Flexible metallic core-shell nanostructured electrodes for neural interfacing.

Electrodes with nanostructured surface have emerged as promising low-impedance neural interfaces that can avoid the charge-injection restrictions typically associated to microelectrodes. In this work, we propose a novel approximation, based on a two-step template assisted electrodeposition technique, to obtain flexible nanostructured electrodes coated with core-shell Ni-Au vertical nanowires. These nanowires benefit from biocompatibility of the Au shell exposed to the environment and the mechanical properties of Ni that allow for nanowires longer and more homogeneous in length than their only-Au counterparts. The nanostructured electrodes show impedance values, measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), at least 9 times lower than those of flat reference electrodes. This ratio is in good accordance with the increased effective surface area determined both from SEM images and cyclic voltammetry measurements, evidencing that only Au is exposed to the medium. The observed EIS profile evolution of Ni-Au electrodes over 7 days were very close to those of Au electrodes and differently from Ni ones. Finally, the morphology, viability and neuronal differentiation of rat embryonic cortical cells cultured on Ni-Au NW electrodes were found to be similar to those on control (glass) substrates and Au NW electrodes, accompanied by a lower glial cell differentiation. This positive in-vitro neural cell behavior encourages further investigation to explore the tissue responses that the implantation of these nanostructured electrodes might elicit in healthy (damaged) neural tissues in vivo, with special emphasis on eventual tissue encapsulation.

A Platform for Addressing Individual Magnetite Islands Grown Epitaxially on Ru(0001) and Manipulating Their Magnetic Domains.

We have grown high-quality magnetite micrometric islands on ruthenium stripes on sapphire through a combination of magnetron sputtering (Ru film), high-temperature molecular beam epitaxy (oxide islands), and optical lithography. The samples have been characterized by atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray absorption and magnetic circular dichroism in a photoemission microscope. The magnetic domains on the magnetite islands can be modified by the application of current pulses through the Ru stripes in combination with magnetic fields. The modification of the magnetic domains is explained by the Oersted field generated by the electrical current flowing through the stripes underneath the magnetite nanostructures. The fabrication method is applicable to a wide variety of rock salt and spinel oxides.

GHz sample excitation at the ALBA-PEEM.

We describe a setup that is used for high-frequency electrical sample excitation in a cathode lens electron microscope with the sample stage at high voltage as used in many synchrotron light sources. Electrical signals are transmitted by dedicated high-frequency components to the printed circuit board supporting the sample. Sub-miniature push-on connectors (SMP) are used to realize the connection in the ultra-high vacuum chamber, bypassing the standard feedthrough. A bandwidth up to 4 GHz with -6 dB attenuation was measured at the sample position, which allows to apply sub-nanosecond pulses. We describe different electronic sample excitation schemes and demonstrate a spatial resolution of 56 nm employing the new setup.

Large Magnetoresistance of Isolated Domain Walls in La2/3 Sr1/3 MnO3 Nanowires.

Generation, manipulation, and sensing of magnetic domain walls are cornerstones in the design of efficient spintronic devices. Half-metals are amenable for this purpose as large low field magnetoresistance signals can be expected from spin accumulation at spin textures. Among half metals, La1- x Srx MnO3 (LSMO) manganites are considered as promising candidates for their robust half-metallic ground state, Curie temperature above room temperature (Tc = 360 K, for x = 1/3), and chemical stability. Yet domain wall magnetoresistance is poorly understood, with large discrepancies in the reported values and conflicting interpretation of experimental data due to the entanglement of various source of magnetoresistance, namely, spin accumulation, anisotropic magnetoresistance, and colossal magnetoresistance. In this work, the domain wall magnetoresistance is measured in LSMO cross-shape nanowires with single-domain walls nucleated across the current path. Magnetoresistance values above 10% are found to be originating at the spin accumulation caused by the mistracking effect of the spin texture of the domain wall by the conduction electrons. Fundamentally, this result shows the importance on non-adiabatic processes at spin textures despite the strong Hund coupling to the localized t2g electrons of the manganite. These large magnetoresistance values are high enough for encoding and reading magnetic bits in future oxide spintronic sensors.

Stacking influence on the in-plane magnetic anisotropy in a 2D magnetic system.

