[Deaths from adverse drug events in Brazil: Mortality Information System as a source of information]. / Óbitos por eventos adversos a medicamentos no Brasil: Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade como fonte de informação.

Adverse drug events (ADEs) are harmful events caused by medication, and some of which can lead to death. Death records are an important source of information when using codes from the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) suggestive of ADE. This study aimed to identify the ADEs registered in Brazililian Mortality Information System (SIM), analyzing data distribution by year, age group, and type of event. This is an ecological study with retrospective data collection, identifying ADEs in the SIM, using the ICD-10 codes. The study included deaths that occurred in Brazil from 2008 to 2016. An increase in the number of deaths associated with ADE was observed from 2008 to 2016, with a mortality rate per 1 million inhabitants ranging from 8.70 to 14.40 in the period. Most events corresponded to mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of psychotropic drugs. Most deaths (12,311) related to ADE codes were identified in several chapters of the ICD-10. Chapter XX, about adverse events, allowed the identification of a smaller number of deaths (4,893). Higher event rates were observed among individuals aged 60 years and over (39.8/1 million) and children younger than one year (22.0/1 million). The identification of ADE-related deaths on the SIM is an important strategy for addressing undesirable drug-related events. Deaths related to the use of psychotropic drugs were the most frequent ADE-related deaths and the elderly were the age group most affected by ADEs.

Os eventos adversos a medicamentos (EAM) são danos aos pacientes relacionados ao uso de medicamentos, parte dos quais pode levar à morte. Os registros de óbitos são fonte importante de informação, quando se empregam os códigos da 10ª revisão da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10) sugestivos de EAM. O estudo identificou os EAM registrados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM), analisando sua distribuição por ano, faixa etária e tipo de evento. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico com coleta de dados retrospectiva de identificação de EAM no SIM, por meio dos códigos da CID-10. O estudo compreendeu óbitos ocorridos no Brasil, de 2008 a 2016. Houve aumento nas proporções de óbitos associados aos EAM de 2008 a 2016, com taxa de mortalidade por 1 milhão de habitantes indo de 8,70 para 14,40 no período. A maioria dos eventos correspondeu aos transtornos mentais e comportamentais em razão do uso de psicofármacos. A maioria dos óbitos (12.311) relacionados a códigos de EAM foram identificados em diversos capítulos da CID-10. Já o capítulo XX, específico para eventos adversos, permitiu identificar parcela menor de óbitos (4.893). As maiores taxas de eventos ocorreram entre indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais (39,8/1 milhão) e crianças menores de um ano (22,0/1 milhão). A identificação de óbitos associados aos EAM, por meio do SIM, constitui uma estratégia importante para a abordagem dos eventos indesejáveis relacionados aos medicamentos. Os óbitos relacionados ao uso de psicofármacos foram os de maior frequência e os idosos foram a faixa etária mais acometida por EAM.

Los eventos adversos a los medicamentos (EAM) son daños a los pacientes relacionados con el uso de medicamentos, algunos de los cuales pueden provocar la muerte. Los registros de defunciones son fuente importante de información, cuando se emplean los códigos de la 10ª revisión de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-10) sugestivos de EAM. Identificar los EAM registrados en el Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad (SIM), analizando su distribución, por año, grupo de edad y tipo de evento. Estudio ecológico con recolección de datos retrospectiva, de identificación de EAM en el SIM, por medio de los códigos de la CIE-10. El estudio comprendió muertes ocurridas en Brasil, de 2008 a 2016. Hubo aumento en las proporciones de muertes asociadas a la EAM de 2008 a 2016, con la tasa de mortalidad por 1 millón de habitantes pasando de 8,70 para 14,40, en el período. La mayoría de los eventos correspondieron a los trastornos mentales y del comportamiento debidos al consumo de psicofármaco. La mayoría de las muertes (12.311) relacionadas con los códigos EAM se identificaron en varios capítulos de la CIE-10. El capítulo XX, sobre eventos adversos, identificó un número menor de muertes (4.893). Las tasas más altas de eventos ocurrieron entre personas de 60 años o más (39.8/1 millón) y niños menores de un año (22.0/1 millón). La identificación de muertes asociadas a los EAM, por medio del SIM, constituye una estrategia importante para el enfoque de los eventos indeseables relacionados con los medicamentos. Las muertes relacionadas con el uso de psicofármacos fueron las más frecuentes y los ancianos fueron el grupo de edad más afectado por EAM.

Consumption of the benzodiazepine clonazepam (Rivotril®) in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, 2009-2013: an ecological study. / Consumo do benzodiazepínico clonazepam (Rivotril®) no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2009-2013: estudo ecológico.

