ABSTRACT
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is grown all over the world as seasoning and medicinal vegetable since 3,000 BC. Allicin is the main component of garlic, being attributed to it the most of its biological activities, such as bactericidal, antifungal and antiviral actions. However, other compounds of garlic present antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, vasodilator activities, protective action against different types of cancer, and immunomodulatory. Fungal infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality in people mainly in immunosuppressed ones. Sporothrix schenckii, the causing agent of Sporotrichosis (most common subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America), is dimorphic fungus, of saprophytic life in soil or plants, infecting people and animals mainly through skin injuries and bruises. The main of this work was to evaluate the influence of garlic consuming on immune modulation of healthy and infected Swiss mice in induced way by S. schenckii, since these animals functioning of peritoneal macrophages as well as the nitric oxide and cytokines production (IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-12) and to evaluate the antifungal potential of garlic with S. schenckii through minimum inhibitory concentration test and colony-forming units. The results showed that garlic offers antifungal potential with S. schenckii. The oral taking of garlic extracts influences the releasing of cytokines by macrophages, regular consuming shows anti-inflammatory effect, and its acute use may take to an inflammatory response. Mice that consumed garlic responded more effectively to fight against the infection.(AU)
O alho (Allium sativum L.) é cultivado em todo o mundo como hortaliça condimentar e medicinal desde 3.000 a. C. A alicina é o principal componente do alho, sendo atribuída a ela a maior parte das suas atividades biológicas, dentre elas as ações bactericida, antifúngica e antiviral. Porém, outros compostos do alho apresentam atividade antioxidante, hipocolesterolemiante, vasodilatadora, ação protetora contra diversos tipos de câncer e imunomoduladora. As infecções por fungos são causas importantes de morbidade e mortalidade no homem principalmente em indivíduos imunossuprimidos. O Sporothrix schenckii, agente causal da esporotricose (micose subcutânea mais comum na América Latina), é fungo dimórfico, de vida saprofítica no solo ou em vegetais, infectando homens e os animais principalmente através de lesões e arranhões na pele. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência do consumo de alho na imunomodulação de camundongos Swiss saudáveis e infectados de forma induzida por S. schenckii, a partir do estado funcional dos macrófagos peritoneais desses animais quanto à produção de óxido nítrico e das citocinas (IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-12) e avaliar o potencial antifúngico do alho frente ao S. schenckii por meio de teste de concentração inibitória mínima e unidades formadoras de colônia. Os resultados demonstraram que o alho apresenta potencial antifúngico frente S. schenckii. A administração oral de extratos de alho influencia a liberação de citocinas por macrófagos, o consumo regular apresenta efeito anti-inflamatório, e seu uso agudo pode gerar uma resposta inflamatória. Camundongos que consumiram alho responderam de forma mais efetiva no combate da infecção.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Adult , Mice , Garlic , Sporotrichosis/therapy , Immunomodulation , Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology , Disease Models, AnimalABSTRACT
Abstract Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is grown all over the world as seasoning and medicinal vegetable since 3,000 BC. Allicin is the main component of garlic, being attributed to it the most of its biological activities, such as bactericidal, antifungal and antiviral actions. However, other compounds of garlic present antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, vasodilator activities, protective action against different types of cancer, and immunomodulatory. Fungal infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality in people mainly in immunosuppressed ones. Sporothrix schenckii, the causing agent of Sporotrichosis (most common subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America), is dimorphic fungus, of saprophytic life in soil or plants, infecting people and animals mainly through skin injuries and bruises. The main of this work was to evaluate the influence of garlic consuming on immune modulation of healthy and infected Swiss mice in induced way by S. schenckii, since these animals functioning of peritoneal macrophages as well as the nitric oxide and cytokines' production (IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-12) and to evaluate the antifungal potential of garlic with S. schenckii through minimum inhibitory concentration test and colony-forming units. The results showed that garlic offers antifungal potential with S. schenckii. The oral taking of garlic extracts influences the releasing of cytokines by macrophages, regular consuming shows anti-inflammatory effect, and its acute use may take to an inflammatory response. Mice that consumed garlic responded more effectively to fight against the infection.
