ABSTRACT
Glutamate uptake into synaptic vesicles in nerve terminals is a pivotal step in glutamate synaptic transmission. Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter and, as such, the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) responsible for this uptake is involved in a variety of nervous system functions and various types of pathophysiology. As yet, no VGLUT-specific, membrane-permeable agents have been developed to affect neuronal function in intact neurons, although two potent VGLUTspecific inhibitors are known. These compounds contain diazo and highly charged sulfonic acid groups, rendering them membrane-impermeable and potentially cytotoxic. In an effort to eliminate these undesirable properties, we have developed two novel agents, Brilliant Yellow analogs 1 and 2, which are free of these two groups. We show here that these agents retain highly VGLUT-selective inhibitory activity, despite their reduction in potency, and exhibit no significant cellular toxicity. Potential use of this molecular modification is discussed.
Subject(s)
Azo Compounds/chemistry , Azo Compounds/metabolism , Benzenesulfonates/chemistry , Benzenesulfonates/metabolism , Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins/analysis , Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins/metabolism , Animals , Brain/metabolism , Brain Chemistry/physiology , PC12 Cells , Rats , Synaptic Vesicles/chemistry , Synaptic Vesicles/metabolismABSTRACT
The use of chiral phosphinamides is relatively unexplored because of the lack of a general method for the synthesis. Reported herein is the development of a general, efficient, and highly enantioselective method for the synthesis of structurally diverse P-stereogenic phosphinamides. The method relies on nucleophilic substitution of a chiral phosphinate derived from the versatile chiral phosphinyl transfer agent 1,3,2-benzoxazaphosphinine-2-oxide. These chiral phosphinamides were utilized for the first synthesis of readily tunable P-stereogenic Lewis base organocatalysts, which were used successfully for highly enantioselective catalysis.
Subject(s)
Amides/chemical synthesis , Lewis Bases/chemistry , Phosphines/chemical synthesis , Phosphinic Acids/chemistry , Amides/chemistry , Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic , Molecular Structure , Phosphines/chemistry , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
A novel route to access trifluoromethylketones (TFMKs) from Weinreb amides is reported. This represents the first documented case of the Ruppert-Prakash reagent (TMS-CF(3)) reacting in a constructive manner with an amide and enables synthesis of TMFKs without risk of over-trifluoromethylation.