This descriptive, ecological study of clonazepam consumption in Rio de Janeiro State (RJ) estimated use prevalence from 2009 to 2013 using data from the National Controlled Product Management System operated by Brazil's health surveillance agency, Anvisa. Consumption was measured by total population and by population over 18 years old, using the standardised Daily Defined Doses of 8 mg (anticonvulsant) and 1 mg (sedative-hypnotic). The municipalities of the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region were grouped by Human Development Index (HDI) and GINI index, subjected to cluster analysis and ranked by clonazepam consumption. From 2009 to 2013, consumption in the state rose from 0.35 to 1.97 DDD/1000 population, but the figures are higher for individuals over 18 years of age. A DDD of 1 mg instead of 8mg returns consumption in 2013 of 21 DDD/1000 population over 18 years of age. Consumption in 2013 was highest - 3.38 and 4.52 DDD, respectively - in Rio de Janeiro and Niterói, which have the highest HDIs. This suggests that up to 2% of the adult population uses clonazepam, possibly as a sedative-hypnotic. This broad use and use outside therapeutic indications deserves attention, given clonazepam's potential for abuse and adverse reactions.

O objetivo do estudo é estimar a prevalência do uso de clonazepam no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Estudo ecológico e descritivo do consumo de clonazepam (2009-2013), com dados do Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Produtos Controlados da Anvisa. O consumo foi medido pela Dose Diária Definida, com indicadores por população total e com 18 anos e mais utilizando a DDD padronizada de 8mg (anticonvulsivante) e a de 1mg (hipnosedativo). Os Municípios da Região Metropolitana foram agrupados segundo os Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e de GINI, submetidos à análise de conglomerados e apresentados segundo o consumo de clonazepam. No Estado do RJ, o consumo entre 2009 e 2013 aumentou de 0,35 para 1,97 DDD/1000 habitantes. Os valores são maiores para os indivíduos acima de 18 anos. Empregando-se 1mg ao invés de 8mg, chega-se a 21 DDD/1000 habitantes acima de 18 anos, em 2013. Rio de Janeiro e Niterói, com os maiores IDH, apresentaram em 2013 os maiores consumos, 3,38 e 4,52 DDD, respectivamente. Os dados sugerem que até 2% da população adulta é usuária de clonazepam, possivelmente como hipnosedativo. Deve-se atentar para o uso ampliado e fora de indicações terapêuticas, dados o potencial de abuso e as reações adversas ao clonazepam.

Consumo do benzodiazepínico clonazepam (Rivotril®) no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2009-2013: estudo ecológico / Consumption of the benzodiazepine clonazepam (Rivotril®) in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, 2009-2013: an ecological study

Resumo O objetivo do estudo é estimar a prevalência do uso de clonazepam no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Estudo ecológico e descritivo do consumo de clonazepam (2009-2013), com dados do Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Produtos Controlados da Anvisa. O consumo foi medido pela Dose Diária Definida, com indicadores por população total e com 18 anos e mais utilizando a DDD padronizada de 8mg (anticonvulsivante) e a de 1mg (hipnosedativo). Os Municípios da Região Metropolitana foram agrupados segundo os Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e de GINI, submetidos à análise de conglomerados e apresentados segundo o consumo de clonazepam. No Estado do RJ, o consumo entre 2009 e 2013 aumentou de 0,35 para 1,97 DDD/1000 habitantes. Os valores são maiores para os indivíduos acima de 18 anos. Empregando-se 1mg ao invés de 8mg, chega-se a 21 DDD/1000 habitantes acima de 18 anos, em 2013. Rio de Janeiro e Niterói, com os maiores IDH, apresentaram em 2013 os maiores consumos, 3,38 e 4,52 DDD, respectivamente. Os dados sugerem que até 2% da população adulta é usuária de clonazepam, possivelmente como hipnosedativo. Deve-se atentar para o uso ampliado e fora de indicações terapêuticas, dados o potencial de abuso e as reações adversas ao clonazepam.

Abstract This descriptive, ecological study of clonazepam consumption in Rio de Janeiro State (RJ) estimated use prevalence from 2009 to 2013 using data from the National Controlled Product Management System operated by Brazil's health surveillance agency, Anvisa. Consumption was measured by total population and by population over 18 years old, using the standardised Daily Defined Doses of 8 mg (anticonvulsant) and 1 mg (sedative-hypnotic). The municipalities of the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region were grouped by Human Development Index (HDI) and GINI index, subjected to cluster analysis and ranked by clonazepam consumption. From 2009 to 2013, consumption in the state rose from 0.35 to 1.97 DDD/1000 population, but the figures are higher for individuals over 18 years of age. A DDD of 1 mg instead of 8mg returns consumption in 2013 of 21 DDD/1000 population over 18 years of age. Consumption in 2013 was highest - 3.38 and 4.52 DDD, respectively - in Rio de Janeiro and Niterói, which have the highest HDIs. This suggests that up to 2% of the adult population uses clonazepam, possibly as a sedative-hypnotic. This broad use and use outside therapeutic indications deserves attention, given clonazepam's potential for abuse and adverse reactions.

