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1.
Rev Saude Publica ; 56: 39, 2022.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35649086

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To present the urban arboviruses (dengue, zika and chikungunya) stratification methodology by the territorial receptivity Index, an instrument for the surveillance and control of these diseases, which considers the heterogeneity of an intra-municipal territory. METHODS: Ecological study that uses as unit of analysis the areas covered by health centers in Belo Horizonte. For the development of a territorial receptivity index, indicators of socio-environmental determination of urban arboviruses were selected in order to integrate the analysis of main components. The resulting components were weighted by the analytic hierarchy process and combined via map algebra. RESULTS: The territorial receptivity index showed great heterogeneity of urban infrastructure conditions. The areas classified with high and very high receptivity correspond to approximately 33% of the occupied area and are mainly concentrated in the administrative planning regions of East, Northeast, North, West, and Barreiro, especially in areas surrounding the municipality. When the density of dengue cases and Aedes eggs, from 2016, were superimposed with the stratification by the index of territorial receptivity to urban arboviruses, areas of very high receptivity had a high density of cases and Aedes eggs - higher than that observed in other areas of the city, which corresponds to a very small percentage of the municipal territory (13.5%). CONCLUSION: The analyses indicate the need for the development of adequate surveillance and control actions for each context, overcoming the logic of homogeneous allocation throughout the territory.


Subject(s)
Aedes , Arboviruses , Chikungunya Fever , Dengue , Zika Virus Infection , Zika Virus , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Dengue/epidemiology , Humans
2.
Cad Saude Publica ; 38(3): e00110121, 2022.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35384994

ABSTRACT

The study aimed to present the methodological proposal entitled "Prompt Response", modelled in the cities of Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais State) and Natal (Rio Grande do Norte State), Brazil. The proposal aims to identify and demarcate priority areas for timely targeting of surveillance activities, aiming to reduce the intensity and velocity in the spread of epidemics in endemic urban areas. The methodology uses three variables that represent the necessary causes for the production and reproduction of dengue: notified cases (virus), Aedes eggs (vector), and population (host). This was an ecological study that used data from three information planes aggregated in finer temporal and spatial scales of 3 to 4 weeks and 400 to 600-meter grids, respectively. The prompt response areas were defined by Scan statistical analysis with definition of simultaneous spatial clusters for the three planes via the SaTScan program. In Natal, the areas defined as prompt response occupied, on average, 15.2% of the city's territory and concentrated 67.77% of the dengue cases in the period following demarcation of the prompt response areas. In Belo Horizonte, the observed proportions were 64.16% of cases in 23.23% of the territory. These results were obtained in two cities with different socioenvironmental and geographic realities and distinct epidemiological profiles, indicating that the methodology can be applied to different urban realities, allowing control programs to concentrate on reduced portions of the territory and impacting a high percentage of cases in timely fashion.


O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar a proposta metodológica denominada de "Pronta Resposta" modelada nas cidades de Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais) e Natal (Rio Grande do Norte), Brasil. A metodologia visa identificar e delimitar áreas prioritárias para o direcionamento das ações de vigilância em tempo oportuno, buscando a redução da intensidade e velocidade da dispersão de epidemias em áreas urbanas endêmicas. Para tanto, a metodologia utiliza três variáveis, que representam as causas necessárias para a produção e reprodução da dengue: casos notificados (vírus), ovos de Aedes (vetor) e população (hospedeiro). Trata-se de um estudo ecológico que utilizou os dados dos três planos de informações agregados em escalas temporais e espaciais mais finas, de três a quatro semanas e grades de 400 a 600 metros respectivamente. As áreas de pronta resposta foram definidas por meio de análise estatística de varredura Scan, com definição de clusters espaciais simultâneos para os três planos por meio do programa SaTScan. Os resultados observados foram: na cidade de Natal, as áreas definidas como pronta resposta ocuparam em média 15,2% do território do município e concentraram 67,77% dos casos de dengue do período posterior ao utilizado na delimitação das áreas de pronta resposta, e em Belo Horizonte, os números observados foram de 64,16% dos casos em 23,23% do território. Esses resultados foram obtidos em duas cidades com realidades socioambientais e geográficas diferentes e com perfis epidemiológicos também distintos, apontando que a metodologia pode ser aplicada em diferentes realidades urbanas, criando a possibilidade de os programas de controle atuarem em porções reduzidas do território e impactar num alto percentual de casos em tempo oportuno.


El objetivo del trabajo fue presentar la propuesta metodológica, denominada de "Resposta Rápida", modelada en las ciudades de Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais) y Natal (Rio Grande do Norte), Brasil. Esta última tiene como meta identificar y delimitar áreas prioritarias para la ejecución de acciones de vigilancia en el momento oportuno, buscando la reducción de la intensidad y velocidad de la dispersión de epidemias en áreas urbanas endémicas. Para tal fin, la metodología utiliza tres variables, que representan las causas necesarias para la producción y reproducción del dengue: casos notificados (virus), huevos de Aedes (vector) y población (huésped). Se trata de un estudio ecológico que utilizó los datos de los tres planos de información agregados en escalas temporales y espaciales más finas, de 3 a 4 semanas y tablas de 400 a 600 metros respectivamente. Las áreas de respuesta rápida se definieron a través del análisis estadístico de exploración Scan, con definición de clústeres espaciales simultáneos para los tres planos mediante el programa SaTScan. Los resultados observados fueron: en la ciudad de Natal, las áreas definidas como de respuesta rápida ocuparon de media un 15,2% del territorio del municipio y concentraron un 67,77% de los casos de dengue del período posterior al utilizado en la delimitación de las áreas de respuesta rápida y, en Belo Horizonte, los números observados fueron un 64,16% de los casos en un 23,23% del territorio. Estos resultados se obtuvieron en dos ciudades con realidades socioambientales y geográficas diferentes y con perfiles epidemiológicos también distintos, apuntando que la metodología se puede aplicar en diferentes realidades urbanas. Dando la posibilidad de que los programas de control actúen en secciones reducidas del territorio e impactar en un alto porcentaje de casos en el momento oportuno.


