Performance of 'Gala Select' and 'Fuji Suprema' grafted on Geneva series rootstocks under fallow land and replanting conditions in southern Brazil.

Background: Rootstocks less vigorous are among the most crucial management techniques to modernize fruit cultivation. Replanting with fallow land has become necessary due to a lack of land to establish new orchards. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of various rootstocks of the American Geneva® series on the yield performance of the apple (Malus domestica Borkh) cultivars 'Gala Select' and 'Fuji Suprema' under replanting conditions in southern Brazil. Methods: After two years of fallow land, the experiments were initiated in 2017 and conducted during the 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021 growing seasons in Painel and Caxias do Sul municipalities at the Santa Catarina and the Rio Grande do Sul State, respectively. The 'Gala Select' and 'Fuji Suprema' were grafted onto the G.202, G.814, G.210, and G.213 Geneva series rootstocks in a tall spindle training system using a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess the interrelationship among the variable's vigor, productivity, and fruit quality. Results: The PCA result showed significant differences in vigor, productivity, and fruit quality when the G.210 and G.213 and G.814 and G.213 Geneva series rootstocks were used in combination with Gala Select and Fuji Suprema cultivars, respectively. The PCA analysis clustered all cultivar/rootstock combinations into two groups, based on their vigor and productivity and the yield performance and fruit quality data, that differed significantly among combinations and regions. The 'Gala Select'/G.202 and 'Fuji Suprema'/G.213 combinations were less vigorous than the 'Gala Select'/G.210 and 'Fuji Suprema'/G.814 combinations. However, 'Gala Select'/G.210 (semi-dwarfing) and G.213 (dwarfing) are the combinations with high yield performance, productive efficiency and fruit quality, being more reliable to the producer, and less vigorous, resulting in lower labor costs under replating conditions, with two years of fallow land, from 2018 until 2021 growing seasons.

Performance of Hop Cultivars Grown with Artificial Lighting under Subtropical Conditions.

The objective of this study was to determine the duration of the main phenological stages, plant growth development, yield, and cone quality of hop cultivars grown under artificial light (17 h per day) during vegetative development (early season) in a subtropical climate region. The study was conducted in Palotina, Paraná, Brazil (24° S), during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons. The plants were cultivated in a 5.5 m high trellis system with artificial light supplementation during vegetative development. The hop cultivars Hallertau Mittelfrüher, Mapuche, Northern Brewer, Spalter, and Yakima Gold were used in the treatments. The duration of the phenological stages, vegetative growth (plant height, fresh mass of the plants, number of lateral branches per plant), components of productive yield (number of cones per side branch, number of cones per plant, fresh mass, length, and width of the cone, production of fresh cones per plant, and yield), and chemical components of the cones (alpha- and beta-acid contents, and essential oil concentrations) were recorded. The duration of the phenological stages was visually evaluated, and plant growth was analyzed using non-linear log-logistic regression. The remaining data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were compared using Tukey's test. The data were also subjected to multivariate analysis using the principal components test, correlation analysis, and hierarchical grouping. The cultivar Mapuche was considered an early hop in both seasons, and the cultivars Spalter and Yakima Gold were considered early cultivars in the second season. In both seasons, the productive yield components were positively correlated with the precocity of the cultivars, in which Mapuche in the 2021 season and Mapuche, Spalter, and Yakima Gold in the 2022 season had the highest mean of the number of cones per side branch and per plant, production per plant, and productivity. The cultivar Yakima Gold had a positive correlation with the chemical quality of cones, alpha and beta acid contents, and essential oil concentrations, for both seasons.

Horticultural performance of 'Fuji Suprema' and 'Maxi Gala' apple trees trained at Tall Spindle and Bi-Axis systems grafted on different rootstocks in Southern Brazil / Comportamento agronômico de macieiras 'Fuji Suprema' e 'Maxi Gala' conduzidas em Tall Spindle e Bi-Axis enxertadas em diferentes porta-enxertos no Sul do Brasil

The use of new rootstocks combined with different training systems have been studied to increase productivity, fruit quality, and reduce costs. Another important factor is the validation of studies under replanting conditions, due to the growing limitation of new areas for planting commercial apple orchards in Brazil. The present study aimed to evaluate the behavior of 'Fuji Suprema' and 'Maxi Gala' apple trees in two training systems grafted on two rootstocks. The study occurred during the seasons 2016/17, 2017/18 and 2018/19, in an orchard located in southern Brazil in an area previously cultivated with apple trees. A randomized block design consisting of a 2x2 factorial was used, with Tall Spindle and Bi-Axis as the training system and 'M.9' and 'G.213' as rootstocks of Fuji Suprema and Maxi Gala cultivars. Variables were evaluated to determine tree vigor, as well as yield and fruit quality characteristics. It was observed that 'G.213' promoted higher vigor for both cultivars as well as the Bi-Axis training system in the Maxi Gala cultivar. The highest yield was observed in Tall Spindle as well as the rootstock 'G.213' in both cultivars. The most significant changes on fruit quality occurred in the Bi-Axis training system, presenting higher intensity of red color as well as 'Maxi Gala' grafted on 'G.213' rootstock.