Adverse drug events identified in hospitalized patients in Brazil by International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) code listings.

Studies of adverse drug events (ADEs) are important in order not to jeopardize the positive impact of pharmacotherapy. These events have substantial impact on the population morbidity profiles, and increasing health system operating costs. Administrative databases are an important source of information for public health purposes and for identifying ADEs. In order to contribute to learning about ADE in hospitalized patients, this study examined the potential of applying ICD-10 (10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases) codes to a national database of the public health care system (SIH-SUS). The study comprised retrospective assessment of ADEs in the SIH-SUS administrative database, from 2008 to 2012. For this, a list of ICD-10 codes relating to ADEs was built. This list was built up by examining lists drawn up by other authors identified by bibliographic search in the MEDLINE and LILACS and consultations with experts. In Brazil, 55,604,537 hospital admissions were recorded in the SIH-SUS, between 2008 and 2012, of which 273,440 (0.49%) were related to at least one ADE. The proportions and rates seem to hold constant over the study period. Fourteen out of 20 most frequent ADEs were identified in codes relating to mental disorders. Intoxications figure as the second most frequently recorded group of ADEs in the SIH-SUS, comprising 76,866 hospitalizations. Monitoring of ADEs in administrative databases using ICD-10 codes is feasible, even in countries with information systems under construction, and can be an innovative tool to complement drug surveillance strategies in place in Brazil, as well as in others countries.

Adverse drug events identified in hospitalized patients in Brazil by International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) code listings / Eventos adversos a medicamentos identificados em pacientes hospitalizados no Brasil de acordo com códigos da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10) / Eventos Adversos por Medicamentos identificados en pacientes hospitalizados en Brasil según los listados de códigos de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-10)

Studies of adverse drug events (ADEs) are important in order not to jeopardize the positive impact of pharmacotherapy. These events have substantial impact on the population morbidity profiles, and increasing health system operating costs. Administrative databases are an important source of information for public health purposes and for identifying ADEs. In order to contribute to learning about ADE in hospitalized patients, this study examined the potential of applying ICD-10 (10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases) codes to a national database of the public health care system (SIH-SUS). The study comprised retrospective assessment of ADEs in the SIH-SUS administrative database, from 2008 to 2012. For this, a list of ICD-10 codes relating to ADEs was built. This list was built up by examining lists drawn up by other authors identified by bibliographic search in the MEDLINE and LILACS and consultations with experts. In Brazil, 55,604,537 hospital admissions were recorded in the SIH-SUS, between 2008 and 2012, of which 273,440 (0.49%) were related to at least one ADE. The proportions and rates seem to hold constant over the study period. Fourteen out of 20 most frequent ADEs were identified in codes relating to mental disorders. Intoxications figure as the second most frequently recorded group of ADEs in the SIH-SUS, comprising 76,866 hospitalizations. Monitoring of ADEs in administrative databases using ICD-10 codes is feasible, even in countries with information systems under construction, and can be an innovative tool to complement drug surveillance strategies in place in Brazil, as well as in others countries.

Os estudos sobre eventos adversos a medicamentos (EAMs) são importantes para evitar de prejudicar o efeito positivo da farmacoterapia. Os EAMs têm impacto substancial nos perfis de morbidade da população e no aumento dos custos operacionais do sistema de saúde. As bases de dados administrativos representam uma fonte de informação importante para fins de saúde pública em geral e especificamente para identificar os EAMs. No intuito de contribuir para o conhecimento sobre EAMs em pacientes hospitalizados, o estudo examinou a aplicabilidade dos códigos da CID-10 (10ª revisão da Classificação Internacional de Doenças) ao Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH-SUS). O estudo integrou uma avaliação retrospectiva de dados administrativos do SIH-SUS referentes aos anos de 2008 a 2012. Para tanto, foi elaborada uma lista de códigos da CID-10 relacionados a EAMs. A lista foi produzida a partir de uma consulta às listas projetadas por outros autores e identificadas através de uma busca em MEDLINE e LILACS e consultas com especialistas. No Brasil, foram registradas 55.604.537 internações hospitalares no SIH-SUS entre 2008 e 2012, das quais 273.440 (0,49%) estiveram relacionadas a pelo menos um EAM. As proporções e taxas de EAMs permaneceram constantes ao longo do período estudado. Quatorze dos vinte EAMs mais frequentes foram identificados através de códigos relacionados a transtornos psiquiátricos. As intoxicações figuram como o segundo grupo mais frequente de EAMs registrados no SIH-SUS, com 76.866 internações. O monitoramento dos EAMs com o uso dos códigos da CID-10 mostrou ser uma metodologia viável, mesmo em países com sistemas de informação ainda incompletos, e pode ser uma ferramenta inovadora para complementar as estratégias atuais de vigilância farmacológica no Brasil, assim como, em outros países.

