Beyond normative and non-normative: A systematic review on predictors of confrontational collective action.

This paper critically examines the normative versus non-normative distinction commonly used in collective action research. To explore the similarities and differences between antecedents of normative versus non-normative actions, we conducted a systematic review on diverse predictors of non-normative, radical and violent collective actions. We examined 37 social and political psychology studies published after 2010 and identified five recurring themes: identity, efficacy, injustice, emotions and norms. Findings exhibited significant overlaps with those predictors associated with normative collective action. Thus, a reconceptualization is needed to undermine the rigid boundaries between these action types, highlighting the intricate interplay of factors that transcend the conventional binary. Aiming to avoid conceptual ambiguity and challenge the perspective that associating particular collective actions with unwarranted violence using social norms as fixed and a priori, we propose the term 'confrontational collective action' to separate out form of action from societal approval. Through this reconceptualization, we discussed the main limitations in the literature, focusing on how studies approach normativity and efficacy and addressing the issue of decontextualization in the literature. This paper calls for a contextually informed understanding of confrontational collective action that recognizes what is seen as 'normative' can change over time through intra- and intergroup interactions.

Is it really "panic buying"? Public perceptions and experiences of extra buying at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Shopping behaviour in response to extreme events is often characterized as "panic buying" which connotes irrationality and loss of control. However, "panic buying" has been criticized for attributing shopping behaviour to people's alleged psychological frailty while ignoring other psychological and structural factors that might be at play. We report a qualitative exploration of the experiences and understandings of shopping behaviour of members of the public at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 23 participants, we developed three themes. The first theme addresses people's understandings of "panic buying". When participants referred to "panic buying" they meant observed product shortages (rather than the underlying psychological processes that can lead to such behaviours), preparedness behaviours, or emotions such as fear and worry. The second theme focuses on the influence of the media and other people's behaviour in shaping subsequent shopping behaviours. The third theme addresses the meaningful motivations behind increased shopping, which participants described in terms of preparedness; some participants reported increased shopping behaviours as a response to other people stockpiling, to reduce their trips to supermarkets, or to prepare for product shortages and longer stays at home. Overall, despite frequently using the term 'panic', the irrationalist connotations of "panic buying" were largely absent from participants' accounts. Thus, "panic buying" is not a useful concept and should not be used as it constructs expected responses to threat as irrational or pathological. It can also facilitate such behaviours, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Collective resilience in the disaster recovery period: Emergent social identity and observed social support are associated with collective efficacy, well-being, and the provision of social support.

Social support and an emerging sense of community are common in flooding, but postflood group dynamics have not been fully addressed. In the context of a flooded community, we explore how social identification with one's community emerges and affects well-being, collective efficacy, and social support. Results from a quantitative survey show that social identification was positively associated with common fate, collective efficacy, and well-being through residents' expectations of support and shared goals. Importantly, social identification and disaster exposure interacted: For flooded residents, observing support was associated with providing support regardless of levels of social identification. For unaffected residents there was no association between observed and provided support, regardless of levels of social identification. However, for indirectly affected residents observing support was associated to providing support but only when they highly identified with the community. We argue that structural factors should also be considered when exploring the effects of group membership.

Ethnic Identity Development and Acculturation Preferences Among Minority and Majority Youth: Norms and Contact.

This article tests a longitudinal model of the antecedents and consequences of changes in identification with indigenous (Mapuche) among indigenous and nonindigenous youth in Chilean school contexts over a 6-month period (633 nonindigenous and 270 Mapuche students, Mages  = 12.47 and 12.80 years, respectively). Results revealed that in-group norms supporting contact and quality of intergroup contact at Time 1 predicted student's changes in Mapuche identification at Time 2, which in turn predicted changes in support for adoption of Chilean culture and maintenance of Mapuche culture at Time 2; some of the relationships between these variables were found to be moderated by age and ethnicity. Conceptual and policy implications are addressed in the Discussion.

Civic engagement and giving behaviors: The role of empathy and beliefs about poverty.

The current study explores different routes to civic involvement by identifying how a context-specific dimension of empathy and beliefs of autonomy and dependency might jointly predict different types of giving behaviors (i.e., monetary donations), which in turn should predict civic engagement. The sample consisted of 1,294 participants (656 females) between the ages of 18 to 64 (M(age) = 38.44, SD = 14.71), randomly selected from seven different cities in Chile. Even after controlling for gender, age, and the socioeconomic status of participants, results mainly support the role of giving behaviors as drivers of actual engagement in civic life. Monetary donations, in turn, are predicted by higher levels of empathy toward poverty and autonomy-oriented beliefs. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of agentic perspectives on civic participation.