A utilização de novos porta-enxertos e diferentes sistemas de condução tem sido estudado para aumentar a produtividade, qualidade dos frutos e reduzir custos. Outro fator importante é a validação de estudos em condições de replantio, devido à crescente limitação de novas áreas para o plantio comercial de pomares de macieiras no Brasil. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento de macieiras 'Fuji Suprema' e 'Maxi Gala' em dois sistemas de condução enxertados sobre dois porta-enxertos. O estudo ocorreu durante as safras 2016/17, 2017/18 e 2018/19, em um pomar localizado no sul do Brasil, em área previamente cultivada com macieiras. Utilizou-se delineamento de blocos casualizados, consistindo em um fatorial 2x2, sendo Tall Spindle e Bi-Axis como sistemas de condução e 'M.9' e 'G.213' como porta-enxertos das cultivares Fuji Suprema e Maxi Gala. Foram avaliadas variáveis para determinar o comportamento vegetativo, bem como as características de produtividade e qualidade dos frutos. Observou-se que 'G.213' promoveu maior vigor para ambas cultivares, assim como o sistema de condução Bi-Axis na cultivar Maxi Gala. O maior rendimento foi observado nas macieiras conduzidas em Tall Spindle e enxertadas sobre 'G.213' em ambas cultivares. As mudanças mais significativas na qualidade dos frutos ocorreram nas macieiras conduzidas em Bi-Axis, apresentando maior intensidade de coloração vermelha, assim como na macieira 'Maxi Gala' enxertada sobre 'G.213'.

Geneva® Series Rootstocks for Apple Trees Under Extreme Replanting Conditions in Southern Brazil.

Geneva® rootstocks in Brazil are known to be efficient in controlling vigor, and are precocious and resistant to diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of apple tree cultivars grafted on the Geneva® rootstocks in severe replant disease areas, by planting 60 days after the eradication. The experiments were implemented in 2017, in São Joaquim and Vacaria. The Gala Select and Fuji Suprema cultivars were grafted onto 'G.202', 'G.814', 'G.210', and 'G.213' rootstocks in the Tall Spindle training system. In 2018/2019, total thinning was carried out to promote plant growth. In São Joaquim, partial thinning was carried out in 2019/2020 harvest of 'Gala Select'. The rootstocks were divided into two groups based on vigor, for both areas and cultivars. 'G.202' and 'G.213' were 40% less vigorous than 'G.210' and 'G.814'. For 'Gala Select', the extreme non-fallow condition mainly affected the vigor and productivity of 'G.213' in both areas. At the end of two harvests, 'G.213' was 17% less productive than 'G.210', contrary to what is observed in areas where the fallow period is respected. However, 'G.213' confirmed a greater yield efficiency, which was 27% higher than 'G.210'. This suggests that a perspective of forecasting production for the third crop is higher for 'G.213' than for 'G.210'. In the case of 'Fuji Suprema', the G.210 rootstock was the most productive in both areas. In São Joaquim, 'G.202' matched 'G.210' in productivity and efficiency as it sprouts better in colder regions. Considering the fruit quality, 'G.213' anticipated the maturation with fruits of larger size and higher total soluble solids (TSS) in both areas and cultivars, making it possible to anticipate the harvest. It was concluded that the non-fallow condition does not alter the relative differences in vigor and fruit quality among the rootstocks. However, notwithstanding the overall replant tolerance of these rootstocks, it does reduce productivity by mainly affecting less vigorous rootstocks that need about three crops to overcome the allelopathic effects of the soil and start growing normally. The G.210 semi-dwarfing rootstock is an alternative for the immediate conversion of apple orchards of Gala Select and Fuji Suprema cultivars in southern Brazil.

First report of Podosphaera macularis causing hop (Humulus lupulus) powdery mildew in Brazil.

The hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a dioecious perennial climbing plant grown commercially worldwide. Wild hops are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, Europe, Asia, and North America (Neve, 1991). In the Southern Hemisphere, some of the leading hop-producing countries include South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Brazil began hop production less than 5 years ago. In January 2019, amphigenous white powdery circular fungal colonies were observed on the leaves and stems of hop plants (cultivar Chinook) within a 900m2 hop garden in Lages municipality, Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil. The incidence of the disease was present on almost 100 per cent of "Chinook" cultivar plants and diseased foliage was collected to identify the pathogen and used to inoculate healthy plants. Hop powdery mildew lesions with hyaline and septate mycelium with chains of unicellular conidia (n =100) hyaline, barrel-shaped, mean of length/width ± standard deviation 25-27 × 13-18 µm ± 0.980, with fibrosin bodies, and conidiophores erect with cylindrical foot cells, were visible within 10 days. The causal agent was identified as Podosphaera macularis (Wallr.:Fr.) Lind (synonym S. humuli (DC.) Burrill) on the basis of conidial shape, size and host range (Royle 1978; Braun 1987; Mahaffee et al., 2009), complemented with the present molecular analysis. Chasmothecia have not been observed in the field to date. A conidial suspension of 200 ml at concentration of 1.4 x 105 was mixed with 5ul of Tween® 20 for the pathogenicity assay. Ten plants of 9-month-old of hop "Chinook" cultivar, were inoculated with 5 ml of the conidial suspension using a manual spray. The control plot was only sprayed with water. The inoculated plants were maintained at 22ºC ± 1ºC with a 12-hour photoperiod and 65% relative humidity. White mycelia were visible first on the adaxial leaf surfaces of the inoculated younger leaves after 10 days and the disease severity reached between 2 to 5%. No symptoms were observed at the control plot. P. macularis infected most aerial plant tissues of the inoculated plants and caused approximately 50% of cones losses. P. macularis conidia were collected from the infected leaf tissue with a sterile soft camel-hair brush and DNA was extracted using a Wizard Genomic DNA extraction kit. The primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al., 1990) were used to amplified and sequenced a fragment of the ITS region. PCR products were subjected to Sanger Sequencing to confirm sample species. The resulting 522-bp sequence was deposited into GenBank (accession n°. MN630490). BLASTn showed a 99.81% sequence identity with the CT1 isolate of P. macularis from H. lupulus (MH687414). The presence and identification of P. macularis in hop production regions is a new challenge to growers in Brazil. Research related to the knowledge of the disease cycle, epidemiology, and control strategies for the integrated management should be conducted, as there are no registered fungicides for powdery mildew on hop in Brazil. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. macularis in Brazil, as well as in South America. References Braun, U. (1987) A Monograph of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews). J. Cramer, Berlin, German Democratic Republic. p 113. Mahaffee, W. F., Pethybridge, S.J., Gent, D.H (2009) Compendium of hop diseases and pests. The American Phytopathological Society Press, Saint Paul, Minnesota. Neve R. A (1991). Hops. Chapman and Hall: London. Royle, D. J (1978). Powdery mildew of the hop. Pages 381-409 in: The Powdery Mildews. D. M. Spencer, ed. Academic Press, New York. White, T. J., Bruns, T., Lee, S., and Taylor, J. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. pp. 315-322 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. Innis, D. Gelfand, J. Sninsky, and T. White, eds. Academic Press, San Diego.

Prohexadione-calcium on downy mildew and botrytis bunch rot epidemiology, and yield and technological and phenolic parameters of the Merlot vine cultivar in the highland region of southern Brazil / Efeitos da prohexadiona de cálcio na epidemiologia do mildio e podridão de botrytis e no desempenho vitícola da cultivar de videira Merlot em região de altitude do sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT: Prohexadione-calcium (ProCa) is a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor and the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ProCa on the downy mildew (DM) and Botrytis bunch rot (BBR) epidemiology, and the yield and technological and phenolic parameters of grape Merlot cultivar. Experiments were carried out in a commercial vineyard in São Joaquim Municipality/SC, Southern Brazil, during the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 growing seasons. ProCa was applied at four doses and three phenological stages: A) 0 g ha−1 (control); B) 1000 g ha−1 (inflorescence fully developed); C) 500 + 500 g ha−1 (inflorescence fully developeted and full flowering); D) 500 + 500 + 500 g ha−1 (inflorescence fully developed, full flowering, and berries pea-sized). DM and BBR incidence and severity were quantified weekly from the first symptom appearance until harvest, and their epidemiology was compared according to: a) the beginning of symptom appearance; b) the time to reach the maximum disease incidence and severity; c) the maximum value of disease incidence and severity; d) the area under the disease progress curve. In general, there were significant differences in the ProCa doses for all epidemiologic parameters of DM and BBR compared with the control plot; however, there was no significant difference among the ProCa doses. The principal epidemiological variables that differentiated the effect of ProCa on the DM and BBR control were the Smax and AUSDPC. Some yield and technological and phenolic parameters were negatively affected by different doses of ProCa, but it was still a good option for DM and BBR control in highland region of southern Brazil during the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 growing seasons.

RESUMO: A prohexadiona-cálcio (ProCa) é um inibidor da biossíntese de giberelina e o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito do ProCa na epidemiologia do míldio da videira (MV) e da podridão de Botrytis (PB) e no desempenho vitícola da cultivar de videira Merlot. Experimentos foram realizados em um vinhedo comercial no município de São Joaquim/SC, Sul do Brasil, durante as safras 2017-2018 e 2018-2019. A ProCa foi aplicada em quatro doses e três estágios fenológicos: A) 0 g ha-1 (controle); B) 1000 g ha-1 (inflorescência totalmente desenvolvida); C) 500 + 500 g ha-1 (inflorescência totalmente desenvolvida e floração completa); D) 500 + 500 + 500 g ha-1 (inflorescência totalmente desenvolvida, floração completa e baga tipo ervilha). A incidência e severidade de MV e PB foram quantificadas semanalmente a partir do aparecimento dos primeiros sintomas até a colheita e a epidemiologia das doenças foram comparadas de acordo com: a) o início do aparecimento dos sintomas; b) tempo para atingir a máxima incidência e severidade da doença; c) valor máximo da incidência e severidade da doença; d) área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença. Em geral, houve diferenças significativas na dose de ProCa para todos os parâmetros epidemiológicos de MV e PB em comparação com o controle; no entanto, não houve diferença significativa entre as doses de ProCa. As principais variáveis ​​epidemiológicas que diferenciaram o efeito da ProCa no controle do MV e PB foram o Smax e o AUSDPC. Algumas variáveis vitícolas da cultivar Merlot foram afetados negativamente por diferentes doses de ProCa, mas ainda foi uma boa opção o uso da ProCa para o controle do MV e PB em região de altitude do sul do Brasil durante as safras 2017-2018 e 2018-2019.