Subject(s)
Aedes , Arbovirus Infections , Dengue , Aedes/physiology , Animals , Arbovirus Infections/diagnosis , Arbovirus Infections/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Dengue/epidemiology , Humans , Mosquito Vectors
3.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 56: 1-14, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS, BBO - Dentistry | ID: biblio-1377220

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To present the urban arboviruses (dengue, zika and chikungunya) stratification methodology by the territorial receptivity Index, an instrument for the surveillance and control of these diseases, which considers the heterogeneity of an intra-municipal territory. METHODS Ecological study that uses as unit of analysis the areas covered by health centers in Belo Horizonte. For the development of a territorial receptivity index, indicators of socio-environmental determination of urban arboviruses were selected in order to integrate the analysis of main components. The resulting components were weighted by the analytic hierarchy process and combined via map algebra. RESULTS The territorial receptivity index showed great heterogeneity of urban infrastructure conditions. The areas classified with high and very high receptivity correspond to approximately 33% of the occupied area and are mainly concentrated in the administrative planning regions of East, Northeast, North, West, and Barreiro, especially in areas surrounding the municipality. When the density of dengue cases and Aedes eggs, from 2016, were superimposed with the stratification by the index of territorial receptivity to urban arboviruses, areas of very high receptivity had a high density of cases and Aedes eggs - higher than that observed in other areas of the city, which corresponds to a very small percentage of the municipal territory (13.5%). CONCLUSION The analyses indicate the need for the development of adequate surveillance and control actions for each context, overcoming the logic of homogeneous allocation throughout the territory.


RESUMO OBJETIVO Apresentar a metodologia de estratificação das arboviroses urbanas (dengue, zika e chikungunya) pelo índice de receptividade territorial, instrumento de vigilância e controle dessas doenças que considera a heterogeneidade territorial intramunicipal. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico que utiliza como unidade de análise as áreas de abrangência dos centros de saúde de Belo Horizonte (MG). Para a construção do índice de receptividade territorial foram selecionados indicadores de determinação socioambiental das arboviroses urbanas a fim de integrar à análise de componentes principais. As componentes resultantes foram ponderadas por análise de processos hierárquicos e agregadas por meio de álgebra de mapas. RESULTADOS O índice de receptividade territorial evidenciou grande heterogeneidade das condições de infraestrutura urbana. As áreas classificadas como alta e muito alta receptividade correspondem a aproximadamente 33% da área ocupada e se concentram sobretudo nas regiões de planejamento administrativo Leste, Nordeste, Norte, Oeste e Barreiro, principalmente em áreas limítrofes do município. Quando sobrepostas à densidade de casos de dengue e de ovos de Aedes em 2016, a estratificação pelo índice de receptividade territorial às arboviroses urbanas demonstra que áreas de muito alta receptividade apresentam uma densidade de casos, bem como de ovos de Aedes superior àquela observada nas demais áreas da cidade, o que corresponde a um percentual bastante reduzido do território municipal (13,5%). CONCLUSÕES As análises indicam a necessidade do desenvolvimento de ações de vigilância e controle adequadas para cada contexto, superando, assim, a lógica de alocação homogênea em todo o território.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Arboviruses , Aedes , Dengue/epidemiology , Chikungunya Fever , Zika Virus , Zika Virus Infection , Brazil/epidemiology
4.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 38(3): e00110121, 2022. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1364629

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar a proposta metodológica denominada de "Pronta Resposta" modelada nas cidades de Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais) e Natal (Rio Grande do Norte), Brasil. A metodologia visa identificar e delimitar áreas prioritárias para o direcionamento das ações de vigilância em tempo oportuno, buscando a redução da intensidade e velocidade da dispersão de epidemias em áreas urbanas endêmicas. Para tanto, a metodologia utiliza três variáveis, que representam as causas necessárias para a produção e reprodução da dengue: casos notificados (vírus), ovos de Aedes (vetor) e população (hospedeiro). Trata-se de um estudo ecológico que utilizou os dados dos três planos de informações agregados em escalas temporais e espaciais mais finas, de três a quatro semanas e grades de 400 a 600 metros respectivamente. As áreas de pronta resposta foram definidas por meio de análise estatística de varredura Scan, com definição de clusters espaciais simultâneos para os três planos por meio do programa SaTScan. Os resultados observados foram: na cidade de Natal, as áreas definidas como pronta resposta ocuparam em média 15,2% do território do município e concentraram 67,77% dos casos de dengue do período posterior ao utilizado na delimitação das áreas de pronta resposta, e em Belo Horizonte, os números observados foram de 64,16% dos casos em 23,23% do território. Esses resultados foram obtidos em duas cidades com realidades socioambientais e geográficas diferentes e com perfis epidemiológicos também distintos, apontando que a metodologia pode ser aplicada em diferentes realidades urbanas, criando a possibilidade de os programas de controle atuarem em porções reduzidas do território e impactar num alto percentual de casos em tempo oportuno.


The study aimed to present the methodological proposal entitled "Prompt Response", modelled in the cities of Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais State) and Natal (Rio Grande do Norte State), Brazil. The proposal aims to identify and demarcate priority areas for timely targeting of surveillance activities, aiming to reduce the intensity and velocity in the spread of epidemics in endemic urban areas. The methodology uses three variables that represent the necessary causes for the production and reproduction of dengue: notified cases (virus), Aedes eggs (vector), and population (host). This was an ecological study that used data from three information planes aggregated in finer temporal and spatial scales of 3 to 4 weeks and 400 to 600-meter grids, respectively. The prompt response areas were defined by Scan statistical analysis with definition of simultaneous spatial clusters for the three planes via the SaTScan program. In Natal, the areas defined as prompt response occupied, on average, 15.2% of the city's territory and concentrated 67.77% of the dengue cases in the period following demarcation of the prompt response areas. In Belo Horizonte, the observed proportions were 64.16% of cases in 23.23% of the territory. These results were obtained in two cities with different socioenvironmental and geographic realities and distinct epidemiological profiles, indicating that the methodology can be applied to different urban realities, allowing control programs to concentrate on reduced portions of the territory and impacting a high percentage of cases in timely fashion.