Los estudios sobre eventos adversos por medicamentos (EAMs) son importantes, para no comprometer el impacto positivo de la farmacoterapia. Estos eventos tienen un impacto sustancial en los perfiles de morbilidad de la población e incrementan los costes operativos del sistema de salud. Las bases de datos administrativas son una importante fuente de información por motivos de salud pública y para identificar EAMs. Con el fin de contribuir al aprendizaje sobre EAM en pacientes hospitalizados, este estudio examinó el potencial de aplicar códigos CIE-10 (10ª revisión de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades) a una base datos nacional del sistema de salud público (SIH-SUS). Este estudio estuvo constituido por una evaluación retrospectiva de EAMs, en la base de datos administrativa del SIH-SUS, desde 2008 a 2012. Para ello, se desarrolló la lista de la CIE-10 con códigos para EAMs. Esta lista se creó examinando listas diseñadas por otros autores, identificados a través de búsquedas bibliográficas en MEDLINE, LILACS y consultas con expertos. En Brasil, se registraron 55.604.537 admisiones hospitalarias en el SIH-SUS, entre 2008 y 2012, de las cuales 273.440 (0,49%) sufrieron al menos un EAM. Los porcentajes y tasas parecieron mantenerse constantes durante el periodo de estudio. Catorce de los 20 más frecuentes EAMs fueron identificados con códigos relacionados con enfermedades mentales. Las intoxicaciones fueron el segundo grupo registrado más común de EAMs en el SIH-SUS, representando 76.866 hospitalizaciones. La supervisión de EAMs en las bases de datos administrativas, usando los códigos CIE-10, es factible, incluso en países cuyos sistemas de información se encuentran en proceso de construcción, y puede ser un herramienta innovadora como complemento de las actuales estrategias de supervisión sobre medicamentos en Brasil, así como en otros países.

O perfil de uso de medicamentos em idosos

Vídeo instrucional para o módulo XII da Especialização em Saúde da Pessoa Idosa - UNA-SUS: "O Uso de Medicamentos em Idosos". No vídeo, a Dra. Suely Rozenfeld (Médica, Sanitarista com ênfase em Farmacoepidemiologia e Farmacovigilância e Pesquisadora Titular da FIOCRUZ) fala sobre o perfil de uso de medicamentos em idosos e faz importantes recomendações acerca do tema.

Adverse drug events identified by triggers at a teaching hospital in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Adverse drug events (ADEs) are one of the most frequent causes of patient harm resulting from medical interventions, especially among inpatients. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of ADEs and characterise them in terms of degree of harm, medication implicated and patient symptoms, at a Brazilian university hospital. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of chart review. The method, developed by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, uses triggers to identify possible ADEs. The study population comprised adult inpatients at least 15 years old. Obstetric patients and those hospitalised for less than 48 hours were excluded. Time spent in the intensive care unit was not considered for the purposes of this study. Patients were selected on the basis of simple random sampling of records of patients discharged from January to July 2008. The records selected were reviewed by a multidisciplinary team. The indicators of ADE incidence were patients with ADEs and ADE rate per 100 patients. Patients with and without ADE were compared in the bivariate analysis. To identify the drugs classes most often associated with events, the number of prescriptions of each class of drug was related to the number of events assigned to it. RESULTS: The 240 inpatients studied were of mean age 50.8 (SD = 20.0) years, and mostly male (63.8%). A total of 44 ADEs were identified in 35 patient records, with 14.6% of patients presenting ADE and a rate of 18.3% ADEs per 100 patients. The most frequent were skin rash and nausea and vomiting, but severe ADEs were also identified. In the bivariate analysis long hospital stay and use of 10 or more drugs were associated with the occurrence of ADEs (p-value < 0.01). The drug classes associated with the highest number of events were anti-infective. CONCLUSION: About 1/6 of the hospitalized patients in a teaching hospital showed adverse events what is, by itself, cause for concern. Increased number of prescribed drugs and greater period of hospitalization appear to favour the occurrence of these events. In the future studies with higher number of patients may offer evidences of the association.