Micropropagation of the new apple rootstock ‘G. 814’ / Micropropagação do novo porta-enxerto de macieira ‘G. 814’

ABSTRACT: International breeding programs launched new genetic material of apple rootstocks that in addition to precocity and great yield are resistant to major diseases and soil pests encountered in the largest apple producing regions in Brazil. Given this, there is a necessity for vegetative propagation of these materials for study and possible replacement of existing rootstocks. The objective was to adapt a micropropagation protocol for new apple rootstock ‘G. 814’. In the multiplication phase were evaluated BAP concentrations: 0; 0.5; 1; 2 and 4mg L-1 and in the rooting phase were evaluated IBA concentrations: 0; 0.25; 0.50; 1; 1.5 and 2.5mg L-1. These new results demonstrated that this new rootstock selection can be propagated with this tissue culture adapted protocol. For the successful in vitro propagation of apple rootstock ‘G. 814’ it is indicated the use of 1mg L-1 BAP at multiplication phase and 1.5mg L-1 IBA at rooting phase.

RESUMO: Programas de melhoramento internacional lançaram novos materiais genéticos de porta-enxertos de macieira que além de precoces e produtivos são resistentes as principais doenças e pragas de solo das maiores regiões produtoras de maçã no Brasil. Diante disto, existe a necessidade de propagação vegetativa destes materiais para estudos e possível substituição dos atuais porta-enxertos. O objetivo foi adaptar um protocolo de micropropagação para o novo porta-enxerto de macieira ‘G. 814’. Na fase de multiplicação dos explantes foram avaliadas concentrações de BAP: 0; 0.5; 1; 2 e 4mg L-1 e na de enraizamento concentrações de AIB: 0; 0.25; 0.50; 1; 1.5 e 2.5mg L-1. Esta seleção de porta-enxerto pode ser micropropagada com este protocolo adaptado. Para o sucesso na propagação in vitro do porta-enxerto de macieira ‘G. 814’ é indicado o uso de 1mg L-1 de BAP na fase de multiplicação e de 1.5mg L-1 de AIB na fase de enraizamento.

Raleio de cachos sobre o potencial enológico da uva 'Cabernet Franc' em duas safras / A survey of clusters thinning in the 'Cabernet Franc' winemaking potential in two seasons

RESUMO:O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a maturação tecnológica e fenólica das uvas na variedade 'Cabernet Franc', submetida a diferentes níveis de raleio de cachos, de modo a estabelecer critérios que contribuam para definir o manejo mais apropriado para a obtenção de uvas destinadas à elaboração de vinhos finos, em regiões acima de 900m de altitude. Os ensaios foram conduzidos durante as safras 2009/10 e 2010/11 em um vinhedo comercial a 1,230m de altitude, localizado no município de São Joaquim, SC, coordenadas 28º 17' 39" S e 49º 55' 56" W. Foi utilizada a variedade 'Cabernet Franc', enxertada sobre 'Paulsen 1103', conduzida em espaldeira, com espaçamento de 3,0m x 1,2m e cobertura anti-granizo. Os níveis de raleio de cachos, ajustados na virada de cor "véraison", corresponderam à produção máxima, com reduções percentuais em sua produtividade em 25%, 50% e 75%. Observou-se que, em região de altitude, a prática de raleio de cachos modifica as características químicas da uva 'Cabernet Franc', aumentando o pH, reduzindo o teor de SS do mosto e polifenóis da casca. A realização do raleio de cachos, além de reduzir a produção por área, não teve um efeito compensatório na qualidade do mosto, além de não ter sido observado equilíbrio vegetativo/produtivo das plantas. A redução da carga através da prática do raleio de cachos não gerou os benefícios esperados para a cv 'Cabernet Franc', cultivada em região de altitude nas duas safras avaliadas.

ABSTRACT:This study aims to evaluate the ripening of 'Cabernet Franc's' grape berries submitted to different levels of clusters thinning in order to establish criteria that will help to define the most appropriate management for winemaking in regions above 900m. The experiment was conducted during the growing seasons of 2009/10 and 2010/11 in a commercial vineyard (28º 17' 39" S e 49º 55' 56" W, 1,230m), located in São Joaquim, SC. Plants are grafted on Paulsen 1103 and conducted in vertical shooting positioning trellis, spacing 3.0 x 1.2m and covered with hail protection net. Levels of clusters thinning, set at "veraison", corresponded to maximum production, and percentage reductions in productivity by 25%, 50% and 75%. In the region of altitude, the practice of clusters thinning modifies the chemical composition of 'Cabernet Franc's' grape berries. Besides reducing the production per area, this practice does not have a compensatory effect of lower productivity in the quality of wine and equilibrium vegetative/productive plants as well. Reducing production through clusters thinning did not reach the expected benefits for cv 'Cabernet Franc' in this survey.

