Epidemiology of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in the Netherlands: Emergency Medical Service, Hospital, and Functional Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Evaluating treatment of traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCIs) from the prehospital phase until postrehabilitation is crucial to improve outcomes of future TSCI patients. OBJECTIVE: To describe the flow of patients with TSCI through the prehospital, hospital, and rehabilitation settings and to relate treatment outcomes to emergency medical services (EMS) transport locations and surgery timing. METHOD: Consecutive TSCI admissions to a level I trauma center (L1TC) in the Netherlands between 2015 and 2018 were retrospectively identified. Corresponding EMS, hospital, and rehabilitation records were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 151 patients were included. Their median age was 58 (IQR 37-72) years, with the majority being male (68%) and suffering from cervical spine injuries (75%). In total, 66.2% of the patients with TSCI symptoms were transported directly to an L1TC, and 30.5% were secondarily transferred in from a lower level trauma center. Most injuries were due to falls (63.0%) and traffic accidents (31.1%), mainly bicycle-related. Most patients showed stable vital signs in the ambulance and the emergency department. After hospital discharge, 71 (47.0%) patients were admitted to a rehabilitation hospital, and 34 (22.5%) patients went home. The 30-day mortality rate was 13%. Patients receiving acute surgery (<12 hours) compared to subacute surgery (>12h, <2 weeks) showed no significance in functional independence scores after rehabilitation treatment. CONCLUSION: A surge in age and bicycle-injuries in TSCI patients was observed. A substantial number of patients with TSCI were undertriaged. Acute surgery (<12 hours) showed comparable outcomes results in subacute surgery (>12h, <2 weeks) patients.

Pathogenicity and antigenic components of excysted Giardia lamblia isolated from patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Giardia lamblia cysts were isolated from patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Cysts and trophozoites (from axenically excysted cysts) were given orally by gavage to mice to establish the pathogenicity of the Riyadh isolate. There was no effect of varying the dose of administered parasite on parasite excretion or morbidity. A typical pathologic pattern of giardiasis was demonstrated by histologic methods and electron microscopy. Antigenic components of the Riyadh isolate were compared with the Portland strain and with Entamoeba histolytica by gel diffusion immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. There were few antigens in common between Riyadh isolate and the Portland strain, and little cross-reactivity of the Riyadh isolate with Entamoeba histolytica was observed.