostrou que L. analis mantidos em cativeiro durante 30 dias, apresentaram poucas alterações nos parâmetros hematológicos que podem estar relacionadas à mecanismos fisiológicos adaptativos desta espécie às condições de cultivo.

Hematological profile of the red snapper Lutjanus analis captured in Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, and cultured in floating net cages / Perfil hematológico de cioba Lutjanus analis capturados em Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, e criados em tanques-rede

This study evaluated the hematological profile of 24 red snapper Lutjanus analis specimens before and after the culture in floating net cages. The fish were caught with baited traps in Lagoa da Conceição, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and stocked in floating net cages for 30 days. At the beginning and at the end of the culture period, hematological parameters such as hematocrit percentage, differential count of leukocytes and total count of erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes were analyzed. Additionally, the fish were weighed and measured in both sampling periods. Fish showed a mean weight of 364.8 ± 63.7 g and total length of 28.7 ± 1.8 cm before culture and a mean weight of 417.4 ± 86.5 g and total length of 30.3 ± 0.7 cm after culture. Significant increase (p < 0,05) in the hematocrit percentage and total leukocytes and monocytes counts after culture were observed. This study showed that L. analis cultured for 30 days showed changes in the hematological parameters that might be related to adaptive physiological mechanisms of this species to farming conditions.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou o quadro hematológico de 24 espécimes de cioba Lutjanus analis antes e depois da criação em tanques-rede. Os peixes foram capturados com armadilhas do tipo covo na Lagoa da Conceição, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil, e estocados em tanques-rede por 30 dias. No início e no final do período de cultivo, os parâmetros hematológicos como percentual de hematócrito, número total de eritrócitos, além das contagens totais de leucócitos e trombócitos e contagem diferencial de leucócitos foram analisados. Adicionalmente, os peixes foram medidos e pesados em ambos os períodos de amostragem. Os peixes apresentaram peso médio de 364,8 ± 63,7 g e comprimento total médio de 28,7 ± 1,8 cm antes do cultivo, e peso médio de 417,4 ± 86,5 g e comprimento total médio de 30,3 ± 0,7 cm depois do cultivo. Foi observado aumento significativo (p < 0,05) no percentual de hematócrito, número total de leucócitos e monócitos após o período de cultivo. Este estudo mostrou que L. analis mantidos em cativeiro durante 30 dias, apresentaram poucas alterações nos parâmetros hematológicos que podem estar relacionadas à mecanismos fisiológicos adaptativos desta espécie às condições de cultivo.(AU)

Haematological and parasitological assessment of silver catfish Rhamdia quelen farmed in Southern Brazil.

This study evaluated for two years the haematological parameters and the occurrence of gill parasites in silver catfish Rhamdia quelen, farmed in the state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Between March 2010 and January 2012, a total of 137 fish were caught in a fish farm to compare the haematological and parasitological analysis, during hot and cold seasons. Simultaneously, water quality parameters were measured in the pond to analyze the relationship between environmental conditions and haematology and parasitism. During the hot season, there was an increase in water temperature, electrical conductivity and ammonia followed by a decrease in dissolved oxygen, pH, transparency and alkalinity. Two species of Monogenea were observed in the gills, Aphanoblastella mastigatus (Dactylogyridae) and Scleroductus sp. (Gyrodactylidae). Additionally, during this season, there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the mean intensity of infection by Monogenea, as well as total leukocytes number, thrombocytes and lymphocytes, and a reduction in monocytes. The changes might be caused by parasitism and/or environmental variations between seasons.

Haematological and parasitological assessment of silver catfish Rhamdia quelen farmed in Southern Brazil / Monitoramento hematológico e parasitológico em jundiá Rhamdia quelen criado no Sul do Brasil

This study evaluated for two years the haematological parameters and the occurrence of gill parasites in silver catfish Rhamdia quelen, farmed in the state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Between March 2010 and January 2012, a total of 137 fish were caught in a fish farm to compare the haematological and parasitological analysis, during hot and cold seasons. Simultaneously, water quality parameters were measured in the pond to analyze the relationship between environmental conditions and haematology and parasitism. During the hot season, there was an increase in water temperature, electrical conductivity and ammonia followed by a decrease in dissolved oxygen, pH, transparency and alkalinity. Two species of Monogenea were observed in the gills, Aphanoblastella mastigatus (Dactylogyridae) and Scleroductus sp. (Gyrodactylidae). Additionally, during this season, there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the mean intensity of infection by Monogenea, as well as total leukocytes number, thrombocytes and lymphocytes, and a reduction in monocytes. The changes might be caused by parasitism and/or environmental variations between seasons.

