The Relationships among Internalized Stigma, Sense of Coherence, and Personal Recovery of Persons with Schizophrenia Living in the Community.

We investigated (i) the relationships among internalized stigma (IS), sense of coherence (SOC), and the personal recovery (PR) of persons with schizophrenia living in the community, and (ii) how to improve the support for these individuals. A questionnaire survey on IS, SOC, and PR was sent by mail to 270 persons with schizophrenia living in the community who were using psychiatric daycare services, of whom 149 responded and 140 were included in the analysis. We established a hypothetical model in which IS influences PR, and SOC influences IS and PR, and we used structural equation modeling to examine the relationships among these concepts. The goodness of fit was acceptable. Our findings suggest that rather than directly promoting PR, SOC promotes PR by mitigating the impact of IS. It is important for nurses/supporters to support individuals with schizophrenia living in the community so that they have opportunities to reflect on their own experiences through their activities and to share their experiences with peers. Nurses/supporters themselves should also reflect on their own support needs. Our findings suggest that this will lead to a reduction of IS and the improvement of SOC, which will in turn promote personal recovery.

Perceptions regarding the concept and definition of patient-reported outcomes among healthcare stakeholders in Japan with relation to quality of life: a cross-sectional study.

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are frequently used in a variety of settings, including clinical trials and clinical practice. The definition of PRO and quality of life (QOL) and their relationship have been concluded through discussions among experts that has been the premise of PRO guidelines are not clearly stated in the guidelines. Therefore, the definition of PRO, especially in relation to QOL, is sometimes explained simply, as "PRO includes QOL," but this complicated matters. This study investigated the perceptions of PRO among various stakeholders (including patients and their families, the industry, clinicians, regulatory or health technology assessment personnel, and academic researchers) in Japan to clarify its definitions and that of QOL, including their relationship.We conducted a two-step survey: a qualitative interview survey and a web-based survey to ensure the validity of the survey. During the interviews, eight stakeholders described their perceptions and thoughts on PRO and its relationship to QOL, and their experience of using PRO. Overall 253 clinicians, 249 company employees, and 494 patients participated in the web survey to confirm how the findings of the interview survey supported the results.In the interview survey, patient advocates described various perspectives of PRO and QOL, including unexpected dynamic relationships, while the most other stakeholders explained PRO and QOL with the language used in the guidelines, but their responses were split. The web-based survey revealed that all stakeholders had a lower awareness of PRO than QOL. The most common perception of PRO, especially in the relationship to QOL, was "they did not fully overlap." Although there were differences in perceptions of the relationship between PRO and QOL among clinicians, company employees, and patients, all perceived PRO as a tool to facilitate communication in clinical practice.The present results are inconsistent with the simplified explanation of PRO, but consistent with the original PRO guideline definitions, which also considered the role of PRO in clinical practice. To make PRO a more potent tool, all stakeholders using PRO should confirm its definition and how it differs from QOL, have a unified recognition in each PRO use, and avoid miscommunication.

Why do nurses miss nursing care? A qualitative meta-synthesis.

AIM: The aim of this qualitative meta-synthesis was to discover the factors impacting on missed nursing care of nurses through systematic thinking. BACKGROUND: Although nurses are responsible for high-quality care, missed nursing care is common, endangering patient safety. Understanding of the causes related to missed nursing care could help nursing managers improve the quality of nursing care. DESIGN: A qualitative meta-synthesis guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). METHODS: As a method designed to contribute to knowledge development, meta-synthesis allows for integration of qualitative study findings using thematic synthesis. Six databases were searched up to October 2021; nine studies met the inclusion and quality assessment criteria and meta-synthesis were conducted. RESULTS: Three themes related to the causes why nurses missed nursing care were found. The themes included intrinsic resources (professional and ethical values, ambiguous nurse role, prioritization, education system, and knowledge), system structure (staff and resources shortage, heavy workload but limited time, and organizational management failure), and social environment (communication, working relationship and skill mix, and inappropriate ward layout). CONCLUSION: The phenomenon of missed nursing care is a global tissue, with variations in its elements but also notable similarities. Meta-synthesis provides evidence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to missed nursing care. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Recognizing and understanding the causes of missed nursing care is essential for nursing managers to ensure patient safety and the provision of high-quality care.