Compatibilidade fenotípica entre cultivares de pereiras europeias eporta-enxertos de marmeleiro / Phenotypic compatibility among european pear cultivars and quince rootstocks

A cultura da pereira (Pyrus communisL.) possui grande potencial de expansão no sul do Brasil devido às condições climáticas e de solo. A carência de informações a respeito da(s) melhor(es) combinação(ões) de cultivares 'copa de pereiras europeias' e porta-enxertos de marmeleiro em relação à compatibilidade de enxertia é um dos fatores que tem limitado o cultivo de pera no país. A utilização de porta-enxertos de marmeleiros apresentam as vantagens de redução do vigor e rápida entrada em produção, porém, quando enxertados com algumas cultivares de 'pereira europeia', pode acarretar incompatibilidade de enxertia. O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar fenotipicamente a compatibilidade morfológica entre cultivares 'copa de pereiras europeias' e porta-enxertos de marmeleiro através das variáveis de crescimento das plantas, como o incremento de diâmetro (mm) do tronco da cultivar e do porta-enxerto; diferença de diâmetro entre a cultivar e o porta-enxerto; incompatibilidade 'translocada'; incompatibilidade 'localizada'; e análise da conexão vascular no ponto de enxertia pela imersão em solução corante de Ácido Fuccínico 0,08%. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em pomares de pereiras europeias na região de Urupema, estado de Santa Catarina, durante os ciclos de cultivo 2011/12, 2012/13 e 2013/14. As combinações de cultivares de pereiras europeias e porta-enxertos avaliados foram a 'Abbè Fetel'/'Adams', 'Decana du Comice'/'Adams', 'Clapp's Favourite'/'EMA', 'Rocha'/'Adams', 'Packham´s Triumph'/'EMA' e 'Santa Maria'/'Adams'. A combinação 'Clapp´s Favourite'/'EMA' apresentou incompatibilidade do tipo 'localizada' pela descontinuidade vascular na região de união do enxerto, impedindo a passagem do corante. As combinações 'Rocha'/'Adams' e 'Abbè Fetel'/'Adams' não apresentaram incompatibilidade de enxertia. Nessas combinações, foram observadas união vascular contínua entre as cultivares e os porta-enxertos. As combinações ...

The pear (Pyrus communis L.) crop offers an expansive market opportunity in southern Brazil, because of amicable climatic and soil conditions. However, the lack of studies on compatibility of european pear cultivars and rootstocks is one of the limiting factors on the development of the pear crop in southern Brazil. The use of quinces as rootstocks has the advantages of vigor reduction and earlier bearing trees. However, some of these combinations can present some incompatibility graft. The objective of this study was to evaluate phenotypicaly the morphological compatibility among european pear cultivars and quince rootstocks. The evaluated variable were the section increment of cultivars and rootstocks trunk diameter at the graft union; the diameter difference between scion and cultivars and rootstocks; 'translocated' incompatibility; 'located' incompatibility; and the vascular connection of the graft union by immersion of the base of the plants (under the graft union) in a 0.08% Fuccinic acid solution. The experiments were conducted in an european pear orchards in the region of Urupema municipality, state of Santa Catarina, during the 2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14 growing seasons. The european pear cultivars and rootstocks evaluated were: 'Abbé Fetel'/'Adams', 'Decana du Comice'/'Adams', 'Clapp's Favourite'/'EMA', 'Rock'/'Adams', 'Packham's Triumph'/'EMA' and 'Santa Maria'/'Adams'. 'The Clapp´s Favourite'/'EMA' combination showed a `located incompatibility by descontinued vascular graft region, preventing the dye translocation. 'The Rocha'/'Adams' and 'Abbè Fetel'/'Adams' combinations did not present graft incompatibility, showing continued vascular union and no vascular disruption between cultivars and rootstocks. The 'Santa Maria'/'Adams', 'Decana du Comice'/'Adams' and 'Packham´s Triumph'/'EMA' combinations showed a good graft union region with clear and continued bark and wood bond lines. The 'Clapp´s Favourite'/'EMA' ...

General aspects of physalis cultivation / Aspectos gerais da cultura da physalis

The Physalis peruviana L. is an exotic fruit that belongs to the Solanaceae family with recent production in Brazil. This is presented as an alternative production with nutritional potential and economic value. The cape gooseberry plant has a high added value that can be used from its root to the fruit itself. The roots and leaves are rich in medicinal properties that are used in pharmacology. The fruit is sweet and have good content of vitamins A, C, iron, phosphorus and fiber, often used in making jellies, jams, juices and ice creams. To improve the plant canopy, but also contribute to the quality and appearance of the fruit produced some cultural practices such as staking, training systems, pruning and thinning are used. The aim of this review is to provide technical and scientific data about the culture of physalis.