[Potential drug-drug interactions among elderly using antihypertensives from the Brazilian List of Essential Medicines]. / Interações medicamentosas potenciais entre idosos em uso dos anti-hipertensivos da Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of potential interactions between antihypertensives and other drugs. A household survey was conducted with individuals 60 years or older residing in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Potential moderately or very severe drug-drug interactions with antihypertensives, documented as suspected, probable or established, were identified. A total of 577 elderly were interviewed (mean age = 72 years), 45.2% of whom were using antihypertensives, of which 31.0% were subject to potential drug-drug interactions. Most of the interactions were moderately severe. Compared to the other elderly, those with potential drug-drug interactions showed more than fourfold odds of using five or more medicines and more than twofold odds of having been hospitalized in the previous year. Among the most frequent pairs of interactions, 75% cause a reduction in the hypotensive effect (65/87), which can result in low effectiveness of blood pressure control, prescribing of more drugs, and risk of other adverse events and interactions.

Interações medicamentosas potenciais entre idosos em uso dos anti-hipertensivos da Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil / Potential drug-drug interactions among elderly using antihypertensives from the Brazilian List of Essential Medicines / Prevalencia de interacciones de fármacos en ancianos que toman antihipertensivos dentro de la relación nacional de medicamentos esenciales de Brasil

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de interações medicamentosas potenciais entre anti-hipertensivos e outros fármacos. Foi realizado um inquérito domiciliar com pessoas de 60 anos ou mais de idade, residentes no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Foram identificadas as interações medicamentosas potenciais entre os anti- hipertensivos com evidência estabelecida, provável ou suspeita e com gravidade moderada ou elevada. Foram entrevistados 577 idosos (média de idade = 72 anos), 45,2% dos quais em uso de anti-hipertensivos, sendo 31,0% deles sujeitos a interações medicamentosas potenciais. A maioria das interações foi moderadamente grave. Comparados aos demais, os sujeitos às interações medicamentosas potenciais têm chance acima de 4 vezes de usar 5 ou mais medicamentos e acima de duas vezes de ter sido hospitalizado no ano anterior. Entre os pares de interações mais frequentes, 75% produzem redução do efeito hipotensivo (65/87), o que pode resultar em baixa efetividade no controle da pressão arterial, prescrição de mais medicamentos e risco de outros efeitos adversos e de interações.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of potential interactions between antihypertensives and other drugs. A household survey was conducted with individuals 60 years or older residing in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Potential moderately or very severe drug-drug interactions with antihypertensives, documented as suspected, probable or established, were identified. A total of 577 elderly were interviewed (mean age = 72 years), 45.2% of whom were using antihypertensives, of which 31.0% were subject to potential drug-drug interactions. Most of the interactions were moderately severe. Compared to the other elderly, those with potential drug-drug interactions showed more than fourfold odds of using five or more medicines and more than twofold odds of having been hospitalized in the previous year. Among the most frequent pairs of interactions, 75% cause a reduction in the hypotensive effect (65/87), which can result in low effectiveness of blood pressure control, prescribing of more drugs, and risk of other adverse events and interactions.

El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de interacciones medicamentosas potenciales entre antihipertensivos y otros fármacos. Se realizó una encuesta domiciliaria con personas de 60 años o edad más avanzada, residentes en Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Se identificaron interacciones medicamentosas potenciales entre antihipertensivos con una evidencia establecida, probable o sospechosa y con una gravedad moderada o elevada. Fueron entrevistadas 577 personas de la tercera edad (media de edad = 72 años), un 45,2% de los cuales tomaba antihipertensivos, estando un 31,0% de ellos sujetos a interacciones medicamentosas potenciales. La mayoría de las interacciones fue moderadamente grave. Comparados con los demás, los sujetos potenciales a interacciones con medicamentos tienen una probabilidad 4 veces superior de usar 5 o más medicamentos y dos veces mayor de haber sido hospitalizado durante el año anterior. Los hospitalizados en el último año tienen una probabilidad 2 veces superior de exponerse a interacciones medicamentosas potenciales. Entre los pares de interacciones más frecuentes, un 75% producen reducción del efecto hipotensivo (65/87), lo que puede resultar en una baja efectividad en el control de la presión arterial, prescripción de más medicamentos y riesgo de otros efectos adversos y de interacciones.

