Machine learning-based gait analysis to predict clinical frailty scale in elderly patients with heart failure.

Aims: Although frailty assessment is recommended for guiding treatment strategies and outcome prediction in elderly patients with heart failure (HF), most frailty scales are subjective, and the scores vary among raters. We sought to develop a machine learning-based automatic rating method/system/model of the clinical frailty scale (CFS) for patients with HF. Methods and results: We prospectively examined 417 elderly (≥75 years) with symptomatic chronic HF patients from 7 centres between January 2019 and October 2023. The patients were divided into derivation (n = 194) and validation (n = 223) cohorts. We obtained body-tracking motion data using a deep learning-based pose estimation library, on a smartphone camera. Predicted CFS was calculated from 128 key features, including gait parameters, using the light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) model. To evaluate the performance of this model, we calculated Cohen's weighted kappa (CWK) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between the predicted and actual CFSs. In the derivation and validation datasets, the LightGBM models showed excellent agreements between the actual and predicted CFSs [CWK 0.866, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.807-0.911; ICC 0.866, 95% CI 0.827-0.898; CWK 0.812, 95% CI 0.752-0.868; ICC 0.813, 95% CI 0.761-0.854, respectively]. During a median follow-up period of 391 (inter-quartile range 273-617) days, the higher predicted CFS was independently associated with a higher risk of all-cause death (hazard ratio 1.60, 95% CI 1.02-2.50) after adjusting for significant prognostic covariates. Conclusion: Machine learning-based algorithms of automatically CFS rating are feasible, and the predicted CFS is associated with the risk of all-cause death in elderly patients with HF.

Applicability of new proposed criteria for iron deficiency in Japanese patients with heart failure.

AIMS: Iron deficiency (ID) is a common co-morbidity in patients with heart failure (HF). A recent study showed that ID defined by the current guideline criteria was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, and new ID criteria was proposed in patients with HF. However, the external applicability of the new proposed criteria is unclear. We sought to investigate the applicability of the proposed ID criteria in Japanese patients with HF. METHODS AND RESULTS: We prospectively examined 763 patients with chronic HF from a Japanese multicentre registry. The proposed ID criteria were transferrin saturation (TSAT) < 20% and serum iron ≤13 mmol/L and the guideline ID criteria were serum ferritin <100 ng/mL or, when ferritin was 100-299 ng/mL, TSAT <20%. Among all patients (456 male, mean age 71 ± 13 years), 213 (28%) and 444 (58%) met the proposed and guideline ID criteria, respectively. During a median follow-up period of 436 days (interquartile range 297-565), the primary outcome of all-cause mortality occurred in 56 (7%) patients. There was no significant difference in the primary outcome between the patients with and without guideline ID criteria (P = 0.32), whereas patients with serum iron ≤10 µmol/L showed higher mortality (P = 0.002). In multivariable Cox regressions, the proposed ID criteria, but not guideline ID criteria, were independently associated with the risk of all-cause mortality (HR 2.01, 95% CI 1.16-3.51 and HR 1.32, 95% CI 0.76-2.28, respectively), even after adjustment for covariates. CONCLUSIONS: When defined by the proposed criteria and not the guideline criteria, ID was associated with higher mortality in patients with chronic HF, suggesting that the proposed ID criteria is applicable to the Japanese population.

Anti-proliferating and apoptosis-inducing activity of chemical compound FTI-6D in association with p53 in human cancer cell lines.

Compounds with 3,4-fused tricyclic indole (FTI) frameworks are attractive scaffolds for drug discovery. We synthesized FTI-6D, a compound with this framework, which was cytotoxic in several human cancer cell lines. FTI-6D induced apoptosis via activation of the p53 downstream mitochondria-related apoptotic pathway, characterized by an increased ratio of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members to anti-apoptotic members. This change was followed by caspase-9 and caspase-3 cleavage and activation in two cancer cell lines, RKO and AGS. The anti-proliferating effect of FTI-6D was remarkably detected in eight cancer cells with wild-type TP53 (TP53_wt), including RKO and AGS, but not in seven cancer cells with mutated TP53 (TP53_mut). Additionally, p53 protein levels increased after FTI-6D treatment in TP53_wt cancer cells, and the cytotoxic effect of FTI-6D was decreased by TP53 knockdown. Accordingly, the expression of p53 downstream genes involved in apoptotic signaling pathways, such as BBC3 and TP53INP1, and those involved in cell growth inhibition, such as CDKN1A, was upregulated in TP53_wt cancer cells. These results suggest that the anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities of FTI-6D rely on p53 and the corresponding signaling processes. This study demonstrated that FTI-6D shows anti-cancer activity against TP53_wt cancer cells. FTI-6D may have potential as a prototype compound for a new drug to utilize a functional p53 pathway in TP53_wt cancer cells.