A Physalis peruviana L. é uma fruta exótica pertencente à família Solanaceae com produção recente no Brasil. Esta se apresenta como uma alternativa de produção com potencial valor nutricional e econômico. A planta da fisalis possui um alto valor agregado, podendo ser utilizada desde sua raiz até o fruto propriamente dito. As raízes e as folhas são ricas em propriedades medicinais que são utilizadas na farmacologia. O fruto é açucarado e com bom conteúdo de vitaminas A, C, ferro, fósforo e fibras, muito utilizado na fabricação de geleias, doces, sucos e sorvetes. Para melhorar o dossel vegetativo da planta, como também contribuir para a qualidade e aparência do fruto produzido, utiliza-se, durante seu cultivo, algumas práticas culturais, como tutoramento, condução, poda e desbrote. O objetivo desta revisão é fornecer dados técnico-científicos sobre a Cultura da Physalis.

Metodologia para determinação da zona de abscisão foliar em pomáceas / Methodology to determine abscission zone in apple trees

Estudos anatômicos e de ontogênese da abscisão foliar em pomáceas são escassos. A queda foliar promovida após formada a zona de abscisão é um processo natural nas pomáceas, e prolonga-se durante o outono, até que ocorram as primeiras geadas no Sul do Brasil. Ainda não se conhece até quando as folhas de macieiras permanecem funcionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia que permita estudar o início e o fim das zonas de abscisão foliar de macieiras. O trabalho foi realizado nas cultivares 'Galaxy' e 'Fuji' em pomares comerciais de macieira, de Vacaria, Rio Grande do Sul. O método proposto consistiu em coletar,ramos do ano, com 10cm a 20cm de comprimento, e utilizar um segmento contendo uma parte do caule, uma gema axilar e a base do pecíolo, descartando a parte das quatro folhas do ápice. Os segmentos foram fixados, seccionados e corados para a observação da zona de abscisão em microscopia óptica. Os resultados mostraram que a metodologia utilizada permitiu descrever a zona de abscisão em macieiras e que ela é formada por células alongadas com parede celular delgada, apresentando lignificação junto à parede celular. O processo manteve a gema intacta e ocorreu no sentido adaxial para o abaxial. A abscisão foliar natural, em plantas de Galaxy e Fuji em sintomas de doença e em condições ambientais favoráveis, pode ser acompanhada 7 e 14 dias antes e depois da colheita, e após, com intervalos de 14 e 21 dias até maio. A partir de maio, as coletas devem ser feitas semanalmente. Essas informações serão úteis na tomada de decisão para realizar práticas culturais e/ou de controle químico, para a manutenção das folhas sadias, resultando no maior acúmulo de reservas de carboidratos e/ou redução do número de aplicações de fungicidas.

Studies about anatomical and ontogeny of leaf abscission in pome fruit trees are scarce. The leaf fall occurs after the abscission zone is promoted, being a natural process in pome fruit, and it lasted from the fall until the first frost in southern Brazil. It is not known yet how long the leaves of apple trees remained functional. The aim of this study was to develop a methodology to study the beginning and the end zones of leaf abscission of Galaxy and Fuji apple trees. The study was conducted in commercial apple orchards in Vacaria, Rio Grande do Sul. The proposed method consisted of collecting branches to 10cm to 20cm in length, and use a segment containing a portion of the stem, an axillary bud and the base of the petiole, discarding the part of the four-leaf apex. The segments were fixed, sectioned and stained for observation of the abscission zone in optical microscopy. The methodology allowed the understanding of the abscission zone on apple trees. The abscission zone was formed by elongated cells with thin walls, presenting cell wall lignification. The process kept the bud intact and occurred from the adaxial to abaxial surface. The natural leaf abscission in Galaxy and Fuji plants without symptoms of disease and favorable environmental conditions , can be accompanied by 7 and 14 days before and after harvest, and after intervals of 14 and 21 days until May. From May, collections should be weekly. This information will be useful in making a decision to carry out cultural practices and / or chemical control, for the maintenance of healthy leaves, resulting in greater accumulation of carbohydrate reserves and / or reducing the number of fungicide applications.

Cultivares e portaenxertos sobre o vigor de plantas de pereira europeias / Cultivars and rootstocks on plants vigor of European pear

