Childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. / Rabdomiosarcoma infantil.

Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children; it can appear in any part of the body. Its biological behavior varies widely, and despite the absence of specific clinical or radiological characteristics, rhabdomyosarcoma should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of solid tumors in children. This review focuses primarily on the imaging findings and anatomical distribution of the histological subtypes of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma and secondarily on the differential findings in histological studies.

Integrated side-stream reactor for biological nutrient removal and minimization of sludge production.

Integrated processes to reduce in situ the sludge production in wastewater treatment plants are gaining attention in order to facilitate excess sludge management. In contrast to post-treatments, such as anaerobic digestion which is placed between the activated sludge system and dewatering processes, integrated technologies are placed in the sludge return line. This study evaluates the application of an anoxic side-stream reactor (SSR) which creates a physiological shock and uncouples the biomass metabolism and diverts the activity from assimilation for biosynthesis to non-growth activities. The effect of this system in biological nutrient removal for both nitrogen and phosphorus was evaluated for the anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic reactors. The RedOx potential within the SSR was maintained at -150 mV while the sludge loading rate was modified by increasing the percentage of recycled activated sludge feed to the SSR (0 and 40% at laboratory scale and 0, 10, 50 and 100% at pilot scale). The use of the SSR presented a slight reduction of phosphorus removal but maintained the effluent quality to the required discharge values. Nitrogen removal efficiency increased from 75 to 86% while reducing the sludge production rate by 18.3%.

Aneurisma sacular de la vena ácigos en un paciente con cisura accesoria de la ácigos / Saccular aneurysm of the azygos vein in a patient with azygos accessory fissure

El aneurisma de la vena ácigos es extremadamente raro, y cuando se localiza en el trayecto de una cisura pulmonar accesoria plantea un reto diagnóstico ya que puede confundirse con tumores originados en la pleura accesoria, como el tumor fibroso pleural solitario o el mesotelioma. El diagnóstico se debe hacer idealmente mediante métodos incruentos como la TC o RM con técnica angiográfica en varias fases, evitando así una intervención quirúrgica innecesaria. El caso presentado es excepcional dado que se trata del primero publicado en el que coinciden ambas situaciones clínicas, una cisura accesoria de la ácigos con un aneurisma venoso en ella (AU)

The saccular aneurysm of the azygos vein is an extremely rare condition, which when located in the path of an accesory pulmonary fissure, becomes a diagnostic challenge because it can be mistaken for tumors arising from the accesory pleura, like solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura or mesothelioma. The diagnosis should ideally be done by non-invasive methods such as CT or MR angiographic technique in multiple phases, thus avoiding unnecessary surgical intervention. This case is exceptional because, to our knowledge, it is the first to report both concomitant clinical situations, an aneurysm of the azygos vein in the pathway of its accessory fissure (AU)

[Saccular aneurysm of the azygos vein in a patient with azygos accessory fissure]. / Aneurisma sacular de la vena ácigos en un paciente con cisura accesoria de la ácigos.

The saccular aneurysm of the azygos vein is an extremely rare condition, which when located in the path of an accesory pulmonary fissure, becomes a diagnostic challenge because it can be mistaken for tumors arising from the accesory pleura, like solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura or mesothelioma. The diagnosis should ideally be done by non-invasive methods such as CT or MR angiographic technique in multiple phases, thus avoiding unnecessary surgical intervention. This case is exceptional because, to our knowledge, it is the first to report both concomitant clinical situations, an aneurysm of the azygos vein in the pathway of its accessory fissure.

Minimization of sludge production by a side-stream reactor under anoxic conditions in a pilot plant.