Transversal Survey of Emergency Medicine Policy and Quality Metrics in Japan's Regional Health Care Plans.

Introduction: It is essential to establish appropriate medical quality metrics and make improvements to safely and efficiently deliver optimum emergency medical services. The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) recommends prefectures to establish numerical quality metrics in their regional healthcare plans (RHCP). The 7th RHCP was issued by the MHLW in 2017 along with a notice of planning in covering the six-year period from 2018 to 2023. In this descriptive study, the emergency medicine policies in the 7th RHCP of each prefecture were analyzed from a quality improvement perspective. Method: The authors examined the chapters on emergency medicine in the RHCPs of 47 prefectural governments for the overall structure, cost-benefits, and connection to community-based integrated care systems. The type and number of clinical measures listed as numerical metrics and their classification methods were emphasized. Result: Regarding the overall plan structure, 40 prefectural governments began their description with an analysis of current surroundings. In total, 24 prefectural governments mentioned community-based integrated care systems but none mentioned cost-benefit analysis. Altogether, only 43 of 47 prefectural governments (91%) indicated numerical metrics. The maximum number of numerical targets for quality measures by prefecture was 19, the minimum was 0, and the median was 4 (IQR: 3-6.5); there were 220 metrics in total, with 82 structural, 96 process, and 42 outcome measures. Additionally, 13 prefectures (28%) classified quality measures according to the MHLW's guidance, 6 (13%) used their own classification manner, while the others did not classify their measures. Conclusions: There were significant differences in emergency medicine policies and quality metrics among the prefectural governments. Further research is needed to develop and establish more comprehensive and appropriate metrics based on a common methodology to improve the quality of emergency medicine.

Enhanced Contraction of Arterial Smooth Muscle Cell in Skin Artery Is Sensitive to Hyperpolarization Mediated by BKCa Channel in Chronic Constriction Injury Model Rat.

Previous our study found that improvement of skin blood flow associated with neuropathic pain using vasodilators is useful for alleviation of neuropathic pain. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying enhanced vasorelaxation induced by vasodilators, which increase cAMP and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), in chronic constriction injury model rat. We assessed vasorelaxation effect of vasodilators by measurement of isometric contraction in isolated plantar artery from chronic constriction injury of sciatic nerve model rats. Nifedipine, a voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel inhibitor, NS1619, Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channel opener, and diazoxide, an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener, -induced vasorelaxation in ipsilateral plantar artery was enhanced compared to the these in contralateral plantar artery. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, and substance P, a NK1 receptor agonist, caused vasorelaxation in both ipsilateral and contralateral artery. The vasorelaxation induced by SNP and substance P in ipsilateral artery is enhanced compared to the these in contralateral artery. Isoprenaline, a ß adrenoceptor agonist, and salbutamol, a ß2 adrenoceptor agonist, caused strong vasorelaxation in ipsilateral artery but not in contralateral artery. Iberiotoxin, a BKCa channel inhibitor, prominently suppressed the enhanced vasorelaxation induced by SNP, substance P, isoprenaline and salbutamol. In summary, the enhanced contraction of arterial smooth muscle cell in skin artery is sensitive to hyperpolarization in chronic constriction injury model rat. Furthermore, ß adrenoceptor agonist would be a good drug to improve the decreased skin blood flow because it has selective vasorelaxation to ipsilateral plantar artery.

Surgical site infections in thyroid and parathyroid surgery in Japan: An analysis of the Japan Nosocomial Infections Surveillance database from 2013 to 2020.

Surgical site infections (SSIs) after thyroid surgery are rare complications, with incidence rates of 0.3%-1.6%. Using a Japanese database, we conducted exploratory analyses on the incidence of SSIs, investigated the incidence of SSIs by the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance risk index, and identified the causative bacteria of SSIs. SSIs occurred in 50 (0.7%) of 7388 thyroid surgery cases. Risk index-0 patients had the lowest incidence rate of SSIs (0.41%). The incidence of SSIs in risk index-1 patients was 3.05 times the incidence of SSIs in risk index-0 patients. The rate of SSI occurrence for risk index-2 patients was 4.22 times the rate of SSI occurrence for risk index-0 patients. Thirty-one bacterial species were identified as the cause of SSIs in thyroid surgery cases, of which 12 (38.7%) SSIs were caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Of the nine SSIs caused by Staphylococcus aureus, 55.6% (five cases) were attributed to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, routine prophylactic antibiotic administration should be avoided, while the target for administration should be narrowed, according to the SSI risk. Administration of prophylactic antibiotics, such as 2 g piperacillin or 1 g cefazolin, is considered appropriate.