The magnetization patterns on three atomic layers thick islands of Co on Ru(0001) are studied by spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy (SPLEEM). In-plane magnetized micrometer wide triangular Co islands are grown on Ru(0001). They present two different orientations correlated with two different stacking sequences which differ only in the last layer position. The stacking sequence determines the type of magnetization pattern observed: the hcp islands present very wide domain walls, while the fcc islands present domains separated by much narrower domain walls. The former is an extremely low in-plane anisotropy system. We estimate the in-plane magnetic anisotropy of the fcc regions to be 1.96 × 104 J m-3 and of the hcp ones to be 2.5 × 102 J m-3.

Hybrid molecular graphene transistor as an operando and optoelectronic platform.

Lack of reproducibility hampers molecular devices integration into large-scale circuits. Thus, incorporating operando characterization can facilitate the understanding of multiple features producing disparities in different devices. In this work, we report the realization of hybrid molecular graphene field effect transistors (m-GFETs) based on 11-(Ferrocenyl)undecanethiol (FcC11SH) micro self-assembled monolayers (µSAMs) and high-quality graphene (Gr) in a back-gated configuration. On the one hand, Gr enables redox electron transfer, avoids molecular degradation and permits operando spectroscopy. On the other hand, molecular electrode decoration shifts the Gr Dirac point (VDP) to neutrality and generates a photocurrent in the Gr electron conduction regime. Benefitting from this heterogeneous response, the m-GFETs can implement optoelectronic AND/OR logic functions. Our approach represents a step forward in the field of molecular scale electronics with implications in sensing and computing based on sustainable chemicals.

Electrodeposition as a Tool for Nanostructuring Magnetic Materials.

Electrodeposition has appeared in the last year as a non-expensive and versatile technique for the growth of nanomaterials. We review the main characteristics of electrodeposition that make this technique very suitable for its combination with different nanofabrication tools and the possibilities that this combination offers to fabricate nanowires and more complex tridimensional nanostructures. Finally, we overview the present and future impact of electrodeposition on the fabrication of a novel generation of nanomaterials with potential impact in nanomagnetism and spintronics.

Size Effects in the Verwey Transition of Nanometer-Thick Micrometer-Wide Magnetite Crystals.

We have monitored the Verwey transition in micrometer-wide, nanometer-thick magnetite islands on epitaxial Ru films on Al2O3(0001) using Raman spectroscopy. The islands have been grown by high-temperature oxygen-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Below 100 K and for thicknesses above 20 nm, the Raman spectra correspond to those observed in bulk crystals and high-quality thin films for the sub-Verwey magnetite structure. At room temperature, the width of the cubic phase modes is similar to the best reported for bulk crystals, indicating a similar strength of electron-phonon interaction. The evolution of the Raman spectra upon cooling suggests that for islands thicker than 20 nm, structural changes appear first at temperatures starting at 150 K while the Verwey transition itself takes place at around 115 K. However, islands thinner than 20 nm show very different Raman spectra, indicating that while a transition takes place, the charge order of the ultrathin islands differs markedly from their thicker counterparts.

Current-driven dynamics and ratchet effect of skyrmion bubbles in a ferrimagnetic insulator.

Magnetic skyrmions are compact chiral spin textures that exhibit a rich variety of topological phenomena and hold potential for the development of high-density memory devices and novel computing schemes driven by spin currents. Here, we demonstrate the room-temperature interfacial stabilization and current-driven control of skyrmion bubbles in the ferrimagnetic insulator Tm3Fe5O12 coupled to Pt, showing the current-induced motion of individual skyrmion bubbles. The ferrimagnetic order of the crystal together with the interplay of spin-orbit torques and pinning determine the skyrmion dynamics in Tm3Fe5O12 and result in a strong skyrmion Hall effect characterized by a negative deflection angle and hopping motion. Further, we show that the velocity and depinning threshold of the skyrmion bubbles can be modified by exchange coupling Tm3Fe5O12 to an in-plane magnetized Y3Fe5O12 layer, which distorts the spin texture of the skyrmions and leads to directional-dependent rectification of their dynamics. This effect, which is equivalent to a magnetic ratchet, is exploited to control the skyrmion flow in a racetrack-like device.

