ABSTRACT
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010631.].
ABSTRACT
The S:A222V point mutation, within the G clade, was characteristic of the 20E (EU1) SARS-CoV-2 variant identified in Spain in early summer 2020. This mutation has since reappeared in the Delta subvariant AY.4.2, raising questions about its specific effect on viral infection. We report combined serological, functional, structural and computational studies characterizing the impact of this mutation. Our results reveal that S:A222V promotes an increased RBD opening and slightly increases ACE2 binding as compared to the parent S:D614G clade. Finally, S:A222V does not reduce sera neutralization capacity, suggesting it does not affect vaccine effectiveness.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics , COVID-19/genetics , Genetic Background , Humans , Mutation , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism , Protein Binding , Receptors, Virus/metabolism , SARS-CoV-2/genetics , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolismABSTRACT
Single-particle electron microscopy (EM) has been shown to be very powerful for studying structures and associated conformational changes of macromolecular complexes. In the context of analyzing conformational changes of complexes, distinct EM density maps obtained by image analysis and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction are usually analyzed in 3D for interpretation of structural differences. However, graphic visualization of these differences based on a quantitative analysis of elastic transformations (deformations) among density maps has not been done yet due to a lack of appropriate methods. Here, we present an approach that allows such visualization. This approach is based on statistical analysis of distances among elastically aligned pairs of EM maps (one map is deformed to fit the other map), and results in visualizing EM maps as points in a lower-dimensional distance space. The distances among points in the new space can be analyzed in terms of clusters or trajectories of points related to potential conformational changes. The results of the method are shown with synthetic and experimental EM maps at different resolutions.
Subject(s)
Elasticity , Microscopy, Electron , Escherichia coli/metabolism , Humans , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Nucleic Acid Conformation , Polyribosomes/chemistry , Polyribosomes/metabolism , Protein Conformation , RNA, Transfer/chemistry , RNA, Transfer/metabolismABSTRACT
TRIAL DESIGN: Previous studies suggested that poxvirus-based vaccines might be instrumental in the therapeutic HIV field. A phase I clinical trial was conducted in HIV-1-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), with CD4 T cell counts above 450 cells/mm3 and undetectable viremia. Thirty participants were randomized (2:1) to receive either 3 intramuscular injections of MVA-B vaccine (coding for clade B HIV-1 Env, Gag, Pol and Nef antigens) or placebo, followed by interruption of HAART. METHODS: The magnitude, breadth, quality and phenotype of the HIV-1-specific T cell response were assayed by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) in 22 volunteers pre- and post-vaccination. RESULTS: MVA-B vaccine induced newly detected HIV-1-specific CD4 T cell responses and expanded pre-existing responses (mostly against Gag, Pol and Nef antigens) that were high in magnitude, broadly directed and showed an enhanced polyfunctionality with a T effector memory (TEM) phenotype, while maintaining the magnitude and quality of the pre-existing HIV-1-specific CD8 T cell responses. In addition, vaccination also triggered preferential CD8+ T cell polyfunctional responses to the MVA vector antigens that increase in magnitude after two and three booster doses. CONCLUSION: MVA-B vaccination represents a feasible strategy to improve T cell responses in individuals with pre-existing HIV-1-specific immunity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01571466.
Subject(s)
AIDS Vaccines , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV-1/physiology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , HIV-1/drug effects , HIV-1/immunology , Humans , Immunologic Memory/drug effects , Phenotype , VaccinationABSTRACT
Antigen-specific cognate interaction of T lymphocytes with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) drives major morphological and functional changes in T cells, including actin rearrangements at the immune synapse (IS) formed at the cell-cell contact area. Here we show, using cell lines as well as primary cells, that clathrin, a protein involved in endocytic processes, drives actin accumulation at the IS. Clathrin is recruited towards the IS with parallel kinetics to that of actin. Knockdown of clathrin prevents accumulation of actin and proteins involved in actin polymerization, such as dynamin-2, the Arp2/3 complex and CD2AP at the IS. The clathrin pool involved in actin accumulation at the IS is linked to multivesicular bodies that polarize to the cell-cell contact zone, but not to plasma membrane or Golgi complex. These data underscore the role of clathrin as a platform for the recruitment of proteins that promote actin polymerization at the interface of T cells and APCs.
Subject(s)
Actins/metabolism , Clathrin/metabolism , Endosomes/metabolism , Immunological Synapses/metabolism , Animals , Antigen-Presenting Cells/cytology , Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology , Cell Polarity , Cells, Cultured , Clathrin/genetics , Dynamin II/genetics , Dynamin II/metabolism , Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport/metabolism , Gene Knockdown Techniques , Humans , Immunological Synapses/ultrastructure , Jurkat Cells , Phosphoproteins/metabolism , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes/cytology , T-Lymphocytes/immunologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Transmission electron tomography is an increasingly common three-dimensional electron microscopy approach that can provide new insights into the structure of subcellular components. Transmission electron tomography fills the gap between high resolution structural methods (X-ray diffraction or nuclear magnetic resonance) and optical microscopy. We developed new software for transmission electron tomography, TomoJ. TomoJ is a plug-in for the now standard image analysis and processing software for optical microscopy, ImageJ. RESULTS: TomoJ provides a user-friendly interface for alignment, reconstruction, and combination of multiple tomographic volumes and includes the most recent algorithms for volume reconstructions used in three-dimensional electron microscopy (the algebraic reconstruction technique and simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique) as well as the commonly used approach of weighted back-projection. CONCLUSION: The software presented in this work is specifically designed for electron tomography. It has been written in Java as a plug-in for ImageJ and is distributed as freeware.