Resumo O alho (Allium sativum L.) é cultivado em todo o mundo como hortaliça condimentar e medicinal desde 3.000 a. C. A alicina é o principal componente do alho, sendo atribuída a ela a maior parte das suas atividades biológicas, dentre elas as ações bactericida, antifúngica e antiviral. Porém, outros compostos do alho apresentam atividade antioxidante, hipocolesterolemiante, vasodilatadora, ação protetora contra diversos tipos de câncer e imunomoduladora. As infecções por fungos são causas importantes de morbidade e mortalidade no homem principalmente em indivíduos imunossuprimidos. O Sporothrix schenckii, agente causal da esporotricose (micose subcutânea mais comum na América Latina), é fungo dimórfico, de vida saprofítica no solo ou em vegetais, infectando homens e os animais principalmente através de lesões e arranhões na pele. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência do consumo de alho na imunomodulação de camundongos Swiss saudáveis e infectados de forma induzida por S. schenckii, a partir do estado funcional dos macrófagos peritoneais desses animais quanto à produção de óxido nítrico e das citocinas (IL-1β, IL-10 e IL-12) e avaliar o potencial antifúngico do alho frente ao S. schenckii por meio de teste de concentração inibitória mínima e unidades formadoras de colônia. Os resultados demonstraram que o alho apresenta potencial antifúngico frente S. schenckii. A administração oral de extratos de alho influencia a liberação de citocinas por macrófagos, o consumo regular apresenta efeito anti-inflamatório, e seu uso agudo pode gerar uma resposta inflamatória. Camundongos que consumiram alho responderam de forma mais efetiva no combate da infecção.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Sporotrichosis/drug therapy , Sporothrix/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology , Garlic/chemistry , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Cytokines/metabolism , Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects , ImmunomodulationABSTRACT
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is grown all over the world as seasoning and medicinal vegetable since 3,000 BC. Allicin is the main component of garlic, being attributed to it the most of its biological activities, such as bactericidal, antifungal and antiviral actions. However, other compounds of garlic present antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, vasodilator activities, protective action against different types of cancer, and immunomodulatory. Fungal infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality in people mainly in immunosuppressed ones. Sporothrix schenckii, the causing agent of Sporotrichosis (most common subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America), is dimorphic fungus, of saprophytic life in soil or plants, infecting people and animals mainly through skin injuries and bruises. The main of this work was to evaluate the influence of garlic consuming on immune modulation of healthy and infected Swiss mice in induced way by S. schenckii, since these animals functioning of peritoneal macrophages as well as the nitric oxide and cytokines' production (IL-1ß, IL-10 and IL-12) and to evaluate the antifungal potential of garlic with S. schenckii through minimum inhibitory concentration test and colony-forming units. The results showed that garlic offers antifungal potential with S. schenckii. The oral taking of garlic extracts influences the releasing of cytokines by macrophages, regular consuming shows anti-inflammatory effect, and its acute use may take to an inflammatory response. Mice that consumed garlic responded more effectively to fight against the infection.
Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Garlic/chemistry , Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Sporothrix/drug effects , Sporotrichosis/drug therapy , Animals , Cytokines/metabolism , Immunomodulation , Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects , Male , MiceABSTRACT
The plant-pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri is the causal agent of Asiatic citrus canker, a serious disease that affects all the cultivars of citrus in subtropical citrus-producing areas worldwide. There is no curative treatment for citrus canker; thus, the eradication of infected plants constitutes the only effective control of the spread of X. citri subsp. citri. Since the eradication program in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, is under threat, there is a clear risk of X. citri subsp. citri becoming endemic in the main orange-producing area in the world. Here we evaluated the potential use of alkyl gallates to prevent X. citri subsp. citri growth. These esters displayed a potent anti-X. citri subsp. citri activity similar to that of kanamycin (positive control), as evaluated by the resazurin microtiter assay (REMA). The treatment of X. citri subsp. citri cells with these compounds induced altered cell morphology, and investigations of the possible intracellular targets using X. citri subsp. citri strains labeled for the septum and centromere pointed to a common target involved in chromosome segregation and cell division. Finally, the artificial inoculation of citrus with X. citri subsp. citri cells pretreated with alkyl gallates showed that the bacterium loses the ability to colonize its host, which indicates the potential of these esters to protect citrus plants against X. citri subsp. citri infection.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Citrus/microbiology , Gallic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Gallic Acid/pharmacology , Plant Diseases/microbiology , Xanthomonas/drug effects , Gallic Acid/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Plant Leaves/microbiologyABSTRACT