El objetivo del trabajo fue presentar la propuesta metodológica, denominada de "Resposta Rápida", modelada en las ciudades de Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais) y Natal (Rio Grande do Norte), Brasil. Esta última tiene como meta identificar y delimitar áreas prioritarias para la ejecución de acciones de vigilancia en el momento oportuno, buscando la reducción de la intensidad y velocidad de la dispersión de epidemias en áreas urbanas endémicas. Para tal fin, la metodología utiliza tres variables, que representan las causas necesarias para la producción y reproducción del dengue: casos notificados (virus), huevos de Aedes (vector) y población (huésped). Se trata de un estudio ecológico que utilizó los datos de los tres planos de información agregados en escalas temporales y espaciales más finas, de 3 a 4 semanas y tablas de 400 a 600 metros respectivamente. Las áreas de respuesta rápida se definieron a través del análisis estadístico de exploración Scan, con definición de clústeres espaciales simultáneos para los tres planos mediante el programa SaTScan. Los resultados observados fueron: en la ciudad de Natal, las áreas definidas como de respuesta rápida ocuparon de media un 15,2% del territorio del municipio y concentraron un 67,77% de los casos de dengue del período posterior al utilizado en la delimitación de las áreas de respuesta rápida y, en Belo Horizonte, los números observados fueron un 64,16% de los casos en un 23,23% del territorio. Estos resultados se obtuvieron en dos ciudades con realidades socioambientales y geográficas diferentes y con perfiles epidemiológicos también distintos, apuntando que la metodología se puede aplicar en diferentes realidades urbanas. Dando la posibilidad de que los programas de control actúen en secciones reducidas del territorio e impactar en un alto porcentaje de casos en el momento oportuno.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Arbovirus Infections/diagnosis , Arbovirus Infections/epidemiology , Aedes/physiology , Dengue/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Mosquito Vectors
5.
Cad Saude Publica ; 36(6): e00060219, 2020.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32520123

ABSTRACT

This research applies indicators concerning control of the visceral leishmaniasis canine reservoir in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Data were obtained from the Zoonoses Control Information System (SCZOO) and the Brazilian Information System on Diseases of Notification (SINAN) database. First we analyzed (i) existing associations between canine epidemiological indicators, where the dependent variable was the canine seroprevalence A (2007 to 2013), and the independent variables were, as follows: canine seroprevalence B (2006 to 2012); percentage of positive dogs by ELISA test reagents that were not euthanized; the relationship between the human and canine population; canine population testing coverage by census surveys; and the years of study (2006 to 2013); (ii) then, we examined the association between human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) cases between 2007 to 2013 and the mentioned variables related to dogs and years. Statistical analysis was done by a generalized linear model (GLM). One unit increases in canine seroprevalence B and canine seroprevalence A were associated to 13% and 12% increases in HVL rates, respectively. The increase in one human/dog ratio unit was associated with a 13% decrease in HVL rates. Canine seroprevalence, human/dog ratio and non-euthanasia of ELISA-reactive dogs in the environment were adequate indicators for analyzing the canine enzootic transmission and the occurrence of HVL cases.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases , Leishmaniasis, Visceral , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/prevention & control , Dogs , Humans , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Zoonoses
6.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 36(6): e00060219, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1100967

ABSTRACT

Abstract: This research applies indicators concerning control of the visceral leishmaniasis canine reservoir in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Data were obtained from the Zoonoses Control Information System (SCZOO) and the Brazilian Information System on Diseases of Notification (SINAN) database. First we analyzed (i) existing associations between canine epidemiological indicators, where the dependent variable was the canine seroprevalence A (2007 to 2013), and the independent variables were, as follows: canine seroprevalence B (2006 to 2012); percentage of positive dogs by ELISA test reagents that were not euthanized; the relationship between the human and canine population; canine population testing coverage by census surveys; and the years of study (2006 to 2013); (ii) then, we examined the association between human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) cases between 2007 to 2013 and the mentioned variables related to dogs and years. Statistical analysis was done by a generalized linear model (GLM). One unit increases in canine seroprevalence B and canine seroprevalence A were associated to 13% and 12% increases in HVL rates, respectively. The increase in one human/dog ratio unit was associated with a 13% decrease in HVL rates. Canine seroprevalence, human/dog ratio and non-euthanasia of ELISA-reactive dogs in the environment were adequate indicators for analyzing the canine enzootic transmission and the occurrence of HVL cases.


Resumo: O estudo aplica indicadores referentes ao controle do reservatório canino da leishmaniose visceral na cidade de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os dados foram obtidos do Sistema de Controle de Zoonoses (SCZOO) e do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Começamos com a análise das associações existentes entre indicadores epidemiológicos caninos, onde a variável dependente foi a soroprevalência canina-A (de 2007 a 2013) e a variável independente foi a soroprevalência canina-B (de 2006 a 2012); o percentual de cães positivos de acordo com o teste ELISA e que não foram sacrificados; a relação entre as populações humana e canina; a cobertura da testagem da população canina de acordo com inquéritos censitários e os anos de estudo (de 2006 a 2013). Em seguida, examinamos a associação entre casos de leishmaniose visceral humana (LVH) entre 2007 e 2013 e as variáveis citadas relacionadas aos cães e aos anos. A análise estatística usou um modelo linear generalizado (MLG). Os aumentos de uma unidade na soroprevalência canina-B e soroprevalência canina-A estiveram associados a aumentos de 13% e 12% nas taxas de LVH, respectivamente. Um aumento de uma unidade na razão humano/cão esteve associado a uma diminuição de 13% nas taxas de LVH. A soroprevalência canina, a relação humano/cão e a não-eutanásia de cães ELISA-reativos foram indicadores adequados para analisar a transmissão enzoótica canina e a ocorrência de casos de LVH.


Resumen: El estudio aplica indicadores referentes al control del reservorio canino de la leishmaniosis visceral en la ciudad de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Los datos fueron obtenidos del Sistema de Control de Zoonosis (SCZOO) y del Sistema Brasileño de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación (SINAN). Comenzamos con el análisis de las asociaciones existentes entre indicadores epidemiológicos caninos, donde la variable dependiente fue la seroprevalencia canina-A (de 2007 a 2013) y la variable independiente fue la seroprevalencia canina-B (de 2006 a 2012); el porcentaje de perros positivos, de acuerdo con el test ELISA, y que no fueron sacrificados; la relación entre las poblaciones humana y canina; la cobertura del test de la población canina, de acuerdo con encuestas censales y los años de estudio (de 2006 a 2013). En seguida, examinamos la asociación entre casos de leishmaniosis visceral humana (LVH) entre 2007 y 2013 y las variables citadas, relacionadas con los perros y los años. El análisis estadístico usó un modelo lineal generalizado (MLG). Los aumentos de una unidad en la seroprevalencia canina-B y seroprevalencia canina-A estuvieron asociados a aumentos de 13% y 12% en las tasas de LVH, respectivamente. Un aumento de una unidad en la razón humano/perro estuvo asociado a una disminución de un 13% en las tasas de LVH. La seroprevalencia canina, la relación humano/perro y la no-eutanasia de perros ELISA-reactivos fueron indicadores adecuados para analizar la transmisión enzoótica canina y la ocurrencia de casos de LVH.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Dogs , Dog Diseases/prevention & control , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Zoonoses , Seroepidemiologic Studies
7.
Acta Trop ; 197: 105061, 2019 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31194961

