The influence of cationic antiseptics on the processes of light energy conversion in various photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes.

The widespread use of disinfectants and antiseptics, and consequently their release into the environment, determines the relevance of studying their potential impact on the main producers of organic matter on the planet-photosynthetic organisms. The review examines the effects of some biguanides and quaternary ammonium compounds, octenidine, miramistin, chlorhexidine, and picloxidine, on the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus of various organisms (Strakhovskaya et al. in Photosynth Res 147:197-209, 2021; Knox et al. in Photosynth Res 153:103, 2022; Paschenko et al. in Photosynth Res 155:93-105, 2023a, Photosynth Res 2023b). A common feature of these antiseptics is the combination of hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions in the molecules, the latter carrying a positive charge(s). The comparison of the results obtained with intact bacterial membrane vesicles (chromatophores) and purified pigment-protein complexes (photosystem II and I) of oxygenic organisms allows us to draw conclusions about the mechanisms of the cationic antiseptic action on the functional properties of the components of the photosynthetic apparatus.

Three-state mathematical model for the assessment of DCMU-treated photosystem II heterogeneity.

Photosystem II (PSII) is one of the main pigment-protein complexes of photosynthesis which is highly sensitive to unfavorable environmental factors. The heterogeneity of PSII properties is essential for the resistance of autotrophic organisms to stress factors. Assessment of the PSII heterogeneity may be used in environmental monitoring for on-line detection of contamination of the environment. We propose an approach to assess PSII oxygen-evolving complex and light-harvesting antenna heterogeneity that is based on mathematical modeling of the shape of chlorophyll a fluorescence rise of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea-treated samples. The hierarchy of characteristic times of the processes considered in the model makes it possible to reduce the model to a system of three ordinary differential equations. The analytic solution of the reduced three-state model is expressed as a sum of two exponential functions, and it exactly reproduces the solution of the complete system within the time range from microseconds to hundreds of milliseconds. The combination of several such models for reaction centers with different properties made it possible to use it as an instrument to study PSII heterogeneity. PSII heterogeneity was studied for Chlamydomonas at different intensities of actinic light, for Scenedesmus under short-term heating, and for Chlorella grown in nitrate-enriched and nitrate-depleted media.

Type I Brugada Pattern in a Febrile Patient Following COVID-19 Vaccination Booster.

There have been studies published regarding the association between developing Brugada syndrome after an acute COVID-19 infection. In this case, we present a patient who presented with a syncopal episode and subsequently found to have Type I Brugada pattern on electrocardiogram. The patient underwent placement of a single chamber defibrillator. Genetic analysis demonstrated SCN5A variant which is associated with cardiac conditions including Brugada syndrome.

Anti-stokes fluorescence of phycobilisome and its complex with the orange carotenoid protein.

Phycobilisomes (PBSs) are giant water-soluble light-harvesting complexes of cyanobacteria and red algae, consisting of hundreds of phycobiliproteins precisely organized to deliver the energy of absorbed light to chlorophyll chromophores of the photosynthetic electron-transport chain. Quenching the excess of excitation energy is necessary for the photoprotection of photosynthetic apparatus. In cyanobacteria, quenching of PBS excitation is provided by the Orange Carotenoid Protein (OCP), which is activated under high light conditions. In this work, we describe parameters of anti-Stokes fluorescence of cyanobacterial PBSs in quenched and unquenched states. We compare the fluorescence readout from entire phycobilisomes and their fragments. The obtained results revealed the heterogeneity of conformations of chromophores in isolated phycobiliproteins, while such heterogeneity was not observed in the entire PBS. Under excitation by low-energy quanta, we did not detect a significant uphill energy transfer from the core to the peripheral rods of PBS, while the one from the terminal emitters to the bulk allophycocyanin chromophores is highly probable. We show that this direction of energy migration does not eliminate fluorescence quenching in the complex with OCP. Thus, long-wave excitation provides new insights into the pathways of energy conversion in the phycobilisome.

Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: A Challenging Diagnosis.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a relatively uncommon cause of acute coronary syndrome, which is mainly reported in postpartum patients and patients without typical cardiac risk factors. Our case was a 58-year-old female with a history of diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia who presented with non-exertional crushing retrosternal chest pain and was found to have ST elevation in inferior leads. Immediate cardiac catheterization was suggestive of spontaneous dissection of the third obtuse marginal artery, which was managed conservatively. Clinical suspicion is crucial for SCAD diagnosis, as it might be difficult to distinguish between coronary artery occlusion and SCAD. Moreover, revascularization in SCAD can be associated with complications. Therefore, SCAD needs to be considered as a differential diagnosis not only in patients without cardiac risk factors but also in patients with known cardiac risk factors like our case.

Protein-Mediated Carotenoid Delivery Suppresses the Photoinducible Oxidation of Lipofuscin in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells.

Lipofuscin of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells is a complex heterogeneous system of chromophores which accumulates as granules during the cell's lifespan. Lipofuscin serves as a source of various cytotoxic effects linked with oxidative stress. Several age-related eye diseases such as macular degeneration of the retina, as well as some severe inherited eye pathologies, are accompanied by a significant increase in lipofuscin granule concentration. The accumulation of carotenoids in the RPE could provide an effective antioxidant protection against lipofuscin cytotoxic manifestations. Given the highly lipophilic nature of carotenoids, their targeted delivery to the vulnerable tissues can potentially be assisted by special proteins. In this study, we demonstrate how protein-mediated delivery of zeaxanthin using water-soluble Bombyx mori carotenoid-binding protein (BmCBP-ZEA) suppresses the photoinducible oxidative stress in RPE cells caused by irradiation of lipofuscin with intense white light. We implemented fluorescence lifetime imaging of the RPE cell culture ARPE-19 fed with lipofuscin granules and then irradiated by white light with and without the addition of BmCBP-ZEA. We demonstrate that after irradiation the mean fluorescence lifetime of lipofuscin significantly increases, while the presence of BmCBP-ZEA at 200 nM concentration suppresses the increase in the average lifetime of lipofuscin fluorescence, indicating an approx. 35% inhibition of the oxidative stress. This phenomenon serves as indirect yet important evidence of the efficiency of the protein-mediated carotenoid delivery into pigment epithelium cells.

Insights into the Formation of Intermolecular Complexes of Fluorescent Probe 10-N-Nonyl Acridine Orange with Cardiolipin and Phosphatidylglycerol in Bacterial Plasma Membrane by Molecular Modeling.

In this article, we used molecular dynamics (MD), one of the most common methods for simulations of membranes, to study the interaction of fluorescent membranotropic biological probe 10-N-nonyl acridine orange (NAO) with the bilayer, mimicking a plasma membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Fluorescent probes serve as an effective tool to study the localization of different components in biological membranes. Revealing the molecular details of their interaction with membrane phospholipids is important both for the interpretation of experimental results and future design of lipid-specific stains. By means of coarse-grained (CG) MD, we studied the interactions of NAO with a model membrane, imitating the plasma membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. In our simulations, we detected different NAO forms: monomers, dimers, and stacks. NAO dimers had the central cardiolipin (CL) molecule in a sandwich-like structure. The stacks were formed by NAO molecules interlayered with anionic lipids, predominantly CL. Use of the CG approach allowed to confirm the ability of NAO to bind to both major negatively charged phospholipids, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and CL, and to shed light on the exact structure of previously proposed NAO-lipid complexes. Thus, CG modeling can be useful for the development of new effective and highly specific molecular probes.

Stages of OCP-FRP Interactions in the Regulation of Photoprotection in Cyanobacteria, Part 1: Time-Resolved Spectroscopy.

Most cyanobacteria utilize a water-soluble Orange Carotenoid Protein (OCP) to protect their light-harvesting complexes from photodamage. The Fluorescence Recovery Protein (FRP) is used to restore photosynthetic activity by inactivating OCP via dynamic OCP-FRP interactions, a multistage process that remains underexplored. In this work, applying time-resolved spectroscopy, we demonstrate that the interaction of FRP with the photoactivated OCP begins early in the photocycle. Interacting with the compact OCP state, FRP completely prevents the possibility of OCP domain separation and formation of the signaling state capable of interacting with the antenna. The structural element that prevents FRP binding and formation of the complex is the short α-helix at the beginning of the N-terminal domain of OCP, which masks the primary site in the C-terminal domain of OCP. We determined the rate of opening of this site and show that it remains exposed long after the relaxation of the red OCP states. Observations of the OCP transitions on the ms time scale revealed that the relaxation of the orange photocycle intermediates is accompanied by an increase in the interaction of the carotenoid keto group with the hydrogen bond donor tyrosine-201. Our data refine the current model of photoinduced OCP transitions and the interaction of its intermediates with FRP.