This study evaluates the application of an anoxic side-stream reactor in the sludge return line of a conventional activated sludge system for the reduction of biomass production. The oxidation-reduction potential was maintained at -150 mV while the applied sludge loading rate was modified by changing the percentage of return sludge treated in this reactor. The observed yield from the conventional system (0.513 kg VSS kg(-1) COD) was continuously reduced when the portion of return sludge treated was increased. A maximum reduction of 18.3% of the observed yield was obtained treating the whole sludge return line. The sludge age maintained through the experiment. The organic matter removal was not deteriorated, even improved, by the proposed plant modification. Thus, simply applying an anoxic side-stream reactor would decrease the final volume of waste sludge while maintaining the sludge retention time and would, in fact, decrease the economic costs in terms of sludge handling.

Usefulness of a large field of view sensor for physicochemical, textural, and yield predictions under industrial goat cheese (Murcia al Vino) manufacturing conditions.

The applicability of a light backscatter sensor with a large field of view was tested for on-line monitoring of coagulation and syneresis in a goat cheese (Murcia al Vino) manufactured under industrial conditions. Cheesemaking was carried out concurrently in a 12-L pilot vat and a 10,000-L industrial vat following the normal cheesemaking protocol. Cheese moisture, whey fat content, hardness, springiness, and adhesiveness were measured during syneresis. The results obtained show that cutting time is best predicted by considering the coagulation ratio at the inflection point and the percentage increase in the ratio during coagulation, with no need for the first derivative. The large field of view reflectance ratio provided good results for the prediction of moisture content, yield, hardness, springiness, and adhesiveness of the final cheese.

Influence of lamb rennet paste on the lipolytic and sensory profile of Murcia al Vino cheese.

The influence of lamb rennet paste (71.1% chymosin, 177 international milk-clotting units/mL, 4.57U/g of lipase activity) during the ripening of Murcia al Vino goat cheese was studied. The aim of this study was to improve the knowledge of the effect of lamb rennet paste on the lipolytic patterns in this type of cheese by reference to the evolution of total and free fatty acids. A sensory analysis was carried out to compare cheeses made with commercial and paste rennet. The rennet paste showed higher lipolytic activity, enhancing the production of short-chain free fatty acids. In addition, the cheese produced with lamb rennet paste had a slightly more bitter and piquant taste, making it an attractive commercial alternative that can be used to develop new varieties of goat cheese.

Mitochondrial dysfunction and antioxidant therapy in sepsis.

Sepsis and septic shock are the major causes of death in intensive care units. Oxidative damage to mitochondria is involved in the development of organ dysfunction associated with sepsis. This syndrome is caused by an excessive defensive and inflammatory response characterised by a massive increases of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory cytokines. Under normal circumstances, complex interacting antioxidant defense systems control oxidative stress within mitochondria The consequences of sepsis is a systemic damage to the vascular endothelium, impaired tissue and a compromised whole body respiration, antioxidant depletion and mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction with diminished levels of ATP and O2 consumption. In general, ROS are essential to the functions of cells and particularly immune cells, but adequate levels of antioxidant defenses are required to protect against the harmful effects of excessive ROS production. This review considers the process of sepsis from a mitochondrial perspective, discussing strategies for the targeted delivery of antioxidants to mitochondria. We will provide a summary of the following areas: the cellular metabolism of ROS and its role in pathophysiological processes such as sepsis; currently available antioxidants and possible reasons for their efficacy and inefficacy in ameliorating oxidative stress-mediated diseases; and recent developments in mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and the future implications for such approaches in patients.

Empleo de coagulantes vegetales en leche de cabra murciano-granadina / Use of vegetable coagulants in Murciano-Granadina goat milk

El uso de coagulantes alternativos en la fabricación del queso favorece la obtención de productos con diferentes características a los que habitualmente encontramos en el mercado. Los coagulantes vegetales más utilizados en la actualidad son los derivados de Cynara Cardunculus, ya que permiten la elaboración de variedades de quesos con características organolépticas diferentes, que son ampliamente aceptadas por consumidores. En este trabajo se ha comparado la actividad coagulante de dos extractos vegetales de la flor de cardo (cardo silvestre: Cynara cardunculus subsp. flavescens y cardo cultivado: Cynara cardunculus subsp. cardunculus) comparándolos con coagulantes de origen animal y microbiano en leche de cabra Murciano-Granadina. Para ello se han utilizado dos métodos que definen el tiempo de coagulación: determinación visual de la aparición de los primeros flóculos (Método de Berridge) y la aplicación de sensores ópticos (CoAguLabTM). No se observan diferencias significativas en el perfil de reflectancia difusa, obtenido por el sensor CoAguLabTM entre los coagulantes vegetales y microbianos, pero si entre estos y los de origen animal con un 80% de quimosina. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la existencia de una correlación lineal entre ambos métodos, por lo que el sensor óptico podría ser una alternativa al método de Berridge(AU)