A cultura da pereira (Pyrus communis) possui grande potencial de expansão no sul do Brasil devido às condições climáticas e solo. A carência de informações a respeito da(s) melhor(es) combinação(ões) de cultivares copa de pereira europeia e portaenxertos, quanto ao aspecto vegetativo e potencial produtivo, tem limitado o cultivo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência de cultivares copa de pereira europeia e portaenxertos de marmeleiro (Cydonia oblonga) sobre o vigor e variáveis de plantas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em pomares comerciais da cidade de Fraiburgo, Estado de Santa Catarina, durante os ciclos de cultivo 2008/09, 09/10 e 10/11. As cultivares avaliadas foram 'Packham's Triumph', 'Santa Maria', 'Rocha' e 'Abbè Fetel' e os portaenxertos de marmeleiro EMC e Adams. O espaçamento de plantio foi de 0,3m entre plantas e 4m entre linhas. As variáveis analisadas foram: a. incremento de altura de plantas (m); b. incremento de volume de copa (m³); c. incremento de diâmetro do tronco da cv. 'copa' (mm); d. incremento de diâmetro do tronco do portaenxerto (mm); e. diferença de diâmetro do tronco entre a cultivar copa e o portaenxerto (mm); f. índice de fertilidade (no de gemas cm-1); g. massa fresca média total acumulada do material vegetativo das três podas de inverno (kg); h. diferença cumulativa entre a massa fresca e a massa seca dos ramos podados (kg). As diferentes combinações de cultivares e portaenxertos interferiram nas diferentes variáveis analisadas. As combinações Abbè Fetel e Rocha sobre marmelo Adams, foram significativamente mais vigorosas em termos de incremento de diâmetro do tronco da cultivar copa, incremento de altura de plantas, incremento de volume de copa e massa fresca média total acumulada do material vegetativo das podas de inverno dos três anos. A combinação Santa Maria sobre marmelo Adams apresentou vigor intermediário significativo de plantas de acordo com o incremento em volume de copa, diferença de diâmetro do tronco entre a cultivar copa e do portaenxerto, sendo mais indicada para uso comercial, devido ao maior equilíbrio proporcionado entre parte vegetativa e produtiva da planta, nas condições edafoclimáticas experimentais do Sul do Brasil.

The pear (Pyrus communis) culture offers a great expansive market opportunity in southern Brazil, according to climatic conditions and soil. However, there are still some barriers that prevent satisfactory economic production, such as lack of knowledge about the best combinations of cultivars and rootstocks. The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of European pear cultivars and quince (Cydonia oblonga) rootstocks on the plants vigor variables. The experiments were carried out in commercials orchards in Fraiburgo Municipality, Santa Catarina state, during the crop season of 2008/09, 09/10 and 10/11. The cultivars evaluated were 'Packham's Triumph', 'Santa Maria', 'Rocha' and 'Abbè Fetel' and the quince rootstocks EMC and Adams. The cultivars and rootstocks combinations were conducted in a spacing of 0.3mx4m between plants and rows, respectively. The vigor variables evaluated were, a. plants height increment (m); b. canopy volume increment (m³); c. truck diameter increment of the cultivars canopy (mm); d. truck diameter increment of rootstocks (mm); e. difference between the trunk diameter of cultivars canopy and rootstock (mm); f. fertility index (buds cm-1); g. total cumulative average of fresh weight of pruned branches (kg); and h. cumulative difference between the fresh and dry weight of pruned branches (kg). All combinations evaluated affected the vegetative parameters of the European pear cultivars. The combinations Abbè Fetel and Rocha grafted on Adams quince rootstocks are significant more vigorous according to increment of cultivars canopy truck diameter, plant height increment, cultivars canopy volume increment and cumulative average weight of pruned branches, when compared with others combinations. The combination Santa Maria grafted on Adams quince rootstock showed significant intermediate vigor according to cultivar canopy volume increment, truck diameter of cultivar canopy and, truck diameter of rootstock. This combination presented a better proportion amongst the vigor variables and can be indicated for commercial production according to the experimental edafoclimatic conditions of southern Brazil.

Caracterização fenológica e exigência térmica de diferentes variedades de uvas viníferas em São Joaquim, Santa Catarina - Brasil / Phenological characterization and thermic requirement of distinct grapevines varieties in São Joaquim, Santa Catarina - Brazil

A produção de uvas viníferas nas regiões de elevada altitude do estado de Santa Catarina é recente e há poucas informações disponíveis a respeito das características fenológicas e das exigências térmicas para as variedades utilizadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o comportamento fenológico e determinar as exigências térmicas das variedades Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Franc e Sangiovese. A área experimental foi instalada na Estação Experimental da EPAGRI, localizada em São Joaquim (28°17'39"S; 49°55'56"W, altitude 1.415m). Os estádios fenológicos avaliados foram início da brotação, floração, mudança de cor das bagas e maturidade nos ciclos produtivos de 2004/05, 2005/06 e 2006/07. A exigência térmica das variedades foi calculada empregando-se o somatório de graus-dia, considerando-se temperatura-base para a videira de 10°C. Na colheita, a maturação tecnológica foi determinada através das análises de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez titulável e pH. O ciclo das variedades viníferas avaliadas na região de São de Joaquim é mais longo do que o observado em outras regiões produtoras do Brasil. A duração térmica é um bom indicador de desenvolvimento das fases do ciclo da videira. Para as regiões com altitude acima de 1.300m, deve-se dar preferência para o plantio de variedades com ciclos entre 15 de setembro até 15 de abril.