Moral distress, moral courage, and career identity among nurses: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The concept of career identity is integral to nursing practices and forms the basis of the nursing professions. Positive career identity is essential for providing high-quality care, optimizing patient outcomes, and enhancing the retention of health professionals. Therefore, there is a need to explore potential influencing variables, thereby developing effective interventions to improve career identity. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between moral distress, moral courage, and career identity, and explore the mediating role of moral courage between moral distress and career identity among nurses. DESIGN: A quantitative, cross-sectional study. METHODS: A convenient sample of 800 nurses was recruited from two tertiary care hospitals between February and March 2022. Participants were assessed using the Moral Distress Scale-revised, Nurses' Moral Courage Scale, and Nursing Career Identity Scale. This study was described in accordance with the STROBE statement. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION: Research ethics approval was obtained from the researcher's university and hospital where this study was conducted prior to data collection. FINDINGS: Moral distress is negatively associated while moral courage is positively associated with career identity among nurses. Moral courage partially mediates the relationship between moral distress and career identity (ß = -0.230 to -0.163, p < 0.01). DISCUSSION: The findings reveal a relationship between moral distress, moral courage, and career identity among nurses. CONCLUSION: By paying attention to nurses' moral distress and courage, healthcare providers can contribute to the development of effective interventions to improve career identity, and subsequently performance, among nurses.

Harmine suppresses collagen production in hepatic stellate cells by inhibiting DYRK1B.

Liver fibrosis is a major consequence of chronic liver disease, where excess extracellular matrix is deposited, due caused by the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The suppression of collagen production in HSCs is therefore regarded as a therapeutic target of liver fibrosis. The present study investigated effects of harmine, which is a ß-carboline alkaloid and known as an inhibitor of dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinases (DYRKs), on the production of collagen in HSCs. LX-2 cells, a human HSC cell line, were treated with harmine (0-10 µM) for 48 h in the presence or absence of TGF-ß1 (5 ng/ml). The expression of collagen type I α1 (COL1A1) and DYRK isoforms was investigated by Western blotting, quantitative RT-PCR, or immunofluorescence. The influence of knockdown of each DYRK isoform on the COL1A1 expression was further investigated. The expression of COL1A1 was markedly increased by treating with TGF-ß1 for 48 h in LX-2 cells. Harmine (10 µM) significantly inhibited the increased expression of COL1A1. LX-2 cells expressed mRNAs of DYRK1A, DYRK1B, DYRK2, and DYRK4, although the expression of DYRK4 was much lower than the others. Knockdown of DYRK1B, but not DYRK1A or DYRK2, with siRNA significantly suppressed TGF-ß1-induced increase in COL1A1 expression. These results suggest that harmine suppresses COL1A1 expression via inhibiting DYRK1B in HSCs and therefore might be effective for the treatment of liver fibrosis.

Differences in Attitudes and Practices of Cancer Pain Management between Medical Oncologists and Palliative Care Physicians.

This study aimed to evaluate whether there are differences in the attitudes and practices of cancer pain manage-ment between medical oncologists and palliative care physicians. An online nationwide survey was used to collect responses from board-certified medical oncologists and palliative care physicians in Japan. The survey questionnaire comprised 30 questions. The differences in responses between medical oncologists and palliative care physicians were examined. Out of the 1,227 questionnaires sent, 522 (42.5%) were returned. After apply-ing the exclusion criteria, 445 questionnaires (medical oncologists: n = 283; palliative care physicians: n = 162) were retained for analysis. Among the questions about potential barriers to optimal cancer pain man-agement, both medical oncologists and palliative care physicians considered the reluctance of patients to take opioids due to fear of adverse effects as the greatest barrier. Significantly different ratings between medical oncologists and palliative care physicians were observed on 5 of the 8 questions in this area. Significantly differ-ent ratings were observed for all questions concerning pain specialists and their knowledge. For effective cancer pain management, it is important to account for differences in attitudes and practice between medical oncolo-gists and palliative care physicians.