Eventos adversos a medicamentos em hospital terciario: estudo piloto com rastreadores / Eventos adversos a medicamentos en hospital terciario: estudio piloto con rastreadores / Adverse drug events in hospital: pilot study with trigger tool

OBJETIVO : Estimar a frequência e caracterizar os eventos adversos a medicamentos em hospital de cuidados terciários. MÉTODOS : Revisão retrospectiva de 128 prontuários de hospital do Rio de Janeiro, em 2007, representando 2.092 pacientes. A ferramenta utilizada foi uma lista de rastreadores, como antídotos, análises laboratoriais com resultados anormais, suspensão brusca de medicação e outros. Foi extraída amostra aleatória simples daqueles pacientes com 15 anos ou mais de idade. Foram excluídos pacientes oncológicos e da obstetrícia, e os internados por menos de 48 horas ou na emergência. Os pacientes com e sem eventos adversos a medicamentos foram comparados quanto a características sociais, demográficas e de doenças, para testar as diferenças entre os grupos. RESULTADOS : Cerca de 70,0% dos prontuários apresentaram no mínimo um rastreador. A capacidade dos rastreadores de identificar eventos adversos a medicamentos foi 14,4%. A incidência de eventos adversos a medicamentos foi 26,6/100 pacientes. Foram identificados um ou mais eventos em 15,6% dos pacientes. O tempo mediano de permanência hospitalar foi 35,2 dias para os pacientes com eventos adversos a medicamentos e 10,7 dias para os demais (p < 0,01). As classes de medicamentos mais envolvidos foram as que atuam sobre o aparelho cardiovascular e sobre o sistema nervoso, e os do trato digestivo e metabolismo. Os fármacos mais imputados foram: tramadol, dipirona, glibenclamida e furosemida. Do total de eventos, 82,0% contribuíram ou provocaram danos temporários ao paciente e demandaram intervenção, e 6,0% podem ter contribuído para o óbito do paciente. Estima-se que o hospital apresente, anualmente, 131 eventos de sonolência e lipotimia, 33 quedas e 33 hemorragias potencialmente associados aos medicamentos. CONCLUSÕES ...

OBJETIVO : Estimar la frecuencia y caracterizar los eventos adversos a medicamentos en hospital de cuidados terciarios. MÉTODOS : Revisión retrospectiva de 128 prontuarios de hospital de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, en 2007, representando 2.092 pacientes. La herramienta utilizada fue una lista de rastreadores, como antídotos, análisis de laboratorio con resultados anormales, suspensión brusca de medicación y otros. Se extrajo muestra aleatoria simple de los pacientes con 15 años o más de edad. Se excluyeron pacientes oncológicos y de obstetricia, y los internados por menos de 48 horas o en la emergencia. Los pacientes con y sin eventos adversos a medicamentos fueron comparados con respecto a las características sociales, demográficas y de enfermedades, para evaluar las diferencias entre los grupos. RESULTADOS : Cerca de 70,0% de los prontuarios presentaron por lo menos un rastreador. La capacidad de los rastreadores para identificar eventos adversos a medicamentos fue de 14,4%. La incidencia fue 26,6/100 pacientes. Se identificaron uno o más eventos adversos a medicamentos en 15,6% de los pacientes. El tiempo mediano de permanencia hospitalaria fue de 35,2 días para los pacientes con eventos adversos a medicamentos y 10,7 días para los demás (p<0,01). Las clases de medicamentos más involucrados fueron los que actúan sobre los sistemas cardiovascular y nervioso y los del tracto digestivo y metabolismo. Los fármacos más imputados fueron: tramadol, dipirona, glibenclamida y furosemida. Del total de eventos, 82,0% contribuyeron o provocaron daños temporales en el paciente y demandaron intervención y 6,0% pueden haber contribuido en el óbito del paciente. Se estima que el hospital presente, anualmente, 131 eventos de somnolencia y lipotimia, 33 caídas y 33 hemorragias potencialmente asociados a los medicamentos. CONCLUSIONES ...

OBJECTIVE : To estimate the frequency of and to characterize the adverse drug events at a terciary care hospital. METHODS : A retrospective review was carried out of 128 medical records from a hospital in Rio de Janeiro in 2007, representing 2,092 patients. The instrument used was a list of triggers, such as antidotes, abnormal laboratory analysis results and sudden suspension of treatment, among others. A simple random sample of patients aged 15 and over was extracted. Oncologic and obstetric patients were excluded as were those hospitalized for less than 48 hours or in the emergency room. Social and demographic characteristics and those of the disease of patients who underwent adverse events were compared with those of patients who did not in order to test for differences between the groups. RESULTS : Around 70.0% of the medical records assessed showed at least one trigger. Adverse drug events triggers had an overall positive predictive value of 14.4%. The incidence of adverse drug events was 26.6 per 100 patients and 15.6% patients suffered one or more event. The median length of stay for patients suffering an adverse drug event was 35.2 days as against 10.7 days for those who did not (p < 0.01). The pharmacological classes most commonly associated with an adverse drug event were related to the cardiovascular system, nervous system and alimentary tract and metabolism. The most common active substances associated with an adverse drug event were tramadol, dypirone, glibenclamide and furosemide. Over 80.0% of events provoked or contributed to temporary harm to the patient and required intervention and 6.0% may have contributed to the death of the patient. It was estimated that in the hospital, 131 events involving drowsiness or fainting 33 involving falls, and 33 episodes of hemorrhage related to adverse drug effects occur annually. CONCLUSIONS : Almost one-sixth of in-patients (16,0%) suffered an adverse drug event. The instrument ...