ABSTRACT

Aedes spp. are considered the main vectors of dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses in the world. Arbovirus detection in Aedes mosquitoes can alert authorities to possible outbreaks, reducing the impact of these diseases. The purpose of this study was to perform an operational strategy for virological surveillance of DENV, ZIKV and CHIKV in adult Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes captured at different key-sites in an endemic urban area of the Northeast Region of Brazil, with the prospect of discussing its role as part of an alert system for outbreaks in critical areas. Residential and non-residential premises located in areas of recent of transmission of these arboviruses were selected for adult mosquito collection in the rainy season (July) of 2018. A total of 1068 adult mosquitoes were collected: 946 Culex quinquefasciatus (88.6%), 118 Ae. aegypti (11.0%), two Ae. albopictus (0.2%) and two Aedes taeniorhynchus (0.2%). Among the premises surveyed, recycling points (N = 48, 40.7%), municipal schools (N = 36, 30.5%) and junkyards (N = 31, 26.2%) were the places with the highest frequency of adult Ae. aegypti. Health units (including primary health care facilities and one hospital) (N = 23; 19.5%) together with residential premises (N = 11; 9.3%) presented the lowest frequencies. Total RNAs of the samples were extracted from Aedes mosquitoes and a nested reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for detecting and typing DENV, ZIKV and CHIKV was performed. From the 37 Aedes spp. pools analyzed (35 Ae. aegypti, one Ae. albopictus and one Ae. taeniorhynchus), seven were positive for DENV-3, including three pools containing Ae. aegypti females, one containing an Ae. aegypti engorged female and three comprised of Ae. aegypti males. The positive pools were composed of mosquitoes collected in public schools, health units, junkyards, recycling points and residential premises. Our findings reinforce the importance of continuous virological surveillance in Aedes mosquitoes, as a useful tool for detecting arboviruses circulation in vulnerable areas, even in low infestation seasons.


Subject(s)
Aedes/virology , Chikungunya virus/isolation & purification , Dengue Virus/isolation & purification , Zika Virus/isolation & purification , Adult , Animals , Endemic Diseases/statistics & numerical data , Female , Humans , Male , Mosquito Vectors/virology
8.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz ; 114: e190064, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31215589

ABSTRACT

Imported malaria is a malaria infection diagnosed outside the area where it was acquired and is induced by human migration and mobility. This retrospective study was performed based on secondary data from 2007 to 2015. In total, 736 cases of imported malaria (79.7% of 923 cases) were recorded in Rio de Janeiro state. Of the imported cases, 55.3% came from abroad, while 44.7% came from other regions of Brazil. Most cases of imported malaria in Brazil (85.5%) originated in Amazônia Legal, and Burundi (Africa) accounted for 59% of the cases from abroad. Analyses of the determinants of imported malaria in Rio de Janeiro state must be continued to understand the relationship between the origin and destination of cases.


Subject(s)
Communicable Diseases, Imported/epidemiology , Malaria/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brazil/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Cities/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Retrospective Studies , Spatio-Temporal Analysis , Time Factors , Vulnerable Populations , Young Adult
9.
Cien Saude Colet ; 23(2): 463-470, 2018 Feb.
Article in Portuguese, English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29412404

ABSTRACT

An ecological study aimed at analyzing homicide rates and actual bodily harm was conducted in Itaboraí, in the years 2010 to 2011. The entire municipality was used in the study covering critical and non-critical areas. The data came from the Information System for the Public Security Institute in Rio de Janeiro state. The territories were identified and defined by referring to studies on illegal occupations of areas. The snowballing method was used for the social recognition of poor conditions. The morphological differentiation of urban and housing standards marked the locations. The areas were georeferenced, and the problems were located geographically and organized according to their corresponding critical area. We calculated the municipal rates using population estimates from IBGE. For the critical areas, we obtained estimates of the number of households multiplied by a factor equal to the average household density in the corresponding census tract. There was a decrease in homicide rates and a rise in actual bodily harm in Itaboraí. We also found that there was an increased risk of bodily injury in critical areas with the worst living conditions, suggesting the existence of social inequalities that make certain social spaces more vulnerable to incidents involving violent injuries.


Realizou-se estudo ecológico objetivando analisar as taxas de homicídio e de lesão corporal ocorridas em Itaboraí, nos anos 2010-2011, considerando-se o total do município, áreas críticas e não críticas do mesmo. Os dados provêm do Sistema de Informação do Instituto de Segurança Pública do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os territórios foram identificados e delimitados consultando-se estudos sobre ocupações irregulares. Usou-se o método de "snowballing" para o reconhecimento social dessas piores condições. As localidades foram demarcadas pela diferenciação morfológica do padrão urbanístico e habitacional. As áreas foram georreferenciadas, e os agravos foram localizados geograficamente e organizados segundo sua área crítica correspondente. Calcularam-se as taxas municipais usando-se a estimativa populacional do IBGE; para as áreas críticas fez-se a estimativa pelo número de habitações multiplicado por um fator igual à média da densidade intradomiciliar no setor censitário correspondente. Observou-se diminuição da taxa de homicídio e crescimento de lesão corporal em Itaboraí; maior risco de lesão corporal nos territórios críticos com as piores condições de vida, sugerindo a existência de iniquidades sociais que tornam certos espaços sociais mais vulneráveis aos agravos violentos.


Subject(s)
Homicide/statistics & numerical data , Social Conditions/statistics & numerical data , Violence/statistics & numerical data , Brazil/epidemiology , Cities , Humans , Social Conditions/economics , Socioeconomic Factors , Spatial Analysis
10.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.);23(2): 463-470, Fev. 2018. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-890515

ABSTRACT

Resumo Realizou-se estudo ecológico objetivando analisar as taxas de homicídio e de lesão corporal ocorridas em Itaboraí, nos anos 2010-2011, considerando-se o total do município, áreas críticas e não críticas do mesmo. Os dados provêm do Sistema de Informação do Instituto de Segurança Pública do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os territórios foram identificados e delimitados consultando-se estudos sobre ocupações irregulares. Usou-se o método de "snowballing" para o reconhecimento social dessas piores condições. As localidades foram demarcadas pela diferenciação morfológica do padrão urbanístico e habitacional. As áreas foram georreferenciadas, e os agravos foram localizados geograficamente e organizados segundo sua área crítica correspondente. Calcularam-se as taxas municipais usando-se a estimativa populacional do IBGE; para as áreas críticas fez-se a estimativa pelo número de habitações multiplicado por um fator igual à média da densidade intradomiciliar no setor censitário correspondente. Observou-se diminuição da taxa de homicídio e crescimento de lesão corporal em Itaboraí; maior risco de lesão corporal nos territórios críticos com as piores condições de vida, sugerindo a existência de iniquidades sociais que tornam certos espaços sociais mais vulneráveis aos agravos violentos.


