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1.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev ; (1): CD007699, 2016 Jan 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26822633

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common condition in hospital patients. Considerable controversy is ongoing regarding optimal initial warfarin dosing for patients with acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Achieving a therapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) with warfarin as soon as possible is important because this minimizes the duration of parenteral medication necessary to attain immediate anticoagulation, and it potentially decreases the cost and inconvenience of treatment. Although a 5-mg loading-dose nomogram tends to prevent excessive anticoagulation, a 10-mg loading-dose nomogram may achieve a therapeutic INR more quickly. This is an update of a review first published in 2013. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of a 10-mg warfarin nomogram compared with a 5-mg warfarin nomogram among patients with VTE. SEARCH METHODS: For this update the Cochrane Vascular Trials Search Co-ordinator searched the Specialised Register (last searched September 2015) and the Cochrane Register of Studies (CENTRAL (2015, Issue 8). Clinical trials databases were also searched. The review authors searched PubMed (last searched 11 June 2015) and LILACS (last searched 11 June 2015). In addition, the review authors contacted pharmaceutical companies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled studies comparing warfarin initiation nomograms of 10 and 5 mg in patients with VTE. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. The review authors contacted study authors for additional information. MAIN RESULTS: Four trials involving 494 participants were included. Three studies involving 383 participants provided data on the proportion of participants who had achieved a therapeutic INR by day five. Significant benefit of a 10-mg warfarin nomogram was observed (risk ratio (RR) 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05 to 1.54; moderate quality evidence), although with substantial heterogeneity (I(2) = 90%). The review authors analyzed each study separately because it was not possible to perform a subgroup analysis by inpatient or outpatient status. One study showed significant benefit of a 10-mg warfarin nomogram for the proportion of outpatients with VTE who had achieved a therapeutic INR by day five (RR 1.78, 95% CI 1.41 to 2.25), with the number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB = 3, 95% CI 2 to 4); another study showed significant benefit of a 5-mg warfarin nomogram in outpatients with VTE (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.93) with NNTB = 5 (95% CI 3 to 28); a third study, consisting of both inpatients and outpatients, showed no difference (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.80).No difference was observed in recurrent venous thromboembolism at 90 days when the warfarin nomogram of 10 mg was compared with the warfarin nomogram of 5 mg (RR 1.48, 95% CI 0.39 to 5.56; 3 studies, 362 participants, low quality evidence); no difference was observed in major bleeding at 14 to 90 days (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.27 to 3.51; 4 studies, 494 participants, moderate quality evidence). No difference was observed in minor bleeding at 14 to 90 days (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.15 to 1.83; 2 studies, 243 participants, very low quality evidence) or in length of hospital stay (mean difference (MD) -2.3 days, 95% CI -7.96 to 3.36; 1 study, 111 participants, low quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute thromboembolism (DVT or PE) aged 18 years or older, considerable uncertainty surrounds the use of a 10-mg or a 5-mg loading dose for initiation of warfarin to achieve an INR of 2.0 to 3.0 on the fifth day of therapy. Heterogeneity among analyzed studies, mainly caused by differences in types of study participants and length of follow-up, limits certainty surrounding optimal warfarin initiation nomograms.


Subject(s)
Anticoagulants/administration & dosage , International Normalized Ratio , Nomograms , Venous Thromboembolism/drug therapy , Warfarin/administration & dosage , Adult , Humans , Pulmonary Embolism/drug therapy , Time Factors , Venous Thrombosis/drug therapy
2.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev ; (7): CD007699, 2013 Jul 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23839808