Adverse reactions to antituberculosis drugs in Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to characterize and estimate the frequency of adverse reactions to antituberculosis drugs in the population treated at the Centro de Saúde Escola Germano Sinval Faria, a primary health care clinic in Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro City, and to explore the relationship between adverse drug reactions and some of the patients' demographic and health characteristics. METHODS: This descriptive study was conducted via patient record review of incident cases between 2004 and 2008. RESULTS: Of the 176 patients studied, 41.5% developed one or more adverse reactions to antituberculosis drugs, totaling 126 occurrences. The rate of adverse reactions to antituberculosis drugs was higher among women, patients aged 50 years or older, those with four or more comorbidities, and those who used five or more drugs. Of the total reactions, 71.4% were mild. The organ systems most affected were as follows: the gastrointestinal tract (29.4%), the skin and appendages (21.4%), and the central and peripheral nervous systems (14.3%). Of the patients who experienced adverse reactions to antituberculosis drugs, 65.8% received no drug treatment for their adverse reactions, and 4.1% had one of the antituberculosis drugs suspended because of adverse reactions. "Probable reactions" (75%) predominated over "possible reactions" (24%). In the study sample, 64.3% of the reactions occurred during the first two months of treatment, and most (92.6%) of the reactions were ascribed to the combination of rifampicin + isoniazid + pyrazinamide (Regimen I). A high dropout rate from tuberculosis treatment (24.4%) was also observed. CONCLUSION: This study suggests a high rate of adverse reactions to antituberculosis drugs.

[Adverse drug events in hospital: pilot study with trigger tool]. / Eventos adversos a medicamentos em hospital terciário: estudo piloto com rastreadores.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the frequency of and to characterize the adverse drug events at a terciary care hospital. METHODS: A retrospective review was carried out of 128 medical records from a hospital in Rio de Janeiro in 2007, representing 2,092 patients. The instrument used was a list of triggers, such as antidotes, abnormal laboratory analysis results and sudden suspension of treatment, among others. A simple random sample of patients aged 15 and over was extracted. Oncologic and obstetric patients were excluded as were those hospitalized for less than 48 hours or in the emergency room. Social and demographic characteristics and those of the disease of patients who underwent adverse events were compared with those of patients who did not in order to test for differences between the groups. RESULTS: Around 70.0% of the medical records assessed showed at least one trigger. Adverse drug events triggers had an overall positive predictive value of 14.4%. The incidence of adverse drug events was 26.6 per 100 patients and 15.6% patients suffered one or more event. The median length of stay for patients suffering an adverse drug event was 35.2 days as against 10.7 days for those who did not (p < 0.01). The pharmacological classes most commonly associated with an adverse drug event were related to the cardiovascular system, nervous system and alimentary tract and metabolism. The most common active substances associated with an adverse drug event were tramadol, dypirone, glibenclamide and furosemide. Over 80.0% of events provoked or contributed to temporary harm to the patient and required intervention and 6.0% may have contributed to the death of the patient. It was estimated that in the hospital, 131 events involving drowsiness or fainting 33 involving falls, and 33 episodes of hemorrhage related to adverse drug effects occur annually. CONCLUSIONS: Almost one-sixth of in-patients (16.0%) suffered an adverse drug event. The instrument used may prove useful as a technique for monitoring and evaluating patient care results. Psycothropic therapy should be critically appraised given the frequency of associated events, such as excessive sedation, lethargy, and hypotension.

Adverse reactions to antituberculosis drugs in Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to characterize and estimate the frequency of adverse reactions to antituberculosis drugs in the population treated at the Centro de Saúde Escola Germano Sinval Faria, a primary health care clinic in Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro City, and to explore the relationship between adverse drug reactions and some of the patients' demographic and health characteristics. METHODS: This descriptive study was conducted via patient record review of incident cases between 2004 and 2008. RESULTS: Of the 176 patients studied, 41.5% developed one or more adverse reactions to antituberculosis drugs, totaling 126 occurrences. The rate of adverse reactions to antituberculosis drugs was higher among women, patients aged 50 years or older, those with four or more comorbidities, and those who used five or more drugs. Of the total reactions, 71.4% were mild. The organ systems most affected were as follows: the gastrointestinal tract (29.4%), the skin and appendages (21.4%), and the central and peripheral nervous systems (14.3%). Of the patients who experienced adverse reactions to antituberculosis drugs, 65.8% received no drug treatment for their adverse reactions, and 4.1% had one of the antituberculosis drugs suspended because of adverse reactions. "Probable reactions" (75%) predominated over "possible reactions" (24%). In the study sample, 64.3% of the reactions occurred during the first two months of treatment, and most (92.6%) of the reactions were ascribed to the combination of rifampicin + isoniazid + pyrazinamide (Regimen I). A high dropout rate from tuberculosis treatment (24.4%) was also observed. CONCLUSION: This study suggests a high rate of adverse reactions to antituberculosis drugs.