A Tribolium castaneum whole-embryo culture protocol for studying the molecular mechanisms and morphogenetic movements involved in insect development.

The development of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum is more representative of arthropods than the evolutionarily derived fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Thus, Tribolium is becoming an emerging organism model for studying the evolution of the mechanisms that control embryonic development in arthropods. In this regard, diverse genetic and molecular tools are currently available for Tribolium, as well as imaging and embryonic techniques. Recently, we developed a method for culturing embryos in order to study specific stages during Tribolium development. In this report, we present a detailed and "easy-to-follow" protocol for embryo handling and dissection, extending the use of whole-embryo culture to functional analysis by performing in vivo pharmacological manipulations. This experimental accessibility allowed us to study the relevance of microtubules in axis elongation, using nocodazole and taxol drugs to interfere with microtubule networks, followed by length measurement analysis. Additionally, we demonstrated that embryo handling had no effect on the development of Tribolium embryos, and we checked viability after dissection and bisection and during incubation using propidium iodide. The embryo culture protocol we describe here can be applied to study diverse developmental processes in Tribolium. We expect that this protocol can be adapted and applied to other arthropods.

Ecocardiografía transesofágica intraoperaria: unidad para estimación de postcarga / Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography: estimating afterload

Introducción: En clínica, la postcarga se mide con un catéter de arteria pulmonar (Swan Ganz), pero esta estimación sólo considera la resistencia vascular sistémica. Con ecocardiografía transesofágica (ETE) intraoperatoria, en cambio, a través de mediciones del ventrículo izquierdo podría estimarse en forma más integrada la postcarga, calculando estrés de fin de sístole (ses). Objetivos: Evaluar y validar la factibilidad del cálculo de ses con ETE. Comparar la medición de su estimación con los valores de resistencia vascular sistémica (RVS) obtenidos con catéter Swan Ganz. Métodos: En forma prospectiva, 37 adultos con ventrículo izquierdo con fracción de eyección normal fueron monitoreados en forma simultánea con ambos sistemas durante cirugía cardíaca. La estimación de ses con ETE fue realizada por un anestesiólogo diferente y ciego del que evaluó la RVS con catéter de Swan Ganz. Resultados: Se estudiaron 14 mujeres y 23 hombres con edad promedio 67 +/- 12 años. En todos los casos se obtuvo valores ecocardiográficos que permitieron estimar ses. Al comparar los valores de postcarga obtenidos con ETE intraoperatoria, estos no se correlacionaron con los medidos con catéter de Swan Ganz, r = 0.31, NS. Discusión: No encontramos correlación entre los métodos estudiados. Se requieren otros diseños experimentales para estudiar si la postcarga estimada con ETE intraoperatoria puede ser clínicamente más útil que la resistencia vascular sistémica medida con catéter de Swan Ganz.

Background: In a clinical setting after load is measured through a Swan Ganz catheter; however, this method takes only systemic vascular resistance (SVR) into consideration. Through intraoperative transophageal echocardiography (IO-TEE), an evaluation of left ventricular measurements would help to estimate afterload more accurately by calculating end systolic stress (ses). Aim: to evaluate and validate ses by IO-TEE. To compare ses measurement with SVR measure by Swan Ganz catheterization. Methods: Both IO-TEE and SG were simultaneously used in 37 subjects undergoing cardiac surgery, who had a normal ejection fraction. Each measurement was performed by a different anesthesiologist, blinded to the other method. Results: 14 females and 23 males, aged 67 +/- 12 years (SD) were evaluated. IO-TEE and SG measurement were not correlated (r=0.31, NS). Conclusion: We did not find significant correlation between both methods concerning SVR. Further experimental work is needed to prove if IO-TEE is better than SG measurements in estimating after load during cardiac surgery.

Ecocardiografía transesofágica perioperatoria: utilidad en manejo de síndrome aórtico agudo / Perioperative transesophageal echocardiography: usefulness in the acute aortic syndrome management

La ecocardiografía transesofágica (ETE) perioperatoria ha demostrado alta utilidad en el diagnóstico y manejo de pacientes con sospecha de síndrome aórtico agudo. Este síndrome incluye a un grupo heterogéneo de pacientes con un perfil clínico similar cuya etiología está dada por úlceras ateroescleróticas penetrantes, hematomas intramurales y la clásica disección de aorta.