Effects of pulmonary endarterectomy on pulmonary hemodynamics in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, evaluated by interventricular septum curvature.

The interventricular septum curvature, measured in images of electrocardiogram-gated 320-slice multidetector computed tomography, is reportedly useful and less invasive than right heart catheterization, as it could provide clues regarding pulmonary arterial pressure in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Although pulmonary endarterectomy is an efficient treatment for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, the interventricular septum curvature in patients who have received pulmonary endarterectomy has not been evaluated. We evaluated whether the interventricular septum curvature on electrocardiogram-gated 320-slice multidetector computed tomography can predict pulmonary hemodynamics in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension even after pulmonary endarterectomy. We studied 40 patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (60.5 ± 9.7 years; 30 females), who underwent pulmonary endarterectomy at Chiba University Hospital between December 2010 and July 2018. To measure the interventricular septum curvature, we prepared left ventricular short-axis tomographic images from 4D images of electrocardiogram-gated 320-slice multidetector computed tomography. We calculated the radius of interventricular septum and determined the interventricular septum curvature in both the systolic and diastolic phases. We compared the interventricular septum curvature with pulmonary hemodynamics measured by right heart catheterization before and after pulmonary endarterectomy. After pulmonary endarterectomy, the correlations of the interventricular septum curvature with mean pulmonary arterial pressure, systolic pulmonary arterial pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance disappeared, although the interventricular septum curvature was correlated with these pulmonary hemodynamic parameters before pulmonary endarterectomy. Changes in systolic interventricular septum curvature revealed significant correlations with changes in mean pulmonary arterial pressure, systolic pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. Diastolic interventricular septum curvature also showed significant correlations with preoperative pulmonary hemodynamics, but not with postoperative pulmonary hemodynamics. Changes in the interventricular septum curvature after pulmonary endarterectomy could estimate the efficacy of pulmonary endarterectomy, although the interventricular septum curvature after pulmonary endarterectomy showed no significant correlations with pulmonary hemodynamics. Additionally, our findings confirmed that the interventricular septum curvature before pulmonary endarterectomy could be used to evaluate the severity of disease.

Pulmonary Hypertension that Developed During Treatment for Hepatopulmonary Syndrome and Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation.

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) and pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (PAVM) are hypoxemic diseases caused by right-to-left shunting but are rarely concomitant with pulmonary hypertension (PH). A 66-year-old woman with chronic hepatitis C was scheduled to undergo liver transplantation. She was referred to our department for hypoxia and an abnormal shadow in the right lung found on a preoperative examination. She was diagnosed with HPS and a PAVM in the right middle lobe. After liver transplantation, PH temporarily developed, but the pulmonary arterial pressure normalized after coil embolization. Combined HPS and PAVM may cause unique changes in pulmonary hemodynamics during treatment.

Iatrogenic dissection of the anomalous-origin right coronary artery and left sinus of Valsalva.

Anomalous right coronary artery arising from the left sinus of Valsalva is a rare congenital abnormality. Percutaneous coronary intervention of the anomalous-origin right coronary artery can be challenging. Iatrogenic aorto-coronary dissection is a rare and life-threatening complication. We present a case of aortocoronary dissection that occurred during angioplasty of the anomalous-origin right coronary artery.

Left main coronary artery atresia diagnosed by multidetector computed tomography.

Left main coronary artery atresia is an extremely rare disease. Differential diagnosis of left main coronary artery atresia from atherosclerotic occlusion of left main coronary artery is difficult even if performing invasive coronary angiography. We present a case of a 48-year-old male with left main coronary artery atresia. Echocardiography showed left ventricular dysfunction. Invasive coronary angiography showed absence of left main coronary artery. A multidetector computed tomography showed a string-like structure at the site of left main coronary artery. A diagnosis of left main coronary artery atresia was made, and he underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. At the operation, a thin and not-sclerotic left main coronary artery was observed. Echocardiography, performed after the surgery, showed normalization of the left ventricular systolic function. Multidetector computed tomography might be a useful method to diagnose left main coronary artery atresia.

Chronic dissection of internal mammary artery graft.

We report a case of internal mammary artery graft dissection. Cardiac catheterization showed a spiral dissection in the anastomotic site of internal mammary artery graft with TIMI 3 flow. Percutaneous stenting for native coronary artery lesions was performed. Cardiac catheterization, performed 2 years after the stenting, showed no change in the internal mammary artery dissection. This is the first case of unhealed chronic dissection of internal mammary artery graft.

Induction of c-fos mRNA expression by pure pressure overload in cultured cardiac myocytes.