Abstract An ecological study aimed at analyzing homicide rates and actual bodily harm was conducted in Itaboraí, in the years 2010 to 2011. The entire municipality was used in the study covering critical and non-critical areas. The data came from the Information System for the Public Security Institute in Rio de Janeiro state. The territories were identified and defined by referring to studies on illegal occupations of areas. The snowballing method was used for the social recognition of poor conditions. The morphological differentiation of urban and housing standards marked the locations. The areas were georeferenced, and the problems were located geographically and organized according to their corresponding critical area. We calculated the municipal rates using population estimates from IBGE. For the critical areas, we obtained estimates of the number of households multiplied by a factor equal to the average household density in the corresponding census tract. There was a decrease in homicide rates and a rise in actual bodily harm in Itaboraí. We also found that there was an increased risk of bodily injury in critical areas with the worst living conditions, suggesting the existence of social inequalities that make certain social spaces more vulnerable to incidents involving violent injuries.


Subject(s)
Humans , Social Conditions/statistics & numerical data , Violence/statistics & numerical data , Homicide/statistics & numerical data , Social Conditions/economics , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Cities , Spatial Analysis
11.
Rev Saude Publica ; 51: 51, 2017 Jun 26.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28678905

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To propose a new operational unit in the locality scale capable of subsidizing the construction of an information system to control the transmission of tegumentary leishmaniasis at this scale, in a region of high endemicity of the Atlantic Forest. METHODS: We examined the adequacy of data and instruments in an area of high endemicity in the Atlantic Forest located in the South of the State of Rio de Janeiro from 1990 to 2012. The study proposed an operational unit called Local Surveillance Unit to make all used databases compatible by adjusting census sectors. This enabled the overlap and comparison of information in different periods. RESULTS: The spreading process of the transmission of tegumentary leishmaniasis in the Baía da Ilha Grande region does not depend on great population movements, and can occur in areas with population growth or decrease. The data information system allowed the adequate identification and characterization of the place of residence. We identified relevant characteristics of the place of transmission, such as self-limited in time and not associated with recent deforestation. The results also highlight the lack of synchronicity in the case production in territorial units involved in the endemic-epidemic process, noting that this process is in constant motion. CONCLUSIONS: The transmission process seems more connected to the presence and movement of rodents that move continuously in the region than to the local density of vectors or the permanence of infected dogs at home. New control strategies targeted at the foci of transmission must be considered. The construction of a new operational unit, called Local Surveillance Unit, was instrumental in the endemic-epidemic process analysis. OBJETIVO: Propor uma nova unidade operacional na escala de localidade capaz de subsidiar a construção de um sistema de informação orientado para o controle da transmissão da leishmaniose tegumentar nesse nível. MÉTODOS: Uma região de alta endemicidade da Mata Atlântica no sul do estado do Rio de Janeiro de 1990 a 2012 foi selecionada para analisar a adequação dos dados e instrumentos. Uma unidade operacional denominada Unidade de Vigilância Local foi proposta para compatibilizar todos os bancos de dados utilizados por meio de ajustes dos setores censitários. Isso possibilitou a sobreposição das informações e a sua comparação em diferentes períodos. RESULTADOS: O processo de deslocamento da transmissão da leishmaniose tegumentar na região da Baía da Ilha Grande não dependeu de movimentos populacionais importantes, podendo ocorrer tanto em áreas com crescimento como em áreas com decremento populacional. Os dados do sistema de informação permitiram a identificação e caracterização adequada do local de residência. Identificaram-se características relevantes do lugar de transmissão, como autolimitados no tempo e não associados a desmatamentos recentes. Os resultados evidenciam também a falta de sincronicidade na produção de casos nas unidades territoriais envolvidas no processo endêmico-epidêmico, mostrando que esse processo está em constante movimento. CONCLUSÕES: O processo de transmissão parece estar mais ligado à presença e circulação de roedores que se desloquem continuadamente na região do que da densidade local de vetores ou da permanência de cães infectados no domicílio. Novas estratégias de controle orientadas para os focos de transmissão devem ser consideradas. A construção de uma nova unidade operacional, denominada Unidade de Vigilância Local, foi fundamental na análise do processo endêmico-epidêmico.


Subject(s)
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/transmission , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Geographic Mapping , Humans , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/prevention & control , Spatio-Temporal Analysis
12.
Rev Saude Publica ; 51(0): 49, 2017 May 15.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28513764

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the determinants for the occurrence of human visceral leishmaniasis linked to the conditions of vulnerability. METHODS: This is an ecological study, whose spatial analysis unit was the Territorial Analysis Unit in Araguaína, State of Tocantins, Brazil, from 2007 to 2012. We have carried out an analysis of the sociodemographic and urban infrastructure situation of the municipality. Normalized primary indicators were calculated and used to construct the indicators of vulnerability of the social structure, household structure, and urban infrastructure. From them, we have composed a vulnerability index. Kernel density estimation was used to evaluate the density of cases of human visceral leishmaniasis, based on the coordinates of the cases. Bivariate global Moran's I was used to verify the existence of spatial autocorrelation between the incidence of human visceral leishmaniasis and the indicators and index of vulnerability. Bivariate local Moran's I was used to identify spatial clusters. RESULTS: We have observed a pattern of centrifugal spread of human visceral leishmaniasis in the municipality, where outbreaks of the disease have progressively reached central and peri-urban areas. There has been no correlation between higher incidences of human visceral leishmaniasis and worse living conditions. Statistically significant clusters have been observed between the incidences of human visceral leishmaniasis in both periods analyzed (2007 to 2009 and 2010 to 2012) and the indicators and index of vulnerability. CONCLUSIONS: The environment in circumscribed areas helps as protection factor or increases the local vulnerability to the occurrence of human visceral leishmaniasis. The use of methodology that analyzes the conditions of life of the population and the spatial distribution of human visceral leishmaniasis is essential to identify the most vulnerable areas to the spread/maintenance of the disease. OBJETIVO: Analisar determinantes para a ocorrência da leishmaniose visceral humana vinculados às condições de vulnerabilidade. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico, cuja unidade de análise espacial foi a Unidade de Análise Territorial em Araguaína, TO, de 2007 a 2012. Foi realizada análise da situação sociodemográfica e de infraestrutura urbana no município. Indicadores primários normalizados foram calculados e utilizados na construção de indicadores de vulnerabilidade de estrutura social, de estrutura domiciliar e de infraestrutura urbana. A partir deles, foi composto um índice de vulnerabilidade. A estimativa de Kernel foi utilizada para avaliar a densidade de casos de leishmaniose visceral humana, com base nas coordenadas dos casos. O I-Moran Global Bivariado foi empregado para verificar a existência de autocorrelação espacial entre a incidência de leishmaniose visceral humana e os indicadores e índice de vulnerabilidade. I-Moran Local Bivariado foi utilizado para identificar clusters espaciais. RESULTADOS: Foi observado um padrão de disseminação centrífuga da leishmaniose visceral humana no município, em que surtos da doença atingiram progressivamente áreas centrais e periurbanas. Houve correlação entre maiores incidências de leishmaniose visceral humana e piores condições de vida. Foram observados clusters estatisticamente significativos entre as incidências de leishmaniose visceral humana nos dois períodos analisados (2007 a 2009 e 2010 a 2012) e os indicadores e índice de vulnerabilidade. CONCLUSÕES: O ambiente em áreas circunscritas contribui como fator de proteção ou aumenta a vulnerabilidade local à ocorrência de leishmaniose visceral humana. O uso de metodologia que analisa as condições de vida da população e distribuição espacial da leishmaniose visceral humana é essencial na identificação de áreas mais vulneráveis à disseminação/manutenção da doença.