Electrodeposited Magnetic Nanowires with Radial Modulation of Composition.

In the last few years, magnetic nanowires have gained attention due to their potential implementation as building blocks in spintronics applications and, in particular, in domain-wall- based devices. In these devices, the control of the magnetic properties is a must. Cylindrical magnetic nanowires can be synthesized rather easily by electrodeposition and the control of their magnetic properties can be achieved by modulating the composition of the nanowire along the axial direction. In this work, we report the possibility of introducing changes in the composition along the radial direction, increasing the degrees of freedom to harness the magnetization. In particular, we report the synthesis, using template-assisted deposition, of FeNi (or Co) magnetic nanowires, coated with a Au/Co (Au/FeNi) bilayer. The diameter of the nanowire as well as the thickness of both layers can be tuned at will. In addition to a detailed structural characterization, we report a preliminary study on the magnetic properties, establishing the role of each layer in the global collective behavior of the system.

Domain Wall Automotion in Three-Dimensional Magnetic Helical Interconnectors.

The fundamental limits currently faced by traditional computing devices necessitate the exploration of ways to store, compute, and transmit information going beyond the current CMOS-based technologies. Here, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic interconnector that exploits geometry-driven automotion of domain walls (DWs), for the transfer of magnetic information between functional magnetic planes. By combining state-of-the-art 3D nanoprinting and standard physical vapor deposition, we prototype 3D helical DW conduits. We observe the automotion of DWs by imaging their magnetic state under different field sequences using X-ray microscopy, observing a robust unidirectional motion of DWs from the bottom to the top of the spirals. From experiments and micromagnetic simulations, we determine that the large thickness gradients present in the structure are the main mechanism for 3D DW automotion. We obtain direct evidence of how this tailorable magnetic energy gradient is imprinted in the devices, and how it competes with pinning effects that are due to local changes in the energy landscape. Our work also predicts how this effect could lead to high DW velocities, reaching the Walker limit during automotion. This work demonstrates a possible mechanism for efficient transfer of magnetic information in three dimensions.

Xantoma óseo en paciente joven, reporte de caso / Bone xanthoma in a young patient, case report

Los xantomas intraóseos son lesiones líticas expansibles compuestas por histiocitos cargados de lípidos. Usualmente son secundarios a enfermedades endocrinas, metabólicas o como hallazgo incidental ante una fractura patológica no asociada a enfermedades sistémicas. En este último caso se denomina xantoma intraóseo primario. Describimos el caso de una mujer de 32 años con clínica de 4 meses de evolución de dolor en cadera derecha, con imágenes y biopsia de la zona intertrocantérica derecha, compatible con un quiste óseo simple residual. Se realizó tratamiento intralesional con relleno de matriz ósea desmineralizada, aloinjerto de peroné segmentario y osteosíntesis con patología quirúrgica que reportó xantogranuloma óseo en paciente con niveles de colesterol normal con adecuado control de la enfermedad, consolidación y recuperación funcional. Presentamos este reporte dada la baja incidencia de dicha patología y se discuten los diagnósticos diferenciales.

Intraosseous xanthomas are expandable lytic lesions composed of lipid-laden histiocytes. They are usually secondary to endocrine or metabolic diseases or as an incidental finding in a pathological fracture not associated with systemic diseases. In the latter case it is called primary intraosseous xanthoma. We describe the case of a 32-year-old woman with a 4-month history of pain in the right hip, with images and biopsy of the right intertrochanteric area, compatible with a residual simple bone cyst. Intralesional treatment was performed with demineralized bone matrix filling, segmental fibula allograft and osteosynthesis with surgical pathology that reported bone xanthogranuloma in a patient with normal cholesterol levels with adequate disease control, consolidation and functional recovery. We present this report given the low incidence of said pathology and the differential diagnoses are discussed.

Noncollinear Magnetic Order in Two-Dimensional NiBr2 Films Grown on Au(111).

