ABSTRACT
The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) signaling pathway is activated in various tumors, and inhibition of IGF-IR kinase provides a therapeutic opportunity in these patients. GSK1838705A is a small-molecule kinase inhibitor that inhibits IGF-IR and the insulin receptor with IC(50)s of 2.0 and 1.6 nmol/L, respectively. GSK1838705A blocks the in vitro proliferation of cell lines derived from solid and hematologic malignancies, including multiple myeloma and Ewing's sarcoma, and retards the growth of human tumor xenografts in vivo. Despite the inhibitory effect of GSK1838705A on insulin receptor, minimal effects on glucose homeostasis were observed at efficacious doses. GSK1838705A also inhibits the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), which drives the aberrant growth of anaplastic large-cell lymphomas, some neuroblastomas, and a subset of non-small cell lung cancers. GSK1838705A inhibits ALK, with an IC(50) of 0.5 nmol/L, and causes complete regression of ALK-dependent tumors in vivo at well-tolerated doses. GSK1838705A is therefore a promising antitumor agent for therapeutic use in human cancers.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Pyrroles/pharmacology , Receptor, IGF Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays , Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase , Animals , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Enzyme Activation/drug effects , Humans , Mice , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism , Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases , Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism , Receptor, Insulin/metabolism , Signal Transduction/drug effectsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Dysregulation of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) signaling pathway has been implicated in the development of many types of tumors, including prostate, colon, breast, pancreatic, ovarian, and sarcomas. Agents that inhibit IGF-IR activity may be useful in treatment of patients with various cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Kinase assays were used to identify a selective small-molecule inhibitor of IGF-IR activity. The effects of this compound on IGF-IR signaling, cell proliferation, and the cell cycle were determined using a panel of cell lines. Antitumor activity was evaluated in human tumor xenografts growing in athymic mice. Inhibition of IGF-IR and the closely related insulin receptor (IR) was measured in vivo, and the effect on glucose metabolism was evaluated. RESULTS: GSK1904529A selectively inhibits IGF-IR and IR with IC(50)s of 27 and 25 nmol/L, respectively. GSK1904529A blocks receptor autophosphorylation and downstream signaling, leading to cell cycle arrest. It inhibits the proliferation of cell lines derived from solid and hematologic malignancies, with multiple myeloma and Ewing's sarcoma cell lines being most sensitive. Oral administration of GSK1904529A decreases the growth of human tumor xenografts in mice, consistent with a reduction of IGF-IR phosphorylation in tumors. Despite the potent inhibitory activity of GSK1904529A on IR in vitro and in vivo, minimal effects on blood glucose levels are observed in animals at doses that show significant antitumor activity. CONCLUSION: GSK1904529A is a promising candidate for therapeutic use in IGF-IR-dependent tumors.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Imidazoles/pharmacology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyridines/pharmacology , Receptor, IGF Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors , 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid/metabolism , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Blotting, Western , Cell Cycle/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Flow Cytometry , Humans , Imidazoles/metabolism , Male , Mice , Mice, Nude , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Neoplasms/metabolism , Neoplasms/pathology , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Pyridines/metabolism , Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism , Receptor, Insulin/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptor, Insulin/metabolism , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
The optimization of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine inhibitors as potent and selective inhibitors of IGF-1R is presented. Further optimization of oral exposure in mice is also discussed. Detailed selectivity, in vitro activity, and in vivo PK profiles of an optimized compound is also highlighted.
Subject(s)
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods , Pyridines/chemistry , Receptor, IGF Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptor, IGF Type 1/chemistry , Administration, Oral , Aniline Compounds/chemistry , Animals , Cell Line, Tumor , Crystallography, X-Ray , Drug Design , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Mice , Models, Chemical , Molecular Conformation , Pyridines/chemical synthesis , Pyridines/pharmacology , Receptor, Insulin/metabolismABSTRACT
The evaluation of a series of 4,6-bis-anilino-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as inhibitors of the IGF-1R (IGF-IR) receptor tyrosine kinase is reported. Examples demonstrate nanomolar potencies in in vitro enzyme and mechanistic cellular assays as well as promising in vivo pharmacokinetics in rat.
Subject(s)
Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Receptor, IGF Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Drug Discovery , Models, Molecular , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Pyrimidines/chemistry , RatsABSTRACT
The SAR of C5' functional groups with terminal basic amines at the C6 aniline of 4,6-bis-anilino-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines is reported. Examples demonstrate potent inhibition of IGF-1R with 1000-fold selectivity over JNK1 and 3 in enzymatic assays.
Subject(s)
MAP Kinase Kinase 4/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Pyrroles/pharmacology , Receptor, IGF Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Models, Molecular , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Pyrroles/chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: A lack of standardized assays and consensus of cell definition has lead to a wide variation in the reported range of circulating endothelial cells (CECs). METHODS: An automated rare cell analysis system was used to enumerate nucleated, CD146+/CD105+/CD45- CECs in 4 mL of blood. RESULTS: Recoveries of spiked HUVECs were linear over a range of 0-1,241 cells (R2>or=0.99) with recoveries of >or=70% at each spike level. Correlation coefficient values for interoperator variability and duplicate sample variation were (R2=0.99 and 0.90), respectively. Correlation of CEC counts between tubes 1-2 and 2-3 drawn from the same subject in sequence differed (R2=0.48 and 0.63, respectively). The normal CEC reference range established in 249 healthy donors was 1-20 CECs/mL blood. CEC counts were significantly higher in the 206 metastatic carcinoma patients (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: CECs can be accurately and reproducibly enumerated in blood and are elevated in metastatic carcinomas compared with healthy donors. Phlebotomy procedures can affect endothelial cell counts.