[Surveillance of adverse drug events in hospitals: implementation and performance of triggers]. / Vigilância de eventos adversos a medicamentos em hospitais: aplicação e desempenho de rastreadores.

Adverse drug events (ADE) are important causes of impairment of the quality of care for inpatients and therefore should be identified and characterized. Thus, lists of triggers were developed, including the proposal by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement. We analyzed the application of these triggers in a university hospital, with the cooperation of pharmacy and medical students, field training, standardized forms and manuals. Here, we present the process of application and performance of these triggers in a teaching hospital. The information on the triggers and ADE were collected through a retrospective chart review of patients discharged from January to June 2008. Four hundred and ninety-seven triggers were identified in 177 charts, and each chart had 2.33 (SD = 2.7) triggers on average. The most frequent triggers were: "antiemetic" (72.1/100 charts), "abrupt cessation of medication" (70.0/100 charts) and "over-sedation, drowsiness, numbness, lethargy, hypotension and fall" (34.6/100 charts). The most effective triggers for capturing ADE were "benzodiazepine antagonist", "antidiarrheal" and "rash", which, when identified in charts, were related to an event. The ADE most commonly found were related to the triggers, "abrupt cessation of medication" (8.3/100 charts), "antiemetic" (4.6/100 charts), "rash" and "anti-allergy" (2.1/100 charts). These results may help to decide which triggers are more useful in each situation.

Vigilância de eventos adversos a medicamentos em hospitais: aplicação e desempenho de rastreadores / Surveillance of adverse drug events in hospitals: implementation and performance of triggers

Os eventos adversos a medicamentos (EAMs) são causa importante de comprometimento da qualidade da atenção ao paciente hospitalizado e, por isso, devem ser identificados e caracterizados. Para tanto surgiram listas de rastreadores, entre elas a proposta pelo Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Aqui é apresentado o processo da aplicação dos rastreadores e o seu desempenho em um hospital de ensino. As informações sobre os rastreadores e os EAM foram coletadas por meio de revisão retrospectiva dos prontuários de pacientes com alta hospitalar de janeiro a junho de 2008. Foram identificados 497 rastreadores em 177 prontuários, onde cada prontuário apresentou, em média, 2,33 (DP = 2,7) rastreadores. Os encontrados com mais frequência foram: "antiemético" (72,1/100 prontuários), "interrupção abrupta da medicação" (70,0/100 prontuários) e "sedação excessiva, sonolência, torpor, letargia, queda e hipotensão" (34,6/100 prontuários). Os mais eficientes na captura de EAM (rendimento), isto é, aqueles que uma vez identificados sinalizaram possíveis eventos foram "antagonista de benzodiazepínico", "antidiarréicos" e "rash cutâneo". Os EAM mais encontrados foram relacionados aos rastreadores "interrupção abrupta da medicação" (8,3/100 prontuários), "antiemético" (4,6/100 prontuários) e "rash cutâneo" (2,1/100 prontuários). Essas considerações apontam para a utilidade do emprego da lista de rastreadores e podem contribuir para decidir sobre ajustes na sua aplicação.

Adverse drug events (ADE) are important causes of impairment of the quality of care for inpatients and therefore should be identified and characterized. Thus, lists of triggers were developed, including the proposal by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement. We analyzed the application of these triggers in a university hospital, with the cooperation of pharmacy and medical students, field training, standardized forms and manuals. Here, we present the process of application and performance of these triggers in a teaching hospital. The information on the triggers and ADE were collected through a retrospective chart review of patients discharged from January to June 2008. Four hundred and ninety-seven triggers were identified in 177 charts, and each chart had 2.33 (SD = 2.7) triggers on average. The most frequent triggers were: "antiemetic" (72.1/100 charts), "abrupt cessation of medication" (70.0/100 charts) and "over-sedation, drowsiness, numbness, lethargy, hypotension and fall" (34.6/100 charts). The most effective triggers for capturing ADE were "benzodiazepine antagonist", "antidiarrheal" and "rash", which, when identified in charts, were related to an event. The ADE most commonly found were related to the triggers, "abrupt cessation of medication" (8.3/100 charts), "antiemetic" (4.6/100 charts), "rash" and "anti-allergy" (2.1/100 charts). These results may help to decide which triggers are more useful in each situation.