Mathematical Simulation of Electron Transport in the Primary Photosynthetic Processes.

Summarized results of investigation of regulation of electron transport and associated processes in the photosynthetic membrane using methods of mathematical and computer modeling carried out at the Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, are presented in this review. Detailed kinetic models of processes in the thylakoid membrane were developed using the apparatus of differential equations. Fitting of the model curves to the data of spectral measurements allowed us to estimate the values of parameters that were not determined directly in experiments. The probabilistic method of agent-based Monte Carlo modeling provides ample opportunities for studying dynamics of heterogeneous systems based on the rules for the behavior of individual elements of the system. Algorithms for simplified representation of Big Data make it possible to monitor changes in the photosynthetic apparatus in the course of culture growth in a photobioreactor and for the purpose of environmental monitoring. Brownian and molecular models describe movement and interaction of individual electron carrier proteins and make it possible to study electrostatic, hydrophobic, and other interactions leading to regulation of conformational changes in the reaction complexes. Direct multiparticle models explicitly simulate Brownian diffusion of the mobile protein carriers and their electrostatic interactions with multienzyme complexes both in solution and in heterogeneous interior of a biomembrane. The combined use of methods of kinetic and Brownian multiparticle and molecular modeling makes it possible to study the mechanisms of regulation of an integral system of electron transport processes in plants and algae at molecular and subcellular levels.

Electrostatic Map of the SARS-CoV-2 Virion Specifies Binding Sites of the Antiviral Cationic Photosensitizer.

Electrostatics is an important part of virus life. Understanding the detailed distribution of charges over the surface of a virus is important to predict its interactions with host cells, antibodies, drugs, and different materials. Using a coarse-grained model of the entire viral envelope developed by D. Korkin and S.-J. Marrink's scientific groups, we created an electrostatic map of the external surface of SARS-CoV-2 and found a highly heterogeneous distribution of the electrostatic potential field of the viral envelope. Numerous negative patches originate mainly from negatively charged lipid domains in the viral membrane and negatively charged areas on the "stalks" of the spike (S) proteins. Membrane (M) and envelope (E) proteins with the total positive charge tend to colocalize with the negatively charged lipids. In the E protein pentamer exposed to the outer surface, negatively charged glutamate residues and surrounding lipids form a negative electrostatic potential ring around the channel entrance. We simulated the interaction of the antiviral octacationic photosensitizer octakis(cholinyl)zinc phthalocyanine with the surface structures of the entire model virion using the Brownian dynamics computational method implemented in ProKSim software (version r661). All mentioned negatively charged envelope components attracted the photosensitizer molecules and are thus potential targets for reactive oxygen generated in photosensitized reactions.

What Binds Cationic Photosensitizers Better: Brownian Dynamics Reveals Key Interaction Sites on Spike Proteins of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2.

We compared the electrostatic properties of the spike proteins (S-proteins) of three coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, and their interactions with photosensitizers (PSs), octacationic octakis(cholinyl)zinc phthalocyanine (Zn-PcChol8+) and monocationic methylene blue (MB). We found a major common PS binding site at the connection of the S-protein stalk and head. The molecules of Zn-PcChol8+ and MB also form electrostatic encounter complexes with large area of negative electrostatic potential at the head of the S-protein of SARS-CoV-2, between fusion protein and heptad repeat 1 domain. The top of the SARS-CoV spike head demonstrates a notable area of electrostatic contacts with Zn-PcChol8+ and MB that corresponds to the N-terminal domain. The S-protein protomers of SARS-CoV-2 in "open" and "closed" conformations demonstrate different ability to attract PS molecules. In contrast with Zn-PcChol8+, MB possesses the ability to penetrate inside the pocket formed as a result of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain transition into the "open" state. The existence of binding site for cationic PSs common to the S-proteins of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV creates prospects for the wide use of this type of PSs to combat the spread of coronaviruses.