Na+-dependent inactivation of vascular Na+/Ca2+ exchanger responsible for reduced peripheral blood flow in neuropathic pain model.

Reduced skin blood flow has been reported in neuropathic pain patients as well as various peripheral neuropathic pain model animals. We have previously shown that vasodilators, which improves reduced skin blood flow, correlatively alleviate neuropathic pain in chronic constriction injury (CCI) mice, a model of neuropathic pain from peripheral nerve injury. Here, we sought to elucidate the mechanism underlying the reduced skin blood flow in CCI rats. The skin blood flow of the ipsilateral plantar arteries was significantly reduced compared to that of the contralateral ones 4 weeks after loose ligation of the sciatic nerve. The contraction induced by noradrenaline, serotonin, and U46619, a thromboxane receptor agonist, in the isolated ipsilateral plantar arteries was significantly enhanced compared to that in the contralateral ones. KB-R7943, a Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) inhibitor, shifted the concentration-response curves of noradrenaline to the left in the contralateral arteries but had no effect on the ipsilateral side. There was no significant difference in concentration-response curves of noradrenaline between the ipsilateral and contralateral arteries in the presence of KB-R7943. Amiloride, a non-specific inhibitor of Na+ channels and transporters, comparably shifted concentration-response curves of noradrenaline to the left in both the contralateral and ipsilateral arteries. One hundred nM of noradrenaline induced intracellular Ca2+ elevation in the ipsilateral arteries, which was significantly larger than that induced by 300-nM noradrenaline in the contralateral arteries. These results suggest that reduced peripheral blood flow after nerve injury is due to Na+-dependent inactivation of NCX in the ipsilateral plantar arteries.

Quantitative real-time measurement of endothelin-1-induced contraction in single non-activated hepatic stellate cells.

Although quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have been suggested to regulate hepatic blood flow, there is no direct evidence that quiescent HSCs display contractile abilities. Here, we developed a new method to quantitatively measure the contraction of single isolated HSCs and evaluated whether endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced contraction of HSCs in a non-activated state. HSCs isolated from mice were seeded on collagen gel containing fluorescent beads. The beads around a single HSC were observed gravitating toward the cell upon contraction. By recording the movement of each bead by fluorescent microscopy, the real-time contraction of HSCs was quantitatively evaluated. ET-1 induced a slow contraction of non-activated HSCs, which was inhibited by the non-muscle myosin II inhibitor blebbistatin, the calmodulin inhibitor W-7, and the ETA receptor antagonist ambrisentan. ET-1-induced contraction was also largely reduced in Ca2+-free conditions, but sustained contraction still remained. The tonic contraction was further diminished by the Rho-kinase inhibitor H-1152. The mRNA expression of P/Q-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCC), as well as STIM and Orai, constituents of store-operated channels (SOCs), was observed in mouse non-activated HSCs. ET-1-induced contraction was not affected by amlodipine, a VDCC blocker, whereas it was partly reduced by Gd3+ and amiloride, non-selective cation channel blockers. However, neither YM-58483 nor SKF-96365, which inhibit SOCs, had any effects on the contraction. These results suggest that ET-1 leads to Ca2+-influx through cation channels other than SOCs and produces myosin II-mediated contraction of non-activated HSCs via ETA receptors, as well as via mechanisms involving Ca2+-calmodulin and Rho kinase.

Caffeine-induced inversion of prostaglandin E2 effects on hepatic stellate cell activation.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Liver inflammation leads to the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), resulting in the development of liver fibrosis. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which is biosynthesized by Kupffer cells, hepatocytes, and HSCs during inflammation, on HSC activation, including its combinatory effect with caffeine. METHODS: HSCs isolated from mice were activated by culturing in a medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum for 7 days on plastic plates. The activation of HSCs was evaluated by immunofluorescence of α-smooth muscle actin in HSCs. Comprehensive gene expression analysis was performed using mRNA-sequencing to compare HSCs cultured for 1 or 7 days, with or without PGE2, caffeine, or both. RESULTS: PGE2 (1 µM) facilitated the activation of HSCs but inhibited the HSC activation in the presence of caffeine (3 mM). Comprehensive gene expression analysis revealed that HSCs treated with PGE2 in the presence of caffeine were classified in the same class as HSCs cultured for 1 day, i.e., quiescent HSCs. In contrast, PGE2 did not exhibit an inhibitory effect on HSC activation when co-treated with any isoform-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Although the adenylate cyclase inhibitor 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine suppressed the elevation of intracellular cAMP level induced by PGE2 in the presence of caffeine, it had no effect on the inhibition of HSC activation by PGE2 plus caffeine. CONCLUSION: The effect of PGE2 on HSC activation is changed from facilitatory to inhibitory when combined with caffeine, suggesting that caffeine may effectively suppress liver fibrosis during inflammation.

