Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Adenocarcinoma/complications , Adenocarcinoma/pathology , Adenocarcinoma/epidemiology , Colonic Neoplasms/complications , Colonic Neoplasms/pathology , Colonic Neoplasms/epidemiology , Postoperative Period , Rectal Neoplasms/complications , Rectal Neoplasms/pathology , Rectal Neoplasms/epidemiology , Age Factors , Sex Distribution , Karnofsky Performance Status , Mexico/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) patients related to a chain of recent TB transmissions were investigated. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates (120) were genotyped using the restriction fragment length polymorphism-IS6110 (R), spacer oligotyping (S) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (M) methods. The MTB isolates were clustered and the clusters were grouped according to the similarities of their genotypes. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients between the groups of MTB isolates with similar genotypes and those patient characteristics indicating a risk for a pulmonary TB (PTB) chain transmission were ana- lysed. The isolates showing similar genotypes were distributed as follows: SMR (5%), SM (12.5%), SR (1.67%), MR (0%), S (46.67%), M (5%) and R (0%). The remaining 35 cases were orphans. SMR exhibited a significant correlation (p < 0.05) with visits to clinics, municipalities and comorbidities (primarily diabetes mellitus). S correlated with drug consumption and M with comorbidities. SMR is needed to identify a social network in metropolitan areas for PTB transmission and S and M are able to detect risk factors as secondary components of a transmission chain of TB.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Genotyping Techniques/methods , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/transmission , Cities , Comorbidity , DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification , Genotype , Interspersed Repetitive Sequences/genetics , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Mexico/epidemiology , Molecular Epidemiology/methods , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/classification , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length/genetics , Risk Factors , Sociological Factors , Statistics, Nonparametric , Tandem Repeat Sequences/genetics , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/genetics , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
The resistance of 139 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates from the city of Monterrey, Northeast Mexico, to first and second-line anti-TB drugs was analysed. A total of 73 isolates were susceptible and 66 were resistant to anti-TB drugs. Monoresistance to streptomycin, isoniazid (INH) and ethambutol was observed in 29 cases. Resistance to INH was found in 52 cases and in 29 cases INH resistance was combined with resistance to two or three drugs. A total of 24 isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) resistant to at least INH and rifampicin and 11 MDR cases were resistant to five drugs. The proportion of MDR-TB among new TB cases in our target population was 0.72% (1/139 cases). The proportion of MDR-TB among previously treated cases was 25.18% (35/139 cases). The 13 polyresistant and 24 MDR isolates were assayed against the following seven second-line drugs: amikacin (AMK), kanamycin (KAN), capreomycin (CAP), clofazimine (CLF), ethionamide (ETH), ofloxacin (OFL) and cycloserine (CLS). Resistance to CLF, OFL or CLS was not observed. Resistance was detected to ETH (10.80%) and to AMK (2.70%), KAN (2.70%) and CAP (2.70%). One isolate of MDR with primary resistance was also resistant to three second-line drugs. Monterrey has a high prevalence of MDR-TB among previously treated cases and extensively drug-resistant-MTB strains may soon appear.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/microbiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology , Geography, Medical , Mexico/epidemiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/epidemiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The quantification of colony forming units (cfu), turbidity, and optical density at 600 nm (OD600) measurements were used to evaluate Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. Turbidity and OD600 measurements displayed similar growth curves, while cfu quantification showed a continuous growth curve. We determined the cfu equivalents to McFarland and OD600 units.