Role of hydrogen bond alternation and charge transfer states in photoactivation of the Orange Carotenoid Protein.

Here, we propose a possible photoactivation mechanism of a 35-kDa blue light-triggered photoreceptor, the Orange Carotenoid Protein (OCP), suggesting that the reaction involves the transient formation of a protonated ketocarotenoid (oxocarbenium cation) state. Taking advantage of engineering an OCP variant carrying the Y201W mutation, which shows superior spectroscopic and structural properties, it is shown that the presence of Trp201 augments the impact of one critical H-bond between the ketocarotenoid and the protein. This confers an unprecedented homogeneity of the dark-adapted OCP state and substantially increases the yield of the excited photoproduct S*, which is important for the productive photocycle to proceed. A 1.37 Å crystal structure of OCP Y201W combined with femtosecond time-resolved absorption spectroscopy, kinetic analysis, and deconvolution of the spectral intermediates, as well as extensive quantum chemical calculations incorporating the effect of the local electric field, highlighted the role of charge-transfer states during OCP photoconversion.

The Photosensitizer Octakis(cholinyl)zinc Phthalocyanine with Ability to Bind to a Model Spike Protein Leads to a Loss of SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity In Vitro When Exposed to Far-Red LED.

Photodynamic inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms can be successfully used to eradicate pathogens in localized lesions, infected liquid media, and on various surfaces. This technique utilizes the photosensitizer (PS), light, and molecular oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species that kill pathogens. Here, we used the PS, water soluble octakis(cholinyl)zinc phthalocyanine (Zn-PcChol8+), to inactivate an initial 4.75-5.00 IgTCID50/mL titer of SARS-CoV-2, thereby preventing viral infection when tested in Vero E6 cell cultures. Zn-PcChol8+ in a minimally studied concentration, 1 µM and LED 3.75 J/cm2, completely destroyed the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2. To detect possible PS binding sites on the envelope of SARS-CoV-2, we analyzed electrostatic potential and simulated binding of Zn-PcChol8+ to the spike protein of this coronavirus by means of Brownian dynamics software, ProKSim (Protein Kinetics Simulator). Most of the Zn-PcChol8+ molecules formed clusters at the upper half of the stalk within a vast area of negative electrostatic potential. Positioning of the PS on the surface of the spike protein at a distance of no more than 10 nm from the viral membrane may be favorable for the oxidative damage. The high sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 to photodynamic inactivation by Zn-PcChol8+ is discussed with respect to the application of this PS to control the spread of COVID-19.

Call for contributions to the Special Issue on the 9th Congress of the Russian Photobiological Society held in Shepsi, Krasnodar region, Russia, on September 12-19, 2021.

This Commentary describes a call for submissions for the upcoming Special Issue focused on the science presented at the 9th Congress of The Russian Photobiological Society entitled "Actual Problems in Photobiology."

Radioprotective role of cyanobacterial phycobilisomes.

Cyanobacteria are thought to be responsible for pioneering dioxygen production and the so-called "Great Oxygenation Event" that determined the formation of the ozone layer and the ionosphere restricting ionizing radiation levels reaching our planet, which increased biological diversity but also abolished the necessity of radioprotection. We speculated that ancient protection mechanisms could still be present in cyanobacteria and studied the effect of ionizing radiation and space flight during the Foton-M4 mission on Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Spectral and functional characteristics of photosynthetic membranes revealed numerous similarities of the effects of α-particles and space flight, which both interrupted excitation energy transfer from phycobilisomes to the photosystems and significantly reduced the concentration of phycobiliproteins. Although photosynthetic activity was severely suppressed, the effect was reversible, and the cells could rapidly recover from the stress. We suggest that the actual existence and the uncoupling of phycobilisomes may play a specific role not only in photo-, but also in radioprotection, which could be crucial for the early evolution of Life on Earth.