Differentiation-inducing factor-1 prevents hepatic stellate cell activation through inhibiting GSK3ß inactivation.

Differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1), a morphogen produced by the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, is a natural product that has attracted considerable attention for its antitumor properties. Here, we report a novel inhibitory effect of DIF-1 on the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) responsible for liver fibrosis. DIF-1 drastically inhibited transdifferentiation of quiescent HSCs into myofibroblastic activated HSCs in a concentration-dependent manner, thus conferring an antifibrotic effect against in the liver. Neither SQ22536, an adenylate cyclase inhibitor, nor ODQ, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, showed any effect on the inhibition of HSC activation by DIF-1. In contrast, TWS119, a glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK3ß) inhibitor, attenuated the inhibitory effect of DIF-1. Moreover, the level of inactive GSK3ß (phosphorylated at Ser9) was significantly reduced by DIF-1. DIF-1 also inhibited nuclear translocation of ß-catenin and reduced the level of non-phospho (active) ß-catenin. These results suggest that DIF-1 inhibits HSC activation by disrupting the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway through dephosphorylation of GSK3ß. We propose that DIF-1 is a possible candidate as a therapeutic agent for preventing liver fibrosis.

Mechanism of Membrane Depolarization Involved in α1A-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Contraction in Rat Tail and Iliac Arteries.

Our previous studies have shown that phenylephrine-induced contraction of cutaneous arteries is primarily mediated via α1A-adrenoceptors, but not α1D-adrenoceptors that generally mediate vascular contraction, and that the larger part of the contraction is induced in a voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel (VDCC)-independent manner. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying the smaller part of the α1A-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction, i.e., VDCC-dependent one, in cutaneous arteries. Isometric contraction was measured with wire myograph in endothelium-denuded tail and iliac arterial rings isolated from male Wistar rats. LOE908 (10 µM), a cation channel blocker, partially inhibited the contraction induced by phenylephrine in tail and iliac arteries. Nifedipine (10 µM) further suppressed the phenylephrine-induced contraction that remained in the presence of LOE908 (10 µM) in iliac arteries but barely in tail arteries, suggesting that phenylephrine-induced depolarization in tail arteries is due to the activation of LOE908-sensitive cation channels. In iliac arteries, the contraction induced by A-61603, a specific α1A-adrenoceptor agonist, was also partially inhibited by LOE908 (10 µM); however, nifedipine had little effect on the A-61603-induced contraction that remained in the presence of LOE908 (10 µM), suggesting that depolarization mediated via α1A-adrenoceptors is due to the activation of LOE908-sensitive cation channels even in iliac arteries. These results suggest that membrane depolarization mediated via α1Α-adrenoceptors is caused by cation influx through LOE908-sensitive cation channels. Less contribution of VDCC to phenylephrine-induced contraction in tail arteries compared to in iliac arteries is likely due to that α1Α-adrenoceptor-mediated activation of VDCC is caused only by depolarization via cation influx through LOE908-sensitive cation channels.

Muir-Torre syndrome: sebaceous carcinoma concurrent with colon cancer in a kidney transplant recipient; a case report.