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common condition in hospital patients. Considerable controversy is ongoing regarding optimal initial warfarin dosing for patients with acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Achieving a therapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) with warfarin as soon as possible is important because this minimizes the duration of parenteral medication necessary to attain immediate anticoagulation, and it potentially decreases the cost and inconvenience of treatment. Although a 5-mg loading-dose nomogram tends to prevent excessive anticoagulation, a 10-mg loading-dose nomogram may achieve a therapeutic INR more quickly. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of a 10-mg warfarin nomogram compared with a 5-mg warfarin nomogram among patients with VTE. SEARCH METHODS: The Cochrane Peripheral Vascular Diseases Group Trials Search Co-ordinator searched the Specialised Register (last searched January 2013) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2012, Issue 12). The review authors searched PubMed (last searched 10 April 2013) and LILACS (last searched 28 February 2013). In addition, the review authors contacted pharmaceutical companies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled studies comparing warfarin initiation nomograms of 10 and 5 mg in patients with VTE. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. The review authors contacted study authors for additional information. MAIN RESULTS: Four trials involving 494 participants were included. Three studies involving 383 participants provided data on the proportion of participants who had achieved a therapeutic INR by day five. Significant benefit of a 10-mg warfarin nomogram was observed (risk ratio [RR] 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05 to 1.54), although with substantial heterogeneity (I(2) = 90%). The review authors analyzed each study separately because it was not possible to perform a subgroup analysis. One study showed significant benefit of a 10-mg warfarin nomogram for the proportion of outpatients with VTE who had achieved a therapeutic INR by day five (RR 1.78, 95% CI 1.41 to 2.25), with the number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB = 3, 95% CI 2 to 4); another study showed significant benefit of a 5-mg warfarin nomogram in outpatients with VTE (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.93) with NNTB = 5 (95% CI 3 to 28); a third study showed no difference (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.80). No difference was observed in recurrent venous thromboembolism (RVTE) at 90 days when the warfarin nomogram of 10 mg was compared with the warfarin nomogram of 5 mg (RR 1.48, 95% CI 0.39 to 5.56); no difference was observed in major bleeding at 14 days (RR 1.69, 95% CI 0.22 to 13.04) and at 90 days (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.10 to 3.78). No difference was observed in minor bleeding at 14 to 90 days (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.15 to 1.83) or in length of hospital stay (mean difference [MD] -2.30 days, 95% CI -7.96 to 3.36). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute thromboembolism (DVT or PE) aged 18 years or older, considerable uncertainty surrounds the use of a 10-mg or a 5-mg loading dose for initiation of warfarin to achieve an INR of 2.0 to 3.0 on the fifth day of therapy. Heterogeneity among analyzed studies limits certainty surrounding optimal warfarin initiation nomograms.


Subject(s)
Anticoagulants/administration & dosage , International Normalized Ratio , Nomograms , Venous Thromboembolism/drug therapy , Warfarin/administration & dosage , Humans , Pulmonary Embolism/drug therapy , Time Factors , Venous Thrombosis/drug therapy
3.
Rev. méd. hered ; 8(3): 87-91, set. 1997. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-224926

ABSTRACT

Se hizo un muestreo para detectar hemoglobinas anormales en recién nacidos (RN) de tres ciudades andinas situadas en el Perú: Cerro de Pasco, Huancayo y Puno. Estas ciudades están en altitudes que fluctuan entre los 3500 a 4400 m. sobre el nivel del mar. Objetivo: Investigar la presencia, de hemoglobinas anormales en RN nativos de altura. Material y métodos: Participaron un total de 234 RN. Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre del talón que fueron inmediatamente hemolizadas y refrigeradas para luego ser analizadas mediante electroforesis de punto isoeléctrico y cromatografía líquida de alto rendimiento. resultados: Los resultados indicaron que los RN tenían perfil de hemoglonina normal (HB A/F). Conclusiones: En estas muestras, que corresponden a una evaluación piloto, no se detectó ninguna variante anormal de hemoglobina, ni hemoglobinas de migración rápida (HB H, Hb Bart's).


Subject(s)
Infant, Newborn , Hemoglobins , Hemoglobinopathies , Blood
4.
Rev. méd. hered ; 8(1): 11-8, mar. 1997. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-224917