O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o desenvolvimento e o estado nutricional de Mentha spicata x suaveolens cultivada em diferentes níveis de Calcio em solução nutritiva com aplicação de fitorreguladores. O experimento constou de esquema fatorial (4x4) sendo quatro níveis de Ca2+ na solução nutritiva (160, 120, 80 e 40 mg L-1) e três aplicações foliares, com intervalos de 15 dias, de ácido naftaleno acético (NAA), ácido giberélico (GA3), benzinaladenina (BA) e água destilada como testemunha. As plantas foram coletadas 60 dias após a transferência para a solução e avaliadas as variáveis, matéria fresca e seca, área foliar e número de folhas; volume, comprimento e superfície radiculares e teores de Ca, K, Mg, N e P das folhas. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os níveis de Ca para a produção de biomassa. A auxina não influenciou a matéria seca das plantas, embora tenha aumentado os teores foliares de Ca; a citocinina acarretou diminuição da matéria seca total e a giberelina aumento da matéria seca do caule. A variação de Ca2+ não influenciou os teores foliares de N, P, K e Mg. Houve resposta para aplicação de Ca2+, com teores foliares atingindo o máximo de 15,73 mg kg-1 na dose de 137,81 mg L-1 pela análise de regressão
This study aimed to verify the development and the nutritional status of Mentha spicata x suaveolens cultivated under different Ca2+ levels in nutrient solution with application of plant growth regulators. The experiment was in factorial design (4X4) with four Ca2+ levels in the nutrient solution (160, 120, 80 and 40 mg L-1) and three leaf applications, at 15-day intervals, of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), benzyladenine (BA) and distilled water as control. Plants were harvested at 60 days after transferring to the nutrient solution and the following variables were evaluated fresh and dried matter, leaf area, number of leaves, volume, length and surface of roots, and leaf content of Ca, K, Mg, N and P. The variables were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey's test. There were no differences between Ca levels for biomass production. The auxin did not influence the dry matter of plants although it increased the leaf content of Ca2+, the cytokinin reduced total dry matter and the gibberellin increased the stem dry matter. The change in Ca2+ did not influence the leaf content of N, P, K and Mg. There was response for the application of Ca2+, reaching the maximum of 15.73 mg L-1 leaf content at the level of 137.81 mg L-1, according to regression analysis
Subject(s)
Nutritional Status , Mentha spicata/growth & development , Growth and Development , Plants, Medicinal/classification , Calcium/administration & dosage , Cytokinins/administration & dosage , Gibberellins/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf é uma planta medicinal pertencente a família Poaceae, perene, importante para a indústria farmacêutica e alimentícia devido ao óleo essencial que produz. Um problema limitante para a produção comercial é a ferrugem, doença cujo agente etiológico é o fungo Puccinia nakanishikii Dietel. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a ação de produtos naturais no controle da doença in vitro e in vivo. Para os testes in vitro, empregaram-se os seguintes produtos sobre a germinação de esporos do patógeno: óleos essenciais de eucalipto, palma-rosa, cravo-da-índia, menta, limão, citronela e mil-folhas; extrato pirolenhoso de eucalipto e mentol cristalizado, em diferentes concentrações. Para os testes de campo foram selecionados quatro produtos, o óleo de citronela e de eucalipto, o extrato pirolenhoso, e o mentol. In vitro, todos os agentes mostraram-se promissores no controle do patógeno. Quando em condições in vivo, sob alta severidade da doença no ato da avaliação, os produtos testados foram capazes de reduzir a severidade da doença em comparação com a testemunha. O controle da doença com os agentes naturais variou de 38% (extrato pirolenhoso) a 61%(óleo essencial de eucalipto).
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf is a medicinal plant that belongs to the Poaceae family; it is perennial and important for the pharmaceutical and food industry due to the essential oil it produces. A limiting problem for commercial production is rust, a disease that has as etiological agent the fungus Puccinia nakanishikii Dietel. The present study aimed to evaluate the action of natural products on the disease control, in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro tests, the following products were employed on the germination of the pathogen spores: essential oils from eucalyptus, palmarosa, clove, peppermint, lemon, citronella and yarrow, pyroligneous extract from eucalyptus, and crystallized menthol, at different concentrations. Four products were selected for the tests in the field: citronella and eucalyptus oil, pyroligneous extract and menthol. In vitro, all agents showed promising in controlling the pathogen. Under in vivo conditions and great severity of the disease at evaluation, the tested products were capable of reducing the disease severity when compared to the control. The disease control by the natural products varied from 38% (pyroligneous extract) to 61% (eucalyptus essential oil).
Subject(s)
Plant Leaves/growth & development , Cymbopogon/classification , Fungi/growth & development , Plant Diseases/prevention & control , Biological Products , Oils, Volatile/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the chloroform extract of Byrsonima fagifolia leaves led to the isolation of active antitubercular compounds alkane dotriacontane (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration-MIC, 62.5 µg mL(-1)), triterpenoids as bassic acid (MIC = 2.5 µg mL(-1)), α-amyrin acetate (MIC = 62.5 µg mL(-1)), a mixture of lupeol, α- and ß-amyrin (MIC = 31.5 µg mL(-1)) and a mixture of lupeol, and acetates of α- and ß-amyrin (MIC = 31.5 µg mL(-1)). The antimycobacterial activity was determined by the Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) and the structures of promising compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis. This investigation constitutes the first report of a chemical and antitubercular study of apolar compounds from B. fagifolia Niedenzu (IK).