BACKGROUND: Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare but progressive malignant skin cancer, and the incidence is approximately five times higher in post-transplant patients than in people who have not received kidney transplants. Sebaceous carcinoma is sometimes found concurrently with visceral cancers and a genetic abnormality, Muir-Torre syndrome. We report the case of a female kidney transplant recipient with sebaceous carcinoma concurrent with colon cancer 10 years after transplantation. CASE PRESENTATION: A 43-year-old woman was admitted due to a rapidly progressive tumor on her head. Histologically, the tumor was diagnosed as sebaceous carcinoma. We diagnosed her with Muir-Torre syndrome based on the following evidence: 1) high prevalence of microsatellite instability in gene locus assay, 2) absence of mismatch repair proteins in the sebaceous carcinoma on immunohistochemical analysis, and 3) a genetic mutation of 1226_1227delAG in the MSH2 exon 7 in the lesion detected by DNA sequencing analysis. Several reports have shown an association between immunosuppressive agents and latent Muir-Torre syndrome progression. Therefore, the progression of colon cancer in this case originated from her genetic mutation for Muir-Torre syndrome and long-term use of immunosuppressive agents. CONCLUSION: This case report not only highlights the importance of adequate diagnosis and therapy for Muir-Torre syndrome, but also suggests the further prevention of the development of malignant tumors in kidney transplant recipients. Physicians should be mindful that sebaceous carcinoma in kidney transplant recipients is highly concurrent with Muir-Torre syndrome.

Extremely young case of small bowel intussusception due to Peutz-Jeghers syndrome with nonsense mutation of STK11.

Intussusception is a frequent and severe complication of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). We herein present the case of a 3-year-old girl who experienced jejuno-jejunal intussusception due to PJS polyps. Despite no apparent family history of PJS, she had exhibited mucocutaneous pigmentation since infancy and recurrent abdominal pain and vomiting from 2 years of age. Segmental resection of the jejunum during emergency laparotomy for the intussusception revealed multiple hamartomatous polyps. Genetic analysis uncovered a germline nonsense mutation of c.247A>T in exon 1 of serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11). Biannual follow-up surveillance for polyps by esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy, and small bowel capsule endoscopy is ongoing. Reports describing the clinical and genetic features of extremely young PJS with intussusceptions are rare, although a literature review of STK11 germline mutations revealed several other pediatric cases of complicating intussusception at ≤ 8 years old. Considering the recent advances in surveillance and treatment options for the small bowel, earlier management of symptomatic children with PJS may be warranted to avoid surgical emergency.

Alleviation of mechanical stress-induced allodynia by improving blood flow in chronic constriction injury mice.

Reduced blood flow in the skin is observed in patients with neuropathic pain and in animal models. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the relationship between reduced skin blood flow and neuropathic pain in mice with a chronic constriction injury (CCI). Noradrenaline-induced contraction was enhanced in isolated plantar arteries ipsilateral to the CCI surgery compared to the contralateral arteries. Ten µM hydralazine, a peripheral vasodilator, at improved the enhanced contractile response in the ipsilateral arteries. The plantar blood flow in vivo was lower on the ipsilateral side of the CCI mice than on the contralateral side, and a 50% paw withdrawal threshold, as measured using the von Frey filament test, was lower on the former than on the latter side. An intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of hydralazine (1 mg/kg) or phentolamine (5 mg/kg) improved blood flow in the skin and hyperalgesia in the ipsilateral plantar. In adrenalectomized CCI mice, plantar blood flow in the skin on the ipsilateral side was increased compared to in sham-operated mice, which was accompanied by alleviation of hyperalgesia. Moreover, the enhanced contractile response to noradrenaline was also observed in the ipsilateral plantar arteries isolated from the adrenalectomized CCI mice. Either hydralazine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or an adrenalectomy barely affected mean arterial pressure in the CCI mice, whereas phentolamine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) lowered it. These results suggest that reduced blood flow in the skin contributes to neuropathic pain and that improving that blood flow with peripheral vasodilators, such as hydralazine, can alleviate it.

α1A-Adrenoceptors, but not α1B- or α1D-adrenoceptors, contribute to enhanced contractile response to phenylephrine in cooling conditions in the rat tail artery.