Subject(s)
Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Urban Population/statistics & numerical data , Vulnerable Populations/statistics & numerical data , Brazil/epidemiology , Cluster Analysis , Family Characteristics , Female , Humans , Incidence , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Male , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Spatio-Temporal Analysis , Time Factors
13.
PLoS One ; 12(2): e0172330, 2017.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28222159

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: This study aims to describe the role of mobility in malaria transmission by discussing recent changes in population movements in the Brazilian Amazon and developing a flow map of disease transmission in this region. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This study presents a descriptive analysis using an ecological approach on regional and local scales. The study location was the municipality of Porto Velho, which is the capital of Rondônia state, Brazil. Our dataset was obtained from the official health database, the population census and an environmental database. During 2000-2007 and 2007-2010, the Porto Velho municipality had an annual population growth of 1.42% and 5.07%, respectively. This population growth can be attributed to migration, which was driven by the construction of the Madeira River hydroelectric complex. From 2010 to 2012, 63,899 malaria-positive slides were reported for residents of Porto Velho municipality; 92% of the identified samples were autochthonous, and 8% were allochthonous. The flow map of patients' movements between residential areas and areas of suspected infection showed two patterns of malaria transmission: 1) commuting between residential areas and the Jirau hydropower dam reservoir, and 2) movements between urban areas and farms and resorts in rural areas. It was also observed that areas with greater occurrences of malaria were characterized by a low rate of deforestation. CONCLUSIONS: The Porto Velho municipality exhibits high malaria endemicity and plays an important role in disseminating the parasite to other municipalities in the Amazon and even to non-endemic areas of the country. Migration remains an important factor for the occurrence of malaria. However, due to recent changes in human occupation of the Brazilian Amazon, characterized by intense expansion of transportation networks, commuting has also become an important factor in malaria transmission. The magnitude of this change necessitates a new model to explain malaria transmission in the Brazilian Amazon.


Subject(s)
Endemic Diseases , Malaria/transmission , Population Dynamics , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Cities , Conservation of Natural Resources , Geography, Medical , Humans , Malaria/epidemiology , Occupations , Power Plants , Rural Population , Transients and Migrants , Transportation , Urban Population
14.
Rev Saude Publica ; 51: 9, 2017 Feb 16.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28225909

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze the association between the incidence of tuberculosis and different socioeconomic indicators in a territory of intense transformation of the urban space. METHODS: This is an ecological study, whose analysis units were the neighborhoods of the city of Itaboraí, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The data have been analyzed by generalized linear models. The response variable was incidence of tuberculosis from 2006 to 2011. The independent variables were the socio-demographic indicators. The spatial distribution of tuberculosis was analyzed with the elaboration of thematic maps. RESULTS: The results have shown a significant association between the incidence of tuberculosis and variables that reflect different dimensions of living conditions, such as consumer goods, housing conditions and its surroundings, agglomeration of population, and income distribution. CONCLUSIONS: The disproportionate incidence of tuberculosis in populations with worse living conditions highlights the persistence of socioeconomic determinants in the reproduction of the disease. Different municipal public sectors need to better articulate with local tuberculosis control programs to reduce the social burden of the disease. OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação entre incidência de tuberculose e diferentes indicadores socioeconômicos em território em intensa transformação do espaço urbano. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico, cujas unidades de análise foram os bairros do município de Itaboraí, RJ. Os dados foram analisados por modelos lineares generalizados. A variável resposta foi incidência de tuberculose de 2006 a 2011. As variáveis independentes foram os indicadores sociodemográficos. A distribuição espacial da tuberculose foi analisada por meio da elaboração de mapas temáticos. RESULTADOS: Os resultados apontaram associação significativa entre a incidência de tuberculose e variáveis que refletem diferentes dimensões de condições de vida, como bens de consumo, condições de moradia e seu entorno, aglomeração populacional e distribuição de renda. CONCLUSÕES: O acometimento desproporcional da tuberculose em grupos populacionais com piores condições de vida ressalta a persistência dos determinantes socioeconômicos na reprodução da doença. Faz-se necessária a melhor articulação de diferentes setores públicos municipais com o programa local de controle da tuberculose visando à redução da carga social da doença.


Subject(s)
Healthcare Disparities/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Family Characteristics , Female , Humans , Incidence , Male , Reference Values , Residence Characteristics , Spatial Analysis , Urban Population
15.
Rev. saúde pública ; Rev. saúde pública;51: 9, 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-845893

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to analyze the association between the incidence of tuberculosis and different socioeconomic indicators in a territory of intense transformation of the urban space. METHODS This is an ecological study, whose analysis units were the neighborhoods of the city of Itaboraí, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The data have been analyzed by generalized linear models. The response variable was incidence of tuberculosis from 2006 to 2011. The independent variables were the socio-demographic indicators. The spatial distribution of tuberculosis was analyzed with the elaboration of thematic maps. RESULTS The results have shown a significant association between the incidence of tuberculosis and variables that reflect different dimensions of living conditions, such as consumer goods, housing conditions and its surroundings, agglomeration of population, and income distribution. CONCLUSIONS The disproportionate incidence of tuberculosis in populations with worse living conditions highlights the persistence of socioeconomic determinants in the reproduction of the disease. Different municipal public sectors need to better articulate with local tuberculosis control programs to reduce the social burden of the disease.


RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a associação entre incidência de tuberculose e diferentes indicadores socioeconômicos em território em intensa transformação do espaço urbano. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico, cujas unidades de análise foram os bairros do município de Itaboraí, RJ. Os dados foram analisados por modelos lineares generalizados. A variável resposta foi incidência de tuberculose de 2006 a 2011. As variáveis independentes foram os indicadores sociodemográficos. A distribuição espacial da tuberculose foi analisada por meio da elaboração de mapas temáticos. RESULTADOS Os resultados apontaram associação significativa entre a incidência de tuberculose e variáveis que refletem diferentes dimensões de condições de vida, como bens de consumo, condições de moradia e seu entorno, aglomeração populacional e distribuição de renda. CONCLUSÕES O acometimento desproporcional da tuberculose em grupos populacionais com piores condições de vida ressalta a persistência dos determinantes socioeconômicos na reprodução da doença. Faz-se necessária a melhor articulação de diferentes setores públicos municipais com o programa local de controle da tuberculose visando à redução da carga social da doença.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Healthcare Disparities/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Family Characteristics , Incidence , Reference Values , Residence Characteristics , Spatial Analysis , Urban Population
16.
Rev. saúde pública ; Rev. saúde pública;51: 49, 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-845899

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the determinants for the occurrence of human visceral leishmaniasis linked to the conditions of vulnerability. METHODS This is an ecological study, whose spatial analysis unit was the Territorial Analysis Unit in Araguaína, State of Tocantins, Brazil, from 2007 to 2012. We have carried out an analysis of the sociodemographic and urban infrastructure situation of the municipality. Normalized primary indicators were calculated and used to construct the indicators of vulnerability of the social structure, household structure, and urban infrastructure. From them, we have composed a vulnerability index. Kernel density estimation was used to evaluate the density of cases of human visceral leishmaniasis, based on the coordinates of the cases. Bivariate global Moran’s I was used to verify the existence of spatial autocorrelation between the incidence of human visceral leishmaniasis and the indicators and index of vulnerability. Bivariate local Moran’s I was used to identify spatial clusters. RESULTS We have observed a pattern of centrifugal spread of human visceral leishmaniasis in the municipality, where outbreaks of the disease have progressively reached central and peri-urban areas. There has been no correlation between higher incidences of human visceral leishmaniasis and worse living conditions. Statistically significant clusters have been observed between the incidences of human visceral leishmaniasis in both periods analyzed (2007 to 2009 and 2010 to 2012) and the indicators and index of vulnerability. CONCLUSIONS The environment in circumscribed areas helps as protection factor or increases the local vulnerability to the occurrence of human visceral leishmaniasis. The use of methodology that analyzes the conditions of life of the population and the spatial distribution of human visceral leishmaniasis is essential to identify the most vulnerable areas to the spread/maintenance of the disease.


RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar determinantes para a ocorrência da leishmaniose visceral humana vinculados às condições de vulnerabilidade. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico, cuja unidade de análise espacial foi a Unidade de Análise Territorial em Araguaína, TO, de 2007 a 2012. Foi realizada análise da situação sociodemográfica e de infraestrutura urbana no município. Indicadores primários normalizados foram calculados e utilizados na construção de indicadores de vulnerabilidade de estrutura social, de estrutura domiciliar e de infraestrutura urbana. A partir deles, foi composto um índice de vulnerabilidade. A estimativa de Kernel foi utilizada para avaliar a densidade de casos de leishmaniose visceral humana, com base nas coordenadas dos casos. O I-Moran Global Bivariado foi empregado para verificar a existência de autocorrelação espacial entre a incidência de leishmaniose visceral humana e os indicadores e índice de vulnerabilidade. I-Moran Local Bivariado foi utilizado para identificar clusters espaciais. RESULTADOS Foi observado um padrão de disseminação centrífuga da leishmaniose visceral humana no município, em que surtos da doença atingiram progressivamente áreas centrais e periurbanas. Houve correlação entre maiores incidências de leishmaniose visceral humana e piores condições de vida. Foram observados clusters estatisticamente significativos entre as incidências de leishmaniose visceral humana nos dois períodos analisados (2007 a 2009 e 2010 a 2012) e os indicadores e índice de vulnerabilidade. CONCLUSÕES O ambiente em áreas circunscritas contribui como fator de proteção ou aumenta a vulnerabilidade local à ocorrência de leishmaniose visceral humana. O uso de metodologia que analisa as condições de vida da população e distribuição espacial da leishmaniose visceral humana é essencial na identificação de áreas mais vulneráveis à disseminação/manutenção da doença.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Urban Population/statistics & numerical data , Vulnerable Populations/statistics & numerical data , Brazil/epidemiology , Cluster Analysis , Family Characteristics , Incidence , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Spatio-Temporal Analysis , Time Factors
17.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 51: 51, 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-903182

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To propose a new operational unit in the locality scale capable of subsidizing the construction of an information system to control the transmission of tegumentary leishmaniasis at this scale, in a region of high endemicity of the Atlantic Forest. METHODS We examined the adequacy of data and instruments in an area of high endemicity in the Atlantic Forest located in the South of the State of Rio de Janeiro from 1990 to 2012. The study proposed an operational unit called Local Surveillance Unit to make all used databases compatible by adjusting census sectors. This enabled the overlap and comparison of information in different periods. RESULTS The spreading process of the transmission of tegumentary leishmaniasis in the Baía da Ilha Grande region does not depend on great population movements, and can occur in areas with population growth or decrease. The data information system allowed the adequate identification and characterization of the place of residence. We identified relevant characteristics of the place of transmission, such as self-limited in time and not associated with recent deforestation. The results also highlight the lack of synchronicity in the case production in territorial units involved in the endemic-epidemic process, noting that this process is in constant motion. CONCLUSIONS The transmission process seems more connected to the presence and movement of rodents that move continuously in the region than to the local density of vectors or the permanence of infected dogs at home. New control strategies targeted at the foci of transmission must be considered. The construction of a new operational unit, called Local Surveillance Unit, was instrumental in the endemic-epidemic process analysis.