ABSTRACT

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo, conocer la prevalencia de la deficiencia de la G-6-PDH, en la población masculina mestiza, aparentemente sana que acude a los Bancos de sangre de los hospitales nacionales Cayetano Heredia (HNCH) y Arzobispo Loayza (HNAL). Material y métodos: Se examinó 140 muestras de hemodonadores entre junio y julio, 60 (42.85 por ciento) correspondieron al HNCH y 80 (57.15 por ciento) al HNCH. Se aplicó un cuestionario a todos los donantes indagando por: raza en los ancestros y antecedentes patológicos compatibles con episodios de hemódialisis enzimopática. En todas las muestras se empleó el método cualitativo de Brewer (tamizaje) y posteriormente fueron sometidos a la prueba cuantitativa SIGMA. Resultados: Con el método de Brewer resultaron 9 casos positivos (6.42 por ciento) de los cuales sólo uno resultó positivo con el método confirmatorio, lo cual da una prevalencia de 0.71 por ciento. La totalidad de los participantes fueron de raza mestiza, carecían de antecedentes importantes, las edades estuvieron comprendidas entre los 18 a 58 años y el hematocrito entre 40 y 48 por ciento. Conclusiones: Se confirma que la prevalencia de esta deficiencia, en nuestra población es bastante baja.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Blood Donors , Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase , Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
5.
Washington, D.C.; OPS; 1994. 147 p. ilus.(Serie PALTEX para ejecutores de programas de salud, n.36).
Monography in Spanish | LIBOCS, LIBOSP | ID: biblio-1315622
6.
Pediátr. Baca Ortiz ; 1(1): 16-7, 1993.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-213700

ABSTRACT

Se presentan los resultados de 11 pacientes entre cinco y diez años de edad, intervenidos de nistagmo con bloqueo horizontal, aplicando la técnica clásica de retro-resecciones (KESTENBAU), más las modificaciones introducidas por Marshall Parks, con una dosificación de 26 mm de cirugía. El promedio de pacientes que corrigieron la torticolis fue de un 70 por ciento, correspondiendo este número a posiciones de cabeza no mayor de 30 grados. El 30 por ciento restante no ofreció resultados favorables, siendo el ángulo de tortícolis de ellos, mayor de 30 grados.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , General Surgery , Nystagmus, Pathologic/surgery , Torticollis
7.
Quito; Instituto de Higiene Tropical; mayo 1991. 90 p. ilus, tab.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-357597
8.
Quito; s.n; 1991. xvi,374 p. ilus, mapas, tab, graf.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-389645

ABSTRACT

Presenta una investigación sobre la malaria y la leishmaniasis cutánea realizada en Ecuador. Contiene aspectos históricos, epidemiológicos, antropológicos, entomológicos y métodos de control. Además, compara las condiciones sanitarias de las zonas de investigación para determinar los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades...


Subject(s)
Disease Vectors , Epidemiologic Research Design , Health Status , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous , Malaria , Malaria Vaccines , Mosquito Control , Plasmodium malariae , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Demography , Ecuador , Public Health
9.
Rev. gastroenterol. Perú ; 5(3): 139-49, ago.-oct. 1985. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-1910

ABSTRACT

Presentamos el primer reporte de síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA) en el Perú, en un paciente de 41 años de edad, peruano, homosexual, que vivió hasta hace cuatro años en Nueva York y volvió al Perú aparentemente sano. Once meses antes de su ingreso al hospital refiere diarrea persistente, disminución ponderal acentuada y, posteriormente, candidiasis oral y fiebre. La evolución clínica fue tórpida llegando el paciente a un estado de consunción severó, falleciendo finalmente. Los estudios de laboratorio mostraron: Anemia, linfopenia absoluta, anergia (PPD), hipergamaglobulinemia policlonal y el estudio de linfocitos indicó franca disminución de la subpoblación OKT4 con inversión de la relación OKT4: OKT8. La endoscopia alta evidenció severa candidiasis esofágica y el examen coprológico persistente giardiasis a pesar del tratamiento. A la necropsia se constató bronconeumonía, candidiasis oroesofágica, cirrosis hepática y ulceraciones inespecíficas en intestino delgado y grueso. El estudio de ganglio mostró depleción linfocitaria. El test serológico para detectar anticuerpos contra el virus HTLV-III/LAV (ELISA) fue positivo. Se revisa la literatura disponible y se exponen las razones por las que el caso es catalogado como SIDA. En el Perú, incluindo el presente reporte, se han notificado hasta la actualidad siete casos de SIDA (1), lo que obliga a las autoridades correspondientes, tomar las medidas de vigilancia adecuadas


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Peru , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/microbiology
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