Delivery of antisense peptide nucleic acids to cells by conjugation with small arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide (R/W)9.

Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are very attractive antisense and antigene agents, but these molecules are not passively taken into cells. Here, using a functional cell assay and fluorescent-based methods, we investigated cell uptake and antisense activity of a tridecamer PNA that targets the HIV-1 polypurine tract sequence delivered using the arginine-rich (R/W)9 peptide (RRWWRRWRR). At micromolar concentrations, without use of any transfection agents, almost 80% inhibition of the target gene expression was obtained with the conjugate in the presence of the endosomolytic agent chloroquine. We show that chloroquine not only induced escape from endosomes but also enhanced the cellular uptake of the conjugate. Mechanistic studies revealed that (R/W)9-PNA conjugates were internalized via pinocytosis. Replacement of arginines with lysines reduced the uptake of the conjugate by six-fold, resulting in the abolition of intracellular target inhibition. Our results show that the arginines play a crucial role in the conjugate uptake and antisense activity. To determine whether specificity of the interactions of arginines with cell surface proteoglycans result in the internalization, we used flow cytometry to examine uptake of arginine- and lysine-rich conjugates in wild-type CHO-K1 and proteoglycan-deficient A745 cells. The uptake of both conjugates was decreased by four fold in CHO-745 cells; therefore proteoglycans promote internalization of cationic peptides, irrespective of the chemical nature of their positive charges. Our results show that arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides, especially (R/W)9, are a promising tool for PNA internalization.

Cellular antisense activity of peptide nucleic acid (PNAs) targeted to HIV-1 polypurine tract (PPT) containing RNA.

DNA and RNA oligomers that contain stretches of guanines can associate to form stable secondary structures including G-quadruplexes. Our study shows that the (UUAAAAGAAAAGGGGGGAU) RNA sequence, from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1 polypurine tract or PPT sequence) forms in vitro a stable folded structure involving the G-run. We have investigated the ability of pyrimidine peptide nucleic acid (PNA) oligomers targeted to the PPT sequence to invade the folded RNA and exhibit biological activity at the translation level in vitro and in cells. We find that PNAs can form stable complexes even with the structured PPT RNA target at neutral pH. We show that T-rich PNAs, namely the tridecamer-I PNA (C4T4CT4) forms triplex structures whereas the C-rich tridecamer-II PNA (TC6T4CT) likely forms a duplex with the target RNA. Interestingly, we find that both C-rich and T-rich PNAs arrested in vitro translation elongation specifically at the PPT target site. Finally, we show that T-rich and C-rich tridecamer PNAs that have been identified as efficient and specific blockers of translation elongation in vitro, specifically inhibit translation in streptolysin-O permeabilized cells where the PPT target sequence has been introduced upstream the reporter luciferase gene.

WEBSAGE: a web tool for visual analysis of differentially expressed human SAGE tags.

The serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is a powerful method to compare gene expression of mRNA populations. To provide quantitative expression levels on a genome-wide scale, the Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP) uses SAGE. Over 7 million SAGE tags, from 171 human cell types have been assembled. The growing number of laboratories involved in SAGE research necessitates the use of software that provides statistical analysis of raw data, allowing the rapid visualization and interpretation of results. We have created the first simple tool that performs statistical analysis on SAGE data, identifies the tags differentially expressed and shows the results in a scatter plot. It is freely available and accessible at http://bioserv.rpbs.jussieu.fr/websage/index.php.

Short pyrimidine stretches containing mixed base PNAs are versatile tools to induce translation elongation arrest and truncated protein synthesis.

Recently, we showed that antisense peptide nucleic acids (PNA) containing a short pyrimidine stretch (C(4)TC(3)) invade Ha-ras mRNA hairpin structures to form highly stable duplex and triplex complexes that contribute to the arrest of translation elongation. The antisense PNA targeted to codon 74 of Ha-ras was designed to bind in antiparallel configuration (the N-terminal of the PNA faces the 3'-end of target mRNA), as PNA/RNA duplexes are most stable in this configuration. In order to show that different sequences in the coding region could be targeted successfully with antisense PNAs, we extended our study to three other purine-rich targets. We show that the tridecamer PNA (targeted to codon 149) containing a CTC(3)T pyrimidine stretch forms with the complementary oligoribonucleotide (ORN) a stable (PNA)(2)/ORN triplex at neutral pH (T(m) = 50 degrees C) and arrests Ha-ras mRNA translation elongation. Interestingly, the thermal stability of triplexes formed with PNAs designed to bind to the complementary ORN in a parallel orientation (the N-terminal of the PNA faces the 5'-end of target) was higher than that formed with antiparallel oriented PNAs (T(m) = 58 degrees C). Because parallel and antiparallel PNAs form stable triplexes with target sequence, they act as translation elongation blockers. These duplex-forming and partly triplex-forming PNAs targeted to Ha-ras mRNA also arrested translation elongation at specific polypurine sites contained in the mRNA coding for HIV-integrase protein. Furthermore, the tridecamer PNA containing the C(3)TC(4) motif was more active than a bis-PNA in which the Hoogsteen recognizing strand was linked to the Watson-Crick recognizing strand by a flexible linker. Pyrimidine-rich, short PNAs that form very stable duplexes with target Ha-ras mRNA inhibit translation by a mechanism that does not involve ribosome elongation arrest, whereas PNAs forming duplex and triplex structures arrest ribosome elongation. The remarkable efficacy of the tridecamer PNAs in arresting translation elongation of HIV-1 integrase mRNA is explained by their ability to form stable triplexes at neutral pH with short purine sequences.