Mechanical stress by pressure overload due to hypertension or valvular heart disease such as aortic valve stenosis induces cardiac hypertrophy. It has been well established that the mechanical stretch of cardiac myocytes in vitro induces hypertrophic responses such as the expression of immediate early response genes including c-fos. However, it remains uncertain whether the mechanical forces due to pure atmospheric pressure can induce similar responses in cardiac myocytes. We thus cultured rat neonatal cardiac myocytes in an atmospheric pressure chamber apparatus and determined the effects of pure pressure stress on c-fos gene expression. Pressures greater than 80 mmHg enhanced c-fos mRNA after 30 minutes. These results suggest that pure atmospheric pressure overload can also induce early hypertrophic responses in cardiac myocytes.

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors attenuated the expression of G-protein coupled receptor kinases in heart failure patients.

BACKGROUND: There are few biological markers, which strictly show the severity of congestive heart failure (CHF). METHODS AND RESULTS: Lymphocyte G-protein coupled receptor kinase (GRK) mRNA expression was measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in 15 CHF patients: 5 patients classified as New York Heart Association class-II treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) (IIA), 5 patients in class-II without ACEI (IIC), and 5 patients in class-III treated with ACEI (IIIA). GRK mRNA level in IIIA was significantly higher than those in IIA (p<0.05). GRK mRNA level in IIA were significantly lower than those in IIC (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The expression level of lymphocyte GRK might show the severity of CHF, and ACEI treatment could reduce the level of GRK in CHF patients.

Downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor; p57(kip2), is involved in the cell cycle progression of vascular smooth muscle cells.

Immature vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferate responding to extrinsic mitogens and accumulate in neointima after arterial injuries. Cell proliferation is positively regulated by cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complex and negatively controlled by CDK inhibitors; CKIs such as p27(kip1) and p57(kip2). In this study, embryonic rat thoracic aorta VSMCs; A10 were G0/G1 arrested by serum starvation, re-stimulated with serum, and harvested every four hours. Both CKIs co-expressed in quiescent VSMCs and rapidly diminished by stimulation. Protein level of p27(kip1) was regulated by both transcription and post-transcription, but that of p57(kip2) was mainly by post-transcription. Supplemental overexpression of p57(kip2) inhibited the activations of G1 cyclin/CDKs and subsequent hyperphosphorylations of all three retinoblastoma pocket proteins as well as G1/S transition of cell cycle. Our findings suggest that the downregulations of not only p27(kip1), but also p57(kip2) responding to mitogenic stimulation, play key roles in the cell cycle progression of VSMCs.

Chronic beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation enhances the expression of G-Protein coupled receptor kinases, GRK2 and GRK5, in both the heart and peripheral lymphocytes.

BACKGROUND: Enhanced expression of G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) has been reported in failing hearts and in the present study the stability of enhanced GRK mRNA expression, and the correlation between the expression level of GRK mRNA in peripheral lymphocytes and in the heart were both evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Isoproterenol was injected into rats for 2 weeks, and then GRK5 mRNA was assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-palymerase chain reaction. An enhanced expression of cardiac GRK5 mRNA was observed even after 4 weeks of recovery. The isoproterenol-induced increased expression of GRK2 and GRK5 mRNA was equally observed in the heart and lymphocytes, and there was a close correlation between the heart and lymphocytes in the level of expression of each GRK mRNA. CONCLUSIONS: The GRK mRNA level is maintained at a high level for a long period without continuous beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation. The level in circulating lymphocytes could be used as a surrogate marker to estimate the level of cardiac GRK expression and, presumably, the beta-adrenergic receptor function of cardiomyocytes.

Wire-induced myocardial ischemia: a novel approach to create myocardial ischemia in rats.

BACKGROUND: Animal models are indispensable in order to investigate the mechanism of various diseases and to explore the counter measures for those disease states. Although there are several animal models of ischemic heart diseases, surgical interventions required to create myocardial ischemia sometimes give rise to a problem in the yield of model. This study describes a new technique for inducing myocardial ischemia in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS: A 0.014-inch guidewire was introduced via the carotid artery and selectively advanced into the coronary arteries under fluoroscopy. Transmural myocardial ischemia was confirmed by ST-segment elevation and by the appearance of left ventricular wall motion abnormalities on the echocardiogram. Reversibility of the wire-induced myocardial ischemia was demonstrated by complete resolution of both ST-segment elevation and wall motion abnormalities after removing the wire. CONCLUSION: Wire-induced myocardial ischemia was reproducible and is less invasive than conventional ischemic models in rats. This method is a powerful and useful tool for the investigation of ischemic heart disease in small animals.