ABSTRACT
Tuberculosis (TB - Mycobacterium tuberculosis) is an ancient infectious disease that has appeared once again as a serious worldwide health problem and now comprises the second leading cause of death resulting from a single infection. The prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) TB is increasing and therapeutic options for treatment are not always accessible; in fact, some patients do not respond to the available drugs. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel anti-TB agents. The aim of the present study was to screen extracts of Aristolochia taliscana, a plant used in traditional Mexican medicine to treat cough and snake bites, for antimycobacterial activity. The hexanic extract of A. taliscana was tested by microdilution alamar blue assay against Mycobacterium strains and bioguided fractionation led to the isolation of the neolignans licarin A, licarin B and eupomatenoid-7, all of which had antimycobacterial activity. Licarin A was the most active compound, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 3.12-12.5 ìg/mL against the following M. tuberculosis strains: H37Rv, four mono-resistant H37Rv variants and 12 clinical MDR isolates, as well as against five non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) strains. In conclusion, licarin A represents a potentially active anti-TB agent to treat MDR M. tuberculosis and NTM strains.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Aristolochia/chemistry , Lignans/pharmacology , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Lignans/isolation & purification , Mexico , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Mycobacterium/classification , Mycobacterium/drug effects , Plant Extracts/chemistryABSTRACT
Antecedentes: La susceptibilidad genética a tuberculosis pulmonar (TbP) ha sido asociada al sistema HLA (antígenos de los leucocitos humanos) del MHC (complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad), principalmente con los antígenos HLA-DR y -DQ. Dado lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio caso-control no pareado, fue determinar la asociación de TbP con los antígenos HLA-DR y -DQ en pacientes que asistían a una unidad médica del IMSS. Métodos: Los fenotipos del sistema HLA de casos (n=50) y controles (n=417), se definieron serológicamente por la técnica de microlinfocitotoxicidad dependiente de complemento. Los linfocitos B fueron obtenidos utilizando inmunoperlas. Las frecuencias alélicas y haplotípicas, equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg y el desequilibrio de ligamiento, se determinaron mediante el programa computacional Arlequín versión 3.01, y el riesgo relativo (RR) mediante el programa Epimax Table Calculator. Resultados: Los alelos HLA-DR11(5), -DR16(2) y -DQ7(3) y los haplotipos /DR11(5)-DQ7(3), /DR14(6)-DQ5(1) y /DR16(2)-DQ7(3) fueron más frecuentes en casos que en controles (RR>1, p<0.05). Los alelos HLA-DR17(3) y DQ8(3) y los haplotipos /DR17(3)-DQ2 y /DR4-DQ8(3) fueron más frecuentes en controles que en casos (RR<1, p<0.05). Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren asociación entre TbP y HLA-DR y -DQ en esta población mestiza mexicana y son similares a los encontrados en otros estudios caso-control no pareados a nivel mundial.
BACKGROUND: Genetic susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTb) has been associated with the HLA (Antigens of the Human Leukocytes) system of the MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex), mainly with HLA-DR and-DQ antigens. Based on this assumption we carried out a case control study to determine the association of PTb with the HLA-DR and-DQ antigens among a sample of patients attending a medical unit belonging to the Mexican Social Security System (IMSS). METHODS: HLA system phenotypes from cases (n=50) and controls (n=417), were defined serologically using a complement dependent microlymphocytotoxic assay. B lymphocytes were obtained using immunobeads. The allele and haplotype frequencies were determined using the Arlequin version 3.01 computer software. Relative risk (RR) was calculated with the Epimax Table Calculator. RESULTS: The alelles HLA-DR11(5), -DR16(2) and -DQ7(3) and haplotypes /DR11(5)-DQ7(3), /DR14(6)-DQS(1) and /DR16(2)-DQ7(3) had a higher frequency in cases than in controls (RR>1, p<0.05). The HLA-DR17(3) and DQ8(3) alelles and /DR17(3)-DQ2 and /DR4-DQ8(3) haplotypes had a higher frequency among controls than among cases (RR<1, p<.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate an association between PTb with the HLA-DR and -DQ antigens in a Mexican sample. Our results are similar to those found in the international literature.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , HLA-DQ Antigens/immunology , HLA-DR Antigens/immunology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology , Case-Control Studies , MexicoABSTRACT