The uses of alternative coagulants in cheese manufacture increase the products variability usually found in the market. Most of the vegetable coagulants used today are derived from Cynara cardunculus which allow the development of cheeses with different sensory characteristics. In this study, the clotting activity of two vegetable coagulants (wild cardoon: Cynara cardunculus subsp. flavescens and cultivated cardoon: Cynara cardunculus subsp. cardunculus) was compared with animal rennet and microbial coagulant in Murciano-Granadina goat milk. Two different procedures have been applied: Berridge method and optic sensor (CoAguLabTM). The corresponding means of vegetable, animal and microbial coagulant reflectance profiles obtained by CoAguLabTM were compared and no differences were found between vegetal and microbial coagulants, while differences were found between these and animal rennet (80% chymosin). Monitoring results showed the existence of a linear relationship between both methods, so that the optical sensor could be an alternative for Berridge method(AU)

Hot topic: microstructure quantification by scanning electron microscopy and image analysis of goat cheese curd.

Five microstructural parameters of goat cheese curd (number of pores, their area and perimeter, strand thickness, and porosity) were studied by scanning electron microscopy and image analysis. Image analysis was used to characterize and quantify differences in all parameters and to provide a procedure for the measurement of strand thickness. The micrographs provided visual evidence of differences in the protein matrix and were quantified by image analysis at 3 production times: 34 ± 1 min (cutting), 154 ± 6 min (before molding), and 293 ± 35 min (after pressing). The data showed that this procedure is an adequate tool for quantifying differences in the parameters analyzed in industrial samples despite their natural heterogeneity. The procedure was reproducible and repetitive for the first 2 production times because no significant intragroup differences were observed. Significant differences were found when comparing the values of the microstructure parameters analyzed at 34 ± 1 min and those corresponding to 154 ± 6 min and 293 ± 35 min, but no significant differences between samples analyzed at 154 ± 6 min and 293 ± 35 min were found. All microstructure parameters analyzed were related at a significance level of at least 95%. This procedure enables the characterization of the microstructure of industrial goat cheese curd.

Two-dimensional- and M-mode echocardiographic measurements and indices of cardiac function in Spanish colts and fillies of different age.

Echocardiographic values need to be established for each age and breed to be applied to equine medicine. The present research aims to describe echocardiographic measurements in Spanish fillies and colts of different age, to compare these values with those previously described for other equine breeds and to determine whether there is an influence of gender on echocardiographic measurements. Seventy unsedated and healthy Spanish foals of both sexes (39 females and 31 males) were divided into five age groups: A (22-60 days; n=15), B (61-90 days; n=13), C (91-180 days; n=18), D (181-270 days; n=12) and E (271-394 days; n=12). The following echocardiographic measurements were made: left ventricular internal dimensions, left ventricular free wall thickness and interventricular septum thickness at systole and at diastole. Mitral and tricuspid valve thickness was also determined. Opening velocity of the mitral valve in early diastole (DE slope), pattern of transmitral flow (E/A ratio) and echocardiographic mitral valve E point-septal separation (EPSS) were calculated from specific points in the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. Aorta diameters were measured at the level of the valve leaflets, at the sino-tubular junction, at the valve level and at the sinus of Valsalva. Performance indices of the left ventricle were obtained. Most of the echocardiographic parameters increased with age, being the increases more marked up to 180 days of age. Fraction shortening, ejection fraction, stroke volume index, fractional septum and fractional wall thickening did not differ between groups. Some differences were found between fillies and colts in the different age groups, which could have been linked to the different body weight.