RESUMO OBJETIVO Propor uma nova unidade operacional na escala de localidade capaz de subsidiar a construção de um sistema de informação orientado para o controle da transmissão da leishmaniose tegumentar nesse nível. MÉTODOS Uma região de alta endemicidade da Mata Atlântica no sul do estado do Rio de Janeiro de 1990 a 2012 foi selecionada para analisar a adequação dos dados e instrumentos. Uma unidade operacional denominada Unidade de Vigilância Local foi proposta para compatibilizar todos os bancos de dados utilizados por meio de ajustes dos setores censitários. Isso possibilitou a sobreposição das informações e a sua comparação em diferentes períodos. RESULTADOS O processo de deslocamento da transmissão da leishmaniose tegumentar na região da Baía da Ilha Grande não dependeu de movimentos populacionais importantes, podendo ocorrer tanto em áreas com crescimento como em áreas com decremento populacional. Os dados do sistema de informação permitiram a identificação e caracterização adequada do local de residência. Identificaram-se características relevantes do lugar de transmissão, como autolimitados no tempo e não associados a desmatamentos recentes. Os resultados evidenciam também a falta de sincronicidade na produção de casos nas unidades territoriais envolvidas no processo endêmico-epidêmico, mostrando que esse processo está em constante movimento. CONCLUSÕES O processo de transmissão parece estar mais ligado à presença e circulação de roedores que se desloquem continuadamente na região do que da densidade local de vetores ou da permanência de cães infectados no domicílio. Novas estratégias de controle orientadas para os focos de transmissão devem ser consideradas. A construção de uma nova unidade operacional, denominada Unidade de Vigilância Local, foi fundamental na análise do processo endêmico-epidêmico.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/transmission , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/prevention & control , Geographic Mapping , Spatio-Temporal Analysis
18.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz ; 111(5): 302-10, 2016 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27223866

ABSTRACT

Urban occurrence of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is linked to households with characteristics conducive to the presence of sand flies. This study proposes an ad hoc classification of households according to the environmental characteristics of receptivity to phlebotominae and an entomological study to validate the proposal. Here we describe the phlebotominae population found in intra- and peridomiciliary environments and analyse the spatiotemporal distribution of the VL vector Lutzomyia longipalpis of households receptive to VL. In the region, 153 households were classified into levels of receptivity to VL followed by entomological surveys in 40 of those properties. Kruskal-Wallis verified the relationship between the households' classification and sand fly abundance and Kernel analysis evaluated L. longipalpis spatial distribution: of the 740 sand flies were captured, 91% were L. longipalpis; 82% were found peridomiciliary whilst the remaining 18% were found intradomiciliary. No statistically significant association was found between sandflies and households levels. L. longipalpis counts were concentrated in areas of high vulnerability and some specific households were responsible for the persistence of the infestation. L. longipalpis prevails over other sand fly species for urban VL transmission. The entomological study may help target the surveillance and vector control strategies to domiciles initiating and/or maintaining VL outbreaks.


Subject(s)
Insect Vectors/classification , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Psychodidae/classification , Animals , Brazil , Dogs , Humans , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Population Density , Psychodidae/parasitology , Risk Factors , Seasons , Spatio-Temporal Analysis , Urban Population
19.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 111(5): 302-310, May 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-782045

ABSTRACT

Urban occurrence of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is linked to households with characteristics conducive to the presence of sand flies. This study proposes an ad hoc classification of households according to the environmental characteristics of receptivity to phlebotominae and an entomological study to validate the proposal. Here we describe the phlebotominae population found in intra- and peridomiciliary environments and analyse the spatiotemporal distribution of the VL vector Lutzomyia longipalpis of households receptive to VL. In the region, 153 households were classified into levels of receptivity to VL followed by entomological surveys in 40 of those properties. Kruskal-Wallis verified the relationship between the households’ classification and sand fly abundance and Kernel analysis evaluated L. longipalpis spatial distribution: of the 740 sand flies were captured, 91% were L. longipalpis; 82% were found peridomiciliary whilst the remaining 18% were found intradomiciliary. No statistically significant association was found between sandflies and households levels. L. longipalpis counts were concentrated in areas of high vulnerability and some specific households were responsible for the persistence of the infestation. L. longipalpis prevails over other sand fly species for urban VL transmission. The entomological study may help target the surveillance and vector control strategies to domiciles initiating and/or maintaining VL outbreaks.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Dogs , Insect Vectors/classification , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Psychodidae/classification , Brazil , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Population Density , Psychodidae/parasitology , Risk Factors , Seasons , Spatio-Temporal Analysis , Urban Population
20.
BMC Public Health ; 15: 746, 2015 Aug 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26243266

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: We identified dengue transmission areas by using the Geographic Information Systems located at local surveillance units of the Itaboraí municipality in state of Rio de Janeiro. We considered the association among the house infestation index, the disease incidence, and sociodemographic indicators during a prominent dengue outbreak in 2007 and 2008. METHODS: In this ecological study, the Local Surveillance Units (UVLs) of the municipality were used as spatial pattern units. For the house analysis, we used the period of higher vector density that occurred previous to the larger magnitude epidemic range of dengue cases. The average dengue incidence rates calculated in this epidemic range were smoothed using the Bayesian method. The associations among the House Infestation Index (HI), the Bayesian rate of the average dengue incidence, and the sociodemographic indicators were evaluated using a Pearson's correlation coefficient. The areas that were at a higher risk of dengue occurrence were detected using a kernel density estimation with the kernel quartic function. RESULTS: The dengue transmission pattern in Itaboraí showed that the increase in the vector density preceded the increase in incidence. The HI was positively correlated to the Bayesian dengue incidence rate (r = 0.641; p = 0.01). The higher risk areas were those that were close to the main highways. In the Kernel density estimation analysis, we observed that the regions that were at a higher risk of dengue were those that were located in the UVLs and had the highest population densities; these locations were typically located along major highways. Four nuclei were identified as epicenters of high risk. CONCLUSIONS: The spatial analysis units used in this research, i.e., UVLs, served as a methodological resource for examining the compatibility of different information sources concerning the disease, the vector indices, and the municipal sociodemographic aspects and were arranged in distinct cartographic bases. Dengue is a multi-scale geographic phenomenon, and using the UVLs as analysis units made it possible to differentiate the dengue occurrence throughout the municipality. The methodological approach used in this research helped improve the Itaboraí municipality monitoring activities and the local territorial monitoring in other municipalities that are affected by this public health issue.


Subject(s)
Dengue/epidemiology , Dengue/transmission , Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data , Insect Vectors , Population Density , Aedes , Animals , Bayes Theorem , Brazil/epidemiology , Dengue Virus/isolation & purification , Geographic Information Systems , Humans , Incidence , Socioeconomic Factors , Spatial Analysis
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