La falta de apego al tratamiento, el descuido de la vigilancia epidemiológica y el SIDA son algunos de los factores que han favorecido el incremento de la TB en el mundo y el surgimiento de cepas resistentes a los medicamentos antituberculosos de primera y segunda líneas; lo cual pone en riesgo el éxito de las campañas de control de la TB. En este artículo se revisa la situación actual en el mundo sobre la prevalencia de resistencia a medicamentos de primera línea, los mecanismos de acción de los medicamentos antituber-culosos de primera línea y de adquisición de resistencia de las micobacterias. Las conclusiones de este análisis son las siguientes: La resistencia de M. tuberculosis a los medicamentos antituberculosos es la amplificación hecha por el hombre de un fenómeno natural. La administración del tratamiento acortado estrictamente supervisado (TAES) parece ser la forma más efectiva de disminuir esta resistencia, pero se requiere del esfuerzo concertado de los gobiernos y de la sociedad. Es necesario fomentar y apoyar la investigación básica y epidemiológica de la TB y desarrollar y perfeccionar métodos de diagnóstico más rápidos y confiables, nuevos medicamentos antituberculosos y mejorar la efectividad de las vacunas contra TBP (AU)
The insufficient adherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment, the careless of epidemiological surveillance, and HIV/AIDS raising are some factors that have favored TB prevalence and spread of multidrug resistant M. tuberculosis strains. These facts threat the TB control campaigns. In this article the current state of prevalence of resistance to first-line drugs, the action mechanisms of these medications and resistance mechanisms to these compounds are analyzed. The conclusions of this analysis are the following: The M. tuberculosis resistance to anti-TB medications is an amplification of a natural phenomenon due to man. The administration of direct observed therapy shortened (DOTS) appears to be the most effective way to diminish TB and multidrug resistant M. tuberculosis strains, but the effort of governments and worldwide society is required. Besides, basic and epidemiological research needs to be supported, as well as the search to develop and improve more rapid and reliable diagnostic methods, new anti-TB medications and more effective anti-TB vaccines (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacokinetics , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/pathogenicity , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
Background. Several factors inhibit cellular immune response by deactivating macrophages, but very few, such as those described here, prevent macrophage activation. Methods. Ascites liquid from 12-day-old BALB/c mice bearing 5178Y lymphoma tumors was collected, and cell-free ascites liquid (CFAL) was separated from lymphoblasts. The supernatant (SI) was obtained from the homogenized and centrifuged lymphoblasts Then, macrophage cultures contaning 0.2 X 10 a the sixth cells from lymphoma-bearing or hearthly mice were added to 10 µL of CFAL or S1, plus 5 µg of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)/mL, 40 U interferon-ç or a blend of both. Macrophages were incubated with CFAL or S1 prior to or after adding the activators to investigate whether any of the previously mentioned lymphoma fraction inhibited macrophage activation or whether they deactivated them. The effect of CFAL or S1 was estimated as the diminution of the amount of nitric ixide released by the experimental macrophage cultures with respect to controls (activated macrophages treated with none of the lymphoma fractions). Results. LPS, IFN-ç, and the LPS/ç blend activated macrophages from both lymphomabearing and healthy mice. None of the lymphoma fractions deactivated macrophages. CFAL, but not S1, inhibited the macrophage activation, i.e., the percentage of inhibition of nitric oxide releasing 76.7 percent in macrophages from healthy and lymphomabearing mice, respectively. In addition, CFAL was unable to inhibit macrophage-activation effect of IFN-ç or the LPS/IFN-ç blend. Conclusions. Mouse L5178Y Lymphoma releases a factor that in vitro inhibits the macrophage activation induced by LPS, but not by IFN-ç controls