The grapevine production in high altitude regions of southern Brazil is recent and there is little information about the phenological stages and thermal requirements of different grape varieties. The objective of this study was to determine the phenology and thermal requirements of Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Franc and Sangiovese. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of São Joaquim, EPAGRI, (28°17'39" S; 49°55'56" W, altitude 1,415 meters). The phenological stages evaluated were bud break, flowering, change in berry skin color and maturity, during seasons 2004/05, 2005/06 and 2006/07. Thermal requirements were calculated by degree-days, considering base temperature of 10°C. At harvest, technological maturity was determined by analyses of total soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH. It was observed a delay in vine cycle, because harvest occured later in this place than in other Brazilian regions. The thermal durations are a good indicator of vine development phases. Regions above 1,300m should give preference to varieties with cycle between September 15 and April 15.

Ethylene inhibitor aminoethoxyvinilglycine on glomerella leaf spot in apple cultivar 'Royal Gala' / Inibidor de etileno aminoetoxivinilglicina sobre a mancha foliar de 'Glomerella' na cultivar de macieira 'Royal Gala'

Aqueous solution of Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) has been commercialized in Brazil as ReTainTM C, 15 percent mainly as a potent inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis by prevention of pre-harvest abscission and ripening of apple fruits. The effect of the product was evaluated during the 2007-08 and 2008-09 crop seasons in edafoclimatic conditions of Santa Catarina upland. Plants of 'Royal Gala' cultivar were sprayed with ReTainTM C, four weeks before the first commercial harvest at doses of 0; 62,5; 125, and 250mg a.i L-1. The incidence and severity were quantified weekly in 100 leaves distributed in four branches with 12 replications and assessed the area under the incidence -I and severity -S disease progress curve (AUIDPC and AUSDPC) of Glomerella leaf spot (GLS). The AUIDPC and AUSDPC were significantly higher after AVG application and although there was no significant difference between 125 and 250mg a.i L-1 doses in both 2007-08 and 2008-09 crop seasons. In general, the symptoms of GLS (e.g. chlorosis, necrosis) increased between the fourth and eighth week after application.

Solução aquosa de Aminoetoxivinilglicina (AVG) tem sido comercializada no Brasil como ReTainTM C, 15 por cento, principalmente como um potente inibidor da biossíntese do etileno na prevenção da abscisão e maturação de frutos em macieira. O efeito do produto foi avaliado durante as safras 2007-08 e 2008-09 nas condições edafo-climáticas do planalto Catarinense. Plantas de maçãs 'Royal Gala' foram pulverizadas com o ReTainTM C, quatro semanas antes da primeira colheita comercial, nas concentrações de 0;62,5; 125 e 250mg i.a L-1. A incidência e a severidade foram quantificadas semanalmente em 100 folhas, distribuídas em quatro ramos por plantas, com 12 repetições e calculado a área abaixo da curva do progresso da incidência -I e severidade -S da doença (AACPID e AACPSD). A AACPID e AACPSD foram significativamente maiores após a aplicação do AVG e não houve diferença significativa entre as doses de 125 e 250mg i.a L-1 nos dois anos de cultivo avaliados. Em geral, os sintomas típicos de clorose e necrose da Mancha da Glomerella aumentaram entre a quarta e oitava semana após a aplicação.

Plantas de cobertura de solo em pomar de pessegueiro (Prunus persica L. Batsch) conduzido no sistema de produção integrada / Cover crops manure in the peach orchard (Prunus persica L. Batsch) on integrated crop management

O presente trabalho foi realizado no Pomar Didático do Centro Agropecuário da Palma do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Faculdade de Agronomia "Eliseu Maciel" da UFPEL, com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos de espécies vegetais e algumas consorciações, em cobertura de solo, sobre a cultura do pessegueiro no Sul do Brasil, em pomares conduzidos no sistema de Produção Integrada de Pêssego (PIP). Foi utilizado pomar de pessegueiro da cultivar Maciel implantado no ano de 1999, em espaçamento de 5,0 x 1,5m, com dois sistemas de condução, Líder Central (LC) e Ypsilon (Y). Os tratamentos constaram de cinco espécies de plantas para cobertura vegetal de inverno, quatro consorciações entre estas espécies, mais a testemunha (vegetação espontânea). Foram analisadas as variáveis incremento no diâmetro do tronco das plantas, incremento no volume de copa, índice de fertilidade, produção por planta, matéria fresca e matéria seca das coberturas vegetais. Os maiores benefícios em termos de produtividade foram obtidos pela associação das coberturas vegetais, com a maior média alcançada com a associação de aveia preta + ervilha forrageira. As coberturas vegetais não tiveram efeito sobre o diâmetro do tronco das plantas de pessegueiro, porém interferiram principalmente no volume da copa, na produtividade e no índice de fertilidade.

This research was carried out in the South of Brazil with the objective to examine the effects of five cover crops and their combinations on peach orchard leaded in Integrated Crop Management. The experimental orchard was installed in 1999 at 1,5 x 5,0m planting density, with two training systems: Central Leader (CL) and Ypsilon Shape (Y). The increment on trunk diameter, the increment on foliage size, the frequency productive buds, fruit yield, fresh and dry matter were evaluated. The combination of different cover crops was benefic considering the productivity with distinction to the Avena strigosa+Pisum sativum combination. The trunk diameter of peach tree was not influence by cover crops. Nevertheless the foliage size, frequency productive of buds and productivity were significantly affected by the cover crops.