Validation of the STA-Liatest DDi assay for exclusion of proximal deep vein thrombosis according to the latest Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute/Food and Drug Administration guideline: results of a multicenter management study.

: Recommended strategy for venous thromboembolism (VTE) diagnosis includes the use of sensitive D-dimer (DDi) assays along with pretest probability (PTP) assessment. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recently issued a guideline (US FDA endorsed) on DDi in VTE exclusion. Such guideline specifies the ideal D-dimer assay characteristics and target population. Demonstrate STA-LiatestD-Di performance combined with a PTP score for proximal deep vein thrombosis (pDVT) exclusion in a CLSI compliant study. International, multicenter, prospective nonrandomized, noninterventional clinical outcome management study conducted in a standard-of-care setting. DDi was measured in DVT-suspected consecutive low/moderate PTP outpatients, without conditions possibly impacting DDi values independently of thrombosis presence (age >80, pregnancy, postoperative, cancer) using a 0.5 µg/ml (FEU) threshold for DVT exclusion. Results were used to determine test performance. One thousand two hundred and thirty-four patients (17 centers) signed informed consent. Nine hundred and eighty (mean age: 55) with valid results (494 negative DDi) completed the study (DVT prevalence: 8.7%). STA-LiatestD-Di performance exceeded CLSI/FDA requirements: sensitivity: 100% (95% CI 95.8-100%), NPV: 100% (95% CI 99.3-100%). STA-LiatestD-Di associated with PTP score showed excellent performance for pDVT exclusion, as recently demonstrated for pulmonary embolism. The assay allows safe VTE exclusion, avoiding unnecessary imaging tests.

The effect of light and temperature on the dynamic state of Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction centers proteins determined from changes in tryptophan fluorescence lifetime and P+QA- recombination kinetics.

The temperature dependencies of the rate of dark recombination of separated charges between the photoactive bacteriochlorophyll and the primary quinone acceptor (QA) in photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs) of the purple bacteria Rhodobacter sphaeroides (Rb. sphaeroides) were investigated. Measurements were performed in water-glycerol and trehalose environments after freezing to -180 °C in the dark and under actinic light with subsequent heating. Simultaneously, the RC tryptophanyl fluorescence lifetime in the spectral range between 323 and 348 nm was measured under these conditions. A correlation was found between the temperature dependencies of the functional and dynamic parameters of RCs in different solvent mixtures. For the first time, differences in the average fluorescence lifetime of tryptophanyl residues were measured between RCs frozen in the dark and in the actinic light. The obtained results can be explained by the RC transitions between different conformational states and the dynamic processes in the structure of the hydrogen bonds of RCs. We assumed that RCs exist in two main microconformations - "fast" and "slow", which are characterized by different rates of P+ and QA- recombination reactions. The "fast" conformation is induced in frozen RCs in the dark, while the "slow" conformation of RC occurs when the RC preparation is frozen under actinic light. An explanation of the temperature dependencies of tryptophan fluorescence lifetimes in RC proteins was made under the assumption that temperature changes affect mainly the electron transfer from the indole ring of the tryptophan molecule to the nearest amide or carboxyl groups.

Phenotypic selection as the biological mode of epigenetic conversion and reversion in cell transformation.

Exposure of certain cell lines to methylcholanthrene, X-rays, or physiological growth constraint leads to preneoplastic transformation in all or most of the treated cells. After attaining confluence, a fraction in those cells progress to full transformation, as evidenced by their ability to form discrete foci distinguishable from the surrounding cells by virtue of their higher density. Transformation induced by suspension in agar, an even stronger growth-selective condition than confluence, is reminiscent of all but the final differentiated stage of a normal developmental process, epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Changes associated with transformation are not restricted to focus-forming cells, as the permissiveness for focus formation provided by confluent cells surrounding transformed foci is greater than that of nonselected cells. The neoplastic process can also be reversed in culture. Transformed cells passaged at low density in high serum revert to normal morphology and growth behavior in vitro and lose the capacity for tumor formation in vivo. We propose that transformation and its reversal are driven by a process of phenotypic selection that involves entire heterogeneous populations of cells responding to microenvironmental changes. Because of the involvement of whole cell populations, we view this process as fundamentally adaptive and epigenetic in nature.