Cutaneous arteries show enhanced contraction in response to cooling, which is suggested to be mediated via α2C-adrenoceptors. We have previously shown that α1-adrenoceptors are also involved in the enhanced contraction in cooling conditions. In the present study, we aimed to identify the α1-adrenoceptor subtype involved in the response. Phenylephrine-induced contraction was enhanced by cooling to 24 °C in isolated rat tail arteries but suppressed in iliac arteries and aorta. At 37 °C, RS100329 (3 nM), an α1A-adrenoceptor antagonist, shifted the concentration-response curve of phenylephrine to the right in tail and iliac arteries, but not in aorta, while BMY7378 (10 nM), an α1D-adrenoceptor antagonist, shifted them to the right in aorta and iliac arteries, but not in tail arteries. At 24 °C, RS100329 (3 nM) shifted the concentration-response curve of phenylephrine to the right and decreased the maximum contraction in tail arteries. The inhibitory effects of RS100329 (3 nM) were more pronounced at 24 °C, compared to at 37 °C, implying larger contribution of α1A-adrenoceptors at 24 °C. In tail arteries, the maximum contraction of A-61603, an α1A-adrenoceptor agonist, was larger at 24 °C than at 37 °C. In contrast, in iliac arteries, the maximum contraction of A-61603 was smaller and its EC50 was smaller at 24 °C than at 37 °C. Under the condition where α1D-adrenoceptors were blocked, phenylephrine-induced contraction of iliac arteries was rather enhanced by cooling to 24 °C. These results suggest that α1A-adrenoceptors contribute to the enhanced contraction of cutaneous arteries in cooling conditions.

Lynch syndrome-associated endometrial carcinoma with MLH1 germline mutation and MLH1 promoter hypermethylation: a case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Lynch syndrome is an autosomal dominant inherited disease caused by germline mutations in mismatch repair genes. Analysis for microsatellite instability (MSI) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of protein expressions of disease-associated genes is used to screen for Lynch syndrome in endometrial cancer patients. When losses of both MLH1 and PMS2 proteins are observed by IHC, MLH1 promoter methylation analysis is conducted to distinguish Lynch syndrome-associated endometrial cancer from sporadic cancer. CASE PRESENTATION: Here we report a woman who developed endometrial cancer at the age of 49 years. She had a family history of colorectal cancer (first-degree relative aged 52 years) and stomach cancer (second-degree relative with the age of onset unknown). No other family history was present, and she failed to meet the Amsterdam II criteria for the diagnosis of Lynch syndrome. Losses of MLH1 and PMS2, but not MSH2 and MSH6, proteins were observed by IHC in endometrial cancer tissues. Because MLH1 promoter hypermethylation was detected in endometrial cancer tissue samples, the epigenetic silencing of MLH1 was suspected as the cause of the protein loss. However, because of the early onset of endometrial cancer and the positive family history, a diagnosis of Lynch syndrome was also suspected. Therefore, we provided her with genetic counseling. After obtaining her consent, MLH1 promoter methylation testing and genetic testing of peripheral blood were performed. MLH1 promoter methylation was not observed in peripheral blood. However, genetic testing revealed a large deletion of exon 5 in MLH1; thus, we diagnosed the presence of Lynch syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Both MLH1 germline mutation and MLH1 promoter hypermethylation may be observed in endometrial cancer. Therefore, even if MLH1 promoter hypermethylation is detected, a diagnosis of Lynch syndrome cannot be excluded.

Differential contribution of calcium channels to α1-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction is responsible for diverse responses to cooling between rat tail and iliac arteries.

Our previous studies have shown that α1-adrenoceptors, in addition to α2-adrenoceptors, are involved in enhanced contraction of cutaneous blood vessels during cooling. The present study aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying it. In tail and iliac arteries isolated from rats, isometric contraction was measured using a myograph and the phosphorylation level of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) was quantified by western blotting. The phenylephrine-induced contraction was enhanced by cooling to 24 °C in tail arteries, but was suppressed in iliac arteries. Endothelium denudation or treatment with iberiotoxin enhanced the phenylephrine-induced contraction in tail arteries at 37 °C; however, neither affected the contraction at 24 °C. The phenylephrine-induced contraction at 37 °C was largely suppressed by nifedipine in iliac arteries, but only slightly in tail arteries. The Rho kinase inhibitor H-1152 largely suppressed the phenylephrine-induced contraction at 24 °C, but only slightly at 37 °C, in both arteries. The phosphorylation level of MYPT1 at Thr855 in tail arteries was increased by the cooling. Taken together, these results suggest the following mechanism in regard to cooling-induced enhancement of α1-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction in tail arteries: Cooling enhances the contraction of tail arteries via α1-adrenoceptor stimulation by reducing endothelium-dependent, large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel-mediated relaxation and by inducing Rho kinase-mediated Ca2+ sensitization, although the latter occurs even in iliac arteries. A smaller contribution of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, which are largely suppressed by cooling, to α1-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction in tail arteries seems to be more crucially involved in the appearance of the enhanced contractile response to cooling.