Allometric scaling of echocardiographic measurements in healthy Spanish foals with different body weight.

Scaling in biology is usually allometric, and therefore, the size of the heart may be expressed as a power function of body weight (BW). The present research analyses the echocardiographic measurements in 68 healthy Spanish foals weighed between 70 and 347kg in order to determine the correct scaling exponent for the allometric equation. The echocardiographic parameters measured were: left ventricular internal dimensions (LVID), free wall thickness (LVFWT), interventricular septum thickness (IVST) at systole (s) and diastole (d), EPSS (distance between the point E of the mitral valve and the interventricular septum), and aorta diameters at the level of the aortic valve (AOD), base of valve leaflets (ABS), sinus of Valsalva (ASV) and sino-tubular junction (AJT). Indices of left ventricular performance were calculated. It was found that LVIDd, IVSTs, AOD, and ASV have a relationship to BW raised to 0.300-0.368 power, whereas left ventricular end-diastolic volume and stroke volume scaled to BW raised to 0.731-0.712 power. With these data, appropriate values can be calculated for normal Spanish foals.

Hematologic and biochemical changes during canine agility competitions.

BACKGROUND: Normal response to different types of exercise needs to be established before performance, training level, or exercise intolerance can be assessed. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this research was to describe the hematologic and biochemical changes that dogs undergo during an agility competition. METHODS: Fifteen dogs were subjected to an agility test that covered a distance of 360-400 m with 40 obstacles. Basal venous blood samples were drawn 1 week before the competition, immediately after exercise, and at 5, 15, and 30 minutes of recuperation. A CBC, plasma biochemical profile, and lactate concentration were determined by standard methods using automated analyzers. Serum cortisol concentration was measured by competitive immune-enzyme analysis; insulin was measured by sandwich ELISA. RESULTS: Hematologic response to the agility test consisted of significant increases in RBC count, hemoglobin concentration, and HCT, with no change in total protein concentration. Serum triglyceride concentrations were increased postexercise, with highest values observed at 30 minutes of recuperation. Postexercise lactate concentrations exceeded the anaerobic threshold of 4 mmol/L. Serum lactate dehydrogenase activity was significantly higher after 30 minutes of recuperation. Significant differences were not observed in other analytes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that agility competitions induce mild to moderate changes in hematologic and biochemical results consistent with splenic contraction, increased lipolysis, and utilization of anaerobic pathways involved in energy resynthesis in muscle.

Fluid and electrolyte shifts during and after Agility competitions in dogs.

This research assesses the relative contribution of splenic contraction and fluid shifts out of the vascular compartment to the increases in packed cell volume associated with Agility exercises. It also aims to evaluate the changes in the concentrations of electrolytes and markers of hydration state. Fifteen dogs of both sexes were subjected to an Agility exercise of an approximate duration of 100 s. Blood samples were obtained within the first 30 s after competition and at 5, 15, and 30 min of recuperation. Resting values were established previously. The following parameters were determined: packed cell volume (PCV), plasma lactate (LA), total plasma protein (TPP), albumin (ALB), urea (BUN), creatinine (CREA), chloride (Cl), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na) and potassium (K). Changes in plasma volume (PV), total RBC volume (V(RBC)) and blood volume (BV) were calculated immediately after exercise and at 30 minutes of recovery. It was found that during Agility competition, BV, V(RBC) and PV increased 12, 21 and 4% respectively, indicating that the spleen contraction was the main determinant on the increase of BV. In comparison with resting values, BV decreased after recuperation (-5%), due to the recapture of erythrocytes by the splenic reserve (V(RBC), -12%). Additionally, Agility exercise induced increases in plasma Cl and LA, with significant reductions of ALB, Ca and P and absence of modifications in Na, K, BUN and CREA concentrations.