O presente estudo avaliou, durante dois anos, os parâmetros hematológicos e a ocorrência de parasitos branquiais em jundiá Rhamdia quelen, cultivado no Estado de Santa Catarina, Sul do Brasil. Entre março de 2010 e janeiro de 2012, um total de 137 jundiás foi coletado de uma piscicultura para comparar os parâmetros hematológicos e parasitológicos durante as estações quente e fria. Simultaneamente, foram medidos os parâmetros de qualidade da água do viveiro, para relacionar as condições ambientais com a hematologia e o parasitismo. Na estação quente, houve aumento da temperatura, condutividade elétrica e amônia, e redução do oxigênio dissolvido, pH, transparência e alcalinidade. Duas espécies de Monogenea foram observadas nas brânquias, Aphanoblastella mastigatus (Dactylogyridae) e Scleroductus sp. (Gyrodactylidae). Na estação quente, houve aumento significativo (p<0,05) da intensidade média de infecção por Monogenea, bem como dos valores de leucócitos totais, trombócitos e linfócitos, e redução significativa dos monócitos. As diferenças observadas podem ter sido causadas pelas variações ambientais entre as estações.

Haematological and parasitological assessment of silver catfish Rhamdia quelen farmed in Southern Brazil / Monitoramento hematológico e parasitológico em jundiá Rhamdia quelen criado no Sul do Brasil

This study evaluated for two years the haematological parameters and the occurrence of gill parasites in silver catfish Rhamdia quelen, farmed in the state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Between March 2010 and January 2012, a total of 137 fish were caught in a fish farm to compare the haematological and parasitological analysis, during hot and cold seasons. Simultaneously, water quality parameters were measured in the pond to analyze the relationship between environmental conditions and haematology and parasitism. During the hot season, there was an increase in water temperature, electrical conductivity and ammonia followed by a decrease in dissolved oxygen, pH, transparency and alkalinity. Two species of Monogenea were observed in the gills, Aphanoblastella mastigatus (Dactylogyridae) and Scleroductus sp. (Gyrodactylidae). Additionally, during this season, there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the mean intensity of infection by Monogenea, as well as total leukocytes number, thrombocytes and lymphocytes, and a reduction in monocytes. The changes might be caused by parasitism and/or environmental variations between seasons.

O presente estudo avaliou, durante dois anos, os parâmetros hematológicos e a ocorrência de parasitos branquiais em jundiá Rhamdia quelen, cultivado no Estado de Santa Catarina, Sul do Brasil. Entre março de 2010 e janeiro de 2012, um total de 137 jundiás foi coletado de uma piscicultura para comparar os parâmetros hematológicos e parasitológicos durante as estações quente e fria. Simultaneamente, foram medidos os parâmetros de qualidade da água do viveiro, para relacionar as condições ambientais com a hematologia e o parasitismo. Na estação quente, houve aumento da temperatura, condutividade elétrica e amônia, e redução do oxigênio dissolvido, pH, transparência e alcalinidade. Duas espécies de Monogenea foram observadas nas brânquias, Aphanoblastella mastigatus (Dactylogyridae) e Scleroductus sp. (Gyrodactylidae). Na estação quente, houve aumento significativo (p<0,05) da intensidade média de infecção por Monogenea, bem como dos valores de leucócitos totais, trombócitos e linfócitos, e redução significativa dos monócitos. As diferenças observadas podem ter sido causadas pelas variações ambientais entre as estações.

Hematological and histopathological changes in silver catfish Rhamdia quelen (Siluriformes) exposed to clomazone herbicide in the Madre River, Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil.

This study evaluated the influence of the clomazone herbicide (2-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone) contamination on the hematological parameters and histological changes in gills and liver of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) from Madre River, Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil. Fish were collected between March 2010 and January 2012 at two different sites of the Madre River, one site receiving residual water (contaminated site) from rice culture (n=49) and another that do not receive residual water (reference site) (n=48). The herbicide clomazone analysis detected 3.40±1.70 µg/L in the contaminated site and 1.1±0.33 µg/L in the reference site. Fish from contaminated site showed increased (P<0.05) number of monocytes suggesting the possible defense response as a result of chronic exposure to clomazone. On the other hand, no difference was found in the hematocrit percentage, red blood cell count, total thrombocyte number, white blood cell count, lymphocytes, and neutrophils number. Fish from both sites showed histopathological changes in gills and liver, possibly caused by chronic exposure to contamination. The influence of herbicide sub doses on fish health is also discussed.

New technique for collecting eggs from monogenean parasites.

A novel and easily constructed apparatus for collecting monogenean eggs released by the parasites into the water is described and illustrated. Use of this technique may lead to a better understanding of the parasite's biology, which, in turn, may lead to the improvement of parasite management strategies in fish farms where monogeneans are potentially harmful to their hosts. The technique is also useful for studies of eggs or free-living stages of other fish parasites.