Metal halides are a class of layered materials with promising electronic and magnetic properties persisting down to the two-dimensional limit. While most recent studies focused on the trihalide components of this family, the rather unexplored metal dihalides are also van der Waals layered systems with distinctive magnetic properties. Here we show that the dihalide NiBr2 grows epitaxially on a Au(111) substrate and exhibits semiconducting and magnetic behavior starting from a single layer. Through a combination of a low-temperature scanning-tunneling microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoemission electron microscopy, we identify two competing layer structures of NiBr2 coexisting at the interface and a stoichiometrically pure layer-by-layer growth beyond. Interestingly, X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements revealed a magnetically ordered state below 27 K with in-plane magnetic anisotropy and zero-remanence in the single layer of NiBr2/Au(111), which we attribute to a noncollinear magnetic structure. The combination of such two-dimensional magnetic order with the semiconducting behavior down to the 2D limit offers the attractive perspective of using these films as ultrathin crystalline barriers in tunneling junctions and low-dimensional devices.

LiCl Photodissociation on Graphene: A Photochemical Approach to Lithium Intercalation.

The interest in the research of the structural and electronic properties between graphene and lithium has bloomed since it has been proven that the use of graphene as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries ameliorates their performance and stability. Here, we investigate an alternative route to intercalate lithium underneath epitaxially grown graphene on iridium by means of photon irradiation. We grow thin films of LiCl on top of graphene on Ir(111) and irradiate the system with soft X-ray photons, which leads to a cascade of physicochemical reactions. Upon LiCl photodissociation, we find fast chlorine desorption and a complex sequence of lithium intercalation processes. First, it intercalates, forming a disordered structure between graphene and iridium. On increasing the irradiation time, an ordered Li(1 × 1) surface structure forms, which evolves upon extensive photon irradiation. For sufficiently long exposure times, lithium diffusion within the metal substrate is observed. Thermal annealing allows for efficient lithium desorption and full recovery of the pristine G/Ir(111) system. We follow in detail the photochemical processes using a multitechnique approach, which allows us to correlate the structural, chemical, and electronic properties for every step of the intercalation process of lithium underneath graphene.

Scaling Up the Production of Electrodeposited Nanowires: A Roadmap towards Applications.

The use of metallic nanowires is mostly reduced to scientific areas where a small quantity of nanostructures are needed. In order to broaden the applicability of these nanomaterials, it is necessary to establish novel synthesis protocols that provide a larger amount of nanowires than the conventional laboratory fabrication processes at a more competitive cost. In this work, we propose several modifications to the conventional electrochemical synthesis of nanowires in order to increase the production with considerably reduced production time and cost. To that end, we use a soft anodization procedure of recycled aluminum at room temperature to produce the alumina templates, followed by galvanostatic growth of CoFe nanowires. We studied their morphology, composition and magnetic configuration, and found that their properties are very similar to those obtained by conventional methods.

Impacto de la participación del residente y su rol en desenlaces clínicos de los pacientes llevados a colecistectomía en un hospital universitario / Impact of resident participation and their role on clinical outcomes of patients undergoing cholecystectomy at a university hospita

Introducción. La colecistectomía es uno de los procedimientos quirúrgicos más realizados a nivel mundial, por lo que su aprendizaje es cada vez más necesario para los médicos residentes en entrenamiento, pero sin comprometer la seguridad de los pacientes. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el impacto de la participación de los médicos residentes en los principales desenlaces clínicos de la colecistectomía. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo de cohortes, donde se incluyeron los pacientes llevados a colecistectomía laparoscópica, desde junio de 2019 hasta julio de 2020. Se llevó a cabo el análisis estadístico para describir medidas de frecuencia, tendencia central, dispersión y análisis bivariados para los desenlaces de interés. Resultados. Se incluyeron 482 pacientes a quienes se les practicó colecistectomía, 475 de ellas por vía laparoscópica. El 62,5 % fueron mujeres y el 76,2 % se realizaron de carácter urgente. En el 96 % de los procedimientos se contó con la participación de un residente. En el análisis bivariado no se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la participación del residente y un impacto negativo en los desenlaces clínicos de las variables relevantes. Discusión. No hay evidencia de que la participación de médicos residentes en la colecistectomía laparoscópica se asocie con desenlaces adversos en los pacientes, lo que sugiere estar en relación con una introducción temprana y responsable a este procedimiento por parte de los docentes, permitiendo que la colecistectomía sea un procedimiento seguro