Comparative bioavailability between two Tramadol once-daily oral formulations.

The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic profile and oral bioavailability of Tramadol Contramid once-daily (o.d.) 200 mg tablets (Labopharm, Canada) with that of Zytram 200 mg tablets (Zambon, Spain), following single-dose administration in 26 healthy volunteers. The study had an open, randomized, crossover design with a 7-day wash-out. Data from 24 subjects were used for the pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis. Racemic tramadol and racemic O-demethyltramadol (M1) were assayed in plasma using a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method. Primary PK parameters estimated were AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity), C(max), C(24 h), and T(max). Results were compared using an ANOVA, and the residual variability thereby obtained was used to construct the classical 90% confidence intervals. The parametric Schuirmann's test was also performed. T(max) was analyzed by a nonparametric approach. For both racemic tramadol and racemic O-demethyltramadol, the ANOVA showed a statistically significant formulation effect. Significantly higher values were obtained for Tramadol Contramid o.d. for all PK parameters, except for T(1/2). For Tramadol Contramid o.d., mean tramadol plasma levels were maintained at a plateau level above 200 ng/ml from 4 to 16 h after dose, while for the reference formulation, that level was sustained from 4 to only 6 h. Consistent results for both formulations were obtained for the metabolite. At the end of the dosing interval, plasma tramadol and O-demethyltramadol concentrations were 39% and 49% higher, respectively, for Tramadol Contramid o.d. than those for Zytram (p < 0.0001). Tramadol Contramid o.d. could be considered suprabioavailable to Zytram o.d.

Presentación de un caso de anomalía de Poland con criptorquidia ipsilateral / Presentation of a case of Poland syndrome with ipsilateral cryptorchidism

Se Presenta el caso de un niño de 12 meses con ausencia del pectoral mayor izquierdo, hipoplasia costal y del tejido mamario, y criptorquidia ipsilateral. Se comenta la forma completa en que está asociado con defectos de diversa magnitud en la extremidad superior ipsilateral, en especial, sinbraqui-dactilia. Se efectúa revisión de la literatura (AU)

[Clinical and microbiological study of otitis media in infants]. / Estudio clínico y microbiológico de la otitis media del lactante.

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of bacteria isolated from middle ear effusions in infants with otitis media in our environment. Data collected from 50 patients of the Infant Section of the Unidad Integrada Hospital Clínico-San Juan de Dios were evaluated prospectively from October 1, 1992 to March 7, 1994. Patients between 1 month and 1 year of age, with unilateral or bilateral otitis media diagnosed by otoscopy criteria and positive myringotomy, were recruited for study. Those who had received any antibiotic during the previous 3 days or had been admitted to the hospital more than 5 days before were excluded. We found that failure to thrive (18%) is a common form of onset of otitis media in children under one year of age. Rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction (60%), cough (50%) and fever (46%) were the most frequent symptoms at the moment of diagnosis. Blood analysis does not add any information for diagnosing otitis media. The difference between acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion is likely to be more clinical rather than microbiological. The recovery of pathogens from 62% of the ear cultures correlates with the figures reported in the literature. The predominance of S. pneumoniae (38%), followed by H. influenzae (25%), is in agreement with previous findings internationally. In our study, there is no evidence of viruses alone causing otitis media in infants. Consequently, antibiotic therapy should be indicated in every child with otitis media.

[Recurrent bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia as first manifestation of polymyositis]. / Bronquiolitis obliterante con neumonía organizativa recidivante como primera manifestación de una polimiositis.

The case of an idiopathic polymyositis preceded by several episodes compatible with the diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia is herein reported. This kind of pulmonary affection in polymyositis can be simultaneous or later to the diagnosis of the systemic disease, but as the first manifestation is exceptional. In the case we report, paradoxically, when the diagnosis of polymyositis was made the patient had not clinical or radiographic bronchopulmonary affection. If the first clinical manifestation of an autoimmune disease like polymyositis can be an idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, we think that a prolonged follow up of these patients is necessary.