ABSTRACT
Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos de extratos de Momordica charantia sobre o crescimento micelial e a germinação de conídios de Colletotrichum musae, e a eficiência destes extratos no controle da antracnose, causada por C. musae, em bananas. Extratos aquoso e hidroetanólico, obtidos de folhas e ramos, na concentração de 50 por cento em relação ao volume adicionado, em meio sólido, proporcionaram 71 e 65 por cento de inibição do crescimento micelial, respectivamente, enquanto que em meio líquido, a inibição do crescimento micelial foi de 86 e 81 por cento, respectivamente. Somente o extrato aquoso e o tiofanato metílico, nas concentrações de 50 por cento e 1000 µg mL-1 respectivamente, proporcionaram 100 por cento de inibição da germinação de esporos de C. musae. Os extratos metanólico e aquoso inibiram em 80 e 70 por cento, respectivamente, o desenvolvimento das lesões em bananas, quando aplicados até dois dias antes da inoculação do fungo. Estes resultados foram semelhantes ao tratamento com tiofanato metílico, que inibiu 80 por cento do desenvolvimento das lesões. Confirma-se a presença de substância antifúngica nos extratos de M. charantia e outros estudos devem ser realizados para viabilizar seu uso no controle da antracnose da banana.
The aims of the present work were to evaluate the effects of Momordica charantia extracts on mycelial growth and conidial germination of Colletotrichum musae, as well as the efficiency of these extracts in controlling anthracnose caused by C. musae in bananas. Water and hydroethanol extracts were obtained from leaves and branches at 50 percent concentration relative to the added volume. In solid medium, extracts led to 71 and 65 percent mycelial growth inhibition, respectively, whereas in liquid medium the mycelial growth was inhibited at 86 and 81 percent, respectively. Only water extract and thiophanate-methyl, at 50 percent and 1000 µg mL-1, respectively, resulted in 100 percent inhibition of C. musae spore germination. Methanol and water extracts inhibited by 80 and 70 percent, respectively, the development of lesions in bananas when applied until two days before fungal inoculation. These results were similar to those of the treatment with thiophanate-methyl, which inhibited 80 percent development of lesions. The presence of antifungal substance was confirmed in M. charantia extracts. Future studies must be performed to make its use viable for the control of anthracnose in bananas.
Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents/analysis , Momordica charantia/immunology , Momordica charantia/toxicity , Plant Extracts , Coelomomyces , Coelomomyces/pathogenicity , Colletotrichum , Colletotrichum/pathogenicity , /methods , MusaABSTRACT
A utilização de produtos naturais na medicina popular é milenar e persiste até os dias atuais. Entretanto, a idéia de que estes produtos são isentos de toxicidade torna o uso de medicamentos fitoterápicos cada vez maior e indiscriminado. Este trabalho trata de uma revisão sobre as interações que podem ocorrer com a utilização concomitante de Hypericum perforatum L. (erva de são joão) e Piper methysticum F. (kava-kava) com fármacos, podendo levar a sérios efeitos tóxicos, incluindo a fatalidade.
Natural products in popular medicine have been used for hundreds of years and persists nowadays. However, the idea that these products are exempted of toxicity turns the use of herbs to be larger and indiscriminate. This work is a review of interactions that can happen with concomitant use of Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort) and Piper methysticum F. (kava-kava) with medicines that can result in serious toxicological effects including fate.
ABSTRACT
A padronização de um fitoterápico é etapa imprescindível para garantia da qualidade de medicamentos contendo plantas medicinais. Objetivou-se padronizar Syzygiam cumini (L.) Skeels e para tanto se estabeleceram parametros tais como, avaliação morfoanatômica das folhas, morfológica das flores e dos frutos, avaliação granulométrica da droga rasurada (frutos), determinação da umidade, avaliação dos processos de secagem, determinação do teor de extrativos e do teor de taninos (monômeros e polimeros). O estudo anatômico das folhas revelou a inexistência de pêlos no sistema dérmico, assim como a ocorrência de glândulas secretoras, drusas, colênquima e esclerênquima. As flores são hermafroditas, com androceu polistêmone e gineceu com ovário ínfero, gamocarpelar, bilocular com placentação axial. Observou-se elevado teor extrativo (38,57 por cento). O diâmetro médio de partícula dos frutos secos moídos ficou em 0,630 mm. O processo de secagem dos frutos influenciou o teor de taninos totais. O teor de taninos determinado ficou em 5,10 por cento para monômeros e 11,30 por cento para os polimeros.
The phytotherapics standardization is an important step for the warranty of the quality of the drugs contends medicinal plants. The aim of this paper was to standardize and establish parameters seeking the characterization of the drug, according to technical pharmacopoeias and in some cases, other techniques were developed. Morphologic description of leaves, flowers and fruits, granulometric analysis of the ground drugs, dry residues, evaluations in the drying methods, determination of the extractive drift and tannins values (monomers and polymers) were executed, being the monomers in the range of 5,10 percent and 11,30 percent for the polymeric ones.