Introduction. Cholecystectomy is one of the most performed surgical procedures worldwide, so its learning is increasingly necessary for resident physicians in training, but without compromising the safety of patients. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of the participation of resident physicians on the main clinical outcomes of cholecystectomy. Methods. A prospective cohort study was performed, which included patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecys-tectomy from June 2019 to July 2020. Statistical analysis was carried out to describe measures of frequency, central tendency, dispersion, and bivariate analysis for outcomes of interest. Results. 482 patients who underwent cholecystectomy were included, 475 of them laparoscopically; 62.5% were women and 76.2% were performed urgently, and 96% of the procedures involved the participation of a resident. In the bivariate analysis, no statistically significant difference was found between resident participation and a negative impact on the clinical outcomes of the relevant variables. Discussion. There is no evidence that the participation of resident physicians in laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with adverse outcomes in patients, which suggests being related to an early and responsible introduction to this procedure by teachers, allowing cholecystectomy to be a safe procedure

Helical surface magnetization in nanowires: the role of chirality.

Nanomagnetism is nowadays expanding into three dimensions, triggered by the discovery of new magnetic phenomena and their potential use in applications. This shift towards 3D structures should be accompanied by strategies and methodologies to map the tridimensional spin textures associated. We present here a combination of dichroic X-ray transmission microscopy at different angles and micromagnetic simulations allowing to determine the magnetic configuration of cylindrical nanowires. We have applied it to permalloy nanowires with equispaced chemical barriers that can act as pinning sites for domain walls. The magnetization at the core is longitudinal and generates at the surface of the wire helical magnetization. Different types of domain walls are found at the pinning sites, which respond differently to applied fields depending on the relative chirality of the adjacent domains.

Structure and magnetism of ultrathin nickel-iron oxides grown on Ru(0001) by high-temperature oxygen-assisted molecular beam epitaxy.

We demonstrate the preparation of ultrathin Fe-rich nickel ferrite (NFO) islands on a metal substrate. Their nucleation and growth are followed in situ by low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM). A comprehensive characterization is performed combining LEEM for structural characterization and PEEM (PhotoEmission Electron Microscopy) with synchrotron radiation for chemical and magnetic analysis via X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XAS-PEEM and XMCD-PEEM, respectively). The growth by oxygen-assisted molecular beam epitaxy takes place in two stages. First, islands with the rocksalt structure nucleate and grow until they completely cover the substrate surface. Later three-dimensional islands of spinel phase grow on top of the wetting layer. Only the spinel islands show ferromagnetic contrast, with the same domains being observed in the Fe and Ni XMCD images. The estimated magnetic moments of Fe and Ni close to the islands surface indicate a possible role of the bi-phase reconstruction. A significant out-of-plane magnetization component was detected by means of XMCD-PEEM vector maps.

Observation of a topologically protected state in a magnetic domain wall stabilized by a ferromagnetic chemical barrier.

The precise control and stabilization of magnetic domain walls is key for the development of the next generation magnetic nano-devices. Among the multitude of magnetic configurations of a magnetic domain wall, topologically protected states are of particular interest due to their intrinsic stability. In this work, using XMCD-PEEM, we have observed a topologically protected magnetic domain wall in a ferromagnetic cylindrical nanowire. Its structure is stabilized by periodic sharp alterations of the chemical composition in the nanowire. The large stability of this topologically protected domain wall contrasts with the mobility of other non-protected and non-chiral states also present in the same nanowire. The micromagnetic simulations show the structure and the conditions required to find the topologically protected state. These results are relevant for the design of future spintronic devices such as domain wall based RF oscillators or magnetic memories.

Geometrically defined spin structures in ultrathin Fe3O4 with bulk like magnetic properties.

We have grown high quality magnetite microcrystals free from antiphase boundaries on Ru(0001) by reactive molecular beam epitaxy, conserving bulk magnetic properties below 20 nm thickness. Magnetization vector maps are obtained by X-ray spectromicroscopy and compared with micromagnetic simulations. The observed domain configurations are dictated purely by shape anisotropy, overcoming the possible influences of (magneto)crystalline anisotropy and defects, thus demonstrating the possibility of designing spin structures in ultrathin, magnetically soft magnetite at will.