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Macrophage Activation/immunology , Lymphoma/immunology , Macrophages/immunology , Interferon-alpha/pharmacology , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Macrophages/cytology , Macrophages , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mice, Inbred DBA , Mitogens/pharmacologyABSTRACT
PEHPS medium, developed for zxenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica and E. invadens, was also capable of supporting the growth of a Trichomonas vaginalis strain, with an inoculum of 1 to 100 trichomonads/ml. The lorithmic growth phase in PEHPS or in TYI-S-33 medium lasted 72 h; yield (3.33 ñ 0.56 x 10 a the 6 trichomonads/ml), duplication time (4.27 h), number of duplications (16.85), or increase ratio (33,328) in PEHPS medium showed no significant differences with those obtained in TYI-S33 under similar culture conditions. Accordingly, PEHPS medium might be used for the axenic cultivation of T. vaginalis
Subject(s)
Entamoeba histolytica/growth & development , Entamoeba/growth & development , In Vitro Techniques , Trichomonas vaginalis/growth & development , Germ-Free Life/immunologyABSTRACT
Gossypol, a natural racemic mixture with action on NADP- and NAD-oxidoreductases from diverse species, has been proposed as a possible antiamebic medication considering several of its pharmacological properties. In this study it was found that malic enzyme and alcohol dehydrogenase from Entamoeba histolytica are strongly inhibited by (ñ)-gossypol, and both (+)- and (-)- enantiomers. The inhibition was of the noncompetitive type among their respective substrates in all cases. The (ñ)-, (+)-, (-)-gossypol half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC 50) for the malic enzyme were 3.71, 13.37 and 1.03 µM, and againts the alcohol dehydrogenase 79.64, 124.43 and 42.56 µM, respectively. Therefore, the (-) enantiomer resulted 3.6 and 13.0 times more potent than the racemic mixture and (+)- gossypol, respectively, to inhibit the malic enzyme, and 1.9 times and 2.9 times more potent than the racemic mixture and (+)-gossypol, respectively, against the alcohol dehydrogenase. Accordingly, one possible mechanism of the antiamebic affect of gossypol could be the inhibition of vital NADP-dependent enzymes as those analyzed in this study
Subject(s)
Alcohol Oxidoreductases/therapeutic use , Entamoeba histolytica/pathogenicity , Gossypol/pharmacology , Malate Dehydrogenase/biosynthesisSubject(s)
Entamoeba histolytica , Germ-Free Life , In Vitro Techniques , Ascorbic Acid , Cysteine , GlucoseABSTRACT
Después de la fase exponencial de crecimiento, las amibas de la cepa HK9, mantenidas axénicamente en el medio PEHPS, adquieren en forma espontánea varias semejanzas morfológicas con los quistes naturales y resistencia a choques hipotónicos por ele efecto de una pared, la cual está compuesta parcialmente por polisacáridos. El número de amibas diferenciadas aumenta paulatinamente, pero su viabilidad disminuye, en función del tiempo de incubación, hasta que al noveno día 96 por ciento de la población está constituido por este tipo de células, si bien sólo 6 por ciento de ellas es viable. La estructura ultramicroscópica de la gran mayoría de amibas diferenciadas corresponde a la de quistes inmaduros. Estos y el medio PEHPS constituyen un buen modelo para la caracterización de la iniciación de la diferenciación de E.histolytica y abren la posibilidad de obtener, en condiciones axénicas, cultivos masivos de quistes maduros del agente causal de la amibiasis
Subject(s)
Entamoeba histolyticaABSTRACT
Se describe un método económico, sencillo y reproducible para obtener un extracto salubre de semillas de tres variedades de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris), con actividad mitogénica para linfócitos humanos, cuya potencia es dependiente de la dosis empleada y comparable a la de un producto comercial de importación y alto costo. Se realizaron 193 análisis citogenéticos durante un período de tres años. Con ello se confirmó la utilidad y confiabilidad del producto para uso clínico. La actividad mitogénica de los extractos de frijol, obtenidos mediante el método aqui descrito, es estable durante un año por lo menos, almacenado a -20-C, y cuando menos por cinco meses a 4-C