Incidence of four major types of osteoporotic fragility fractures among elderly individuals in Sado, Japan, in 2015.

The aim of this study was to survey the incidence of osteoporotic fragility fractures, which include vertebral, hip, distal radius, and proximal humerus fractures, in patients ≥ 50 years of age, from 2004 to 2015, in Sado City, Japan. We examined temporal changes in the incidence of these fractures from 2010 through 2015. The incidence of vertebral (p < 0.001) and radius fractures (p = 0.001) was lower in 2015 than in 2010, with only the incidence of hip fracture (p = 0.013) being lower in 2015 than in 2004. With regard to age-specific incidences, there was a sharp increase in vertebral and hip fractures among the segment of the population 70-89 years old, with no remarkable change in the incidence of radial and humeral fractures. Pre-existing vertebral fractures were identified in 69.6% of patients with a hip fracture, 35.6% of patients with a distal radius fracture, and 55% of patients with a humeral fracture. Among patients with pre-existing vertebral fractures, 42.5% had a single fracture, whereas 57.5% had 2 or more fractures. The proportion of patients on anti-osteoporotic agents before the occurrence of fractures increased to 14.5% in 2015, compared to 4% in 2004 and 7.6% in 2010. We speculate that the increase in the use of anti-osteoporotic agents is the main reason for the declining incidence of fractures. Therefore, considering the sharp increase in hip and vertebral fractures among individuals in their mid-1970s and older, judicious use of anti-osteoporotic agents among these individuals could be useful for lowering the occurrence of these fractures.

Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D increases cognitive impairment in elderly people.

It has been reported that many elderly people have low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and that serum 25(OH)D levels may have a relationship with cognitive function. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and cognitive function in a Japanese population. This cross-sectional study was performed as a part of the Project in Sado for Total Health (PROST). The PROST study evaluated cognitive state and serum vitamin D level from June 2011 to November 2013 for 740 patients (431 men and 309 women). The Mini-Mental State Examination-Japanese version (MMSE-J) and serum 25(OH)D level measurements were used as assessment tools. Cognitive impairment was defined using MMSE-J ≤ 23 as a cutoff. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) for low MMSE-J scores. The average subject age was 68.1 years, the average MMSE- J score was 25.9, and the average 25(OH)D level was 24.6 ng/mL. Significant ORs for cognitive impairment were observed for both high age and low serum 25(OH)D. The adjusted OR for the lowest versus highest serum 25(OH)D quartiles was 2.70 (95% confidence interval 1.38-5.28, P = 0.0110). Low serum 25(OH)D levels were independently associated with a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment.

The impact of exercise and vitamin D supplementation on physical function in community-dwelling elderly individuals: A randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the impact of exercise and vitamin D supplementation on physical function and locomotor dysfunction in community-dwelling elderly individuals. METHODS: In total, 148 community-dwelling elderly individuals (aged ≥60 years) who were not taking osteoporosis medications participated in a 24-week intervention. The participants were randomly divided into an exercise group, vitamin D group, and exercise and vitamin D group. The participants and outcome-assessing staff were not blinded to group assignment. Exercise comprised three daily sets each of single-leg standing (1 min/leg/set) and squatting (5-6 repetitions/set); vitamin D supplementation was 1000 IU/day. Participants were contacted every 2 weeks to check on their condition and encourage continued participation. The primary outcome was lower limb muscle strength and mass; secondary outcomes were several physical function measurements, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, and results of a self-assessment questionnaire completed pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS: We analyzed data from 45, 42, and 43 participants in the exercise, vitamin D, and exercise and vitamin D groups, respectively, who completed the intervention. Locomotive syndrome, which involves reduced mobility due to locomotive organ impairment, was diagnosed in 99 participants (76.2%). Many physical function measurements improved in all groups. Lower limb muscle mass increased significantly in all three groups, with no significant differences between the groups in the degree of change. The average serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D of all vitamin D-supplemented participants increased from 28.1 ng/ml to 47.3 ng/ml after vitamin D supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: Both exercise and vitamin D supplementation independently improved physical function and increased muscle mass in community-dwelling elderly individuals. Moreover, the combination of exercise and vitamin D supplementation might further enhance these positive effects. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY: UMIN Clinical Trial, UMIN000028229.

A decrease in the number and incidence of osteoporotic hip fractures among elderly individuals in Niigata, Japan, from 2010 to 2015.

We investigated the incidence of hip fracture in patients aged ≥50 years in 2015 in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. We also determined the long-term trend in hip fracture incidence from 1985 to 2015. In 2015, 3214 hip fractures occurred in Niigata Prefecture. The crude incidence rate of hip fracture was 282.7 per 100,000 persons per year (122.9 in men and 416.4 in women). The incidence of hip fracture decreased from 2010 to 2015 in all age groups except in men aged 65-69 years and women aged 60-64 years. The percentage of patients who took anti-osteoporotic medication before their hip fractures increased from 10.2% in 2010 to 14.9% in 2015. The age-specific incidence in women tended to increase until 2010, but significantly decreased from 2010 to 2015 (p < 0.001). Similarly, the incidence in men decreased from 2010 to 2015 but was not significantly different from that in 1994 (p = 0.633); this incidence had been increasing since 1999. In conclusion, a generally increasing trend was observed in the incidence of hip fractures for 30 years in both men and women in Niigata Prefecture; however, it turned into a descending trend beginning in 2010.

Bone Formation Parameters of the Biopsied Ilium Differ between Subtrochanteric and Diaphyseal Atypical Femoral Fractures in Bisphosphonate-Treated Patients.

Atypical femoral fractures (AFFs) are defined as atraumatic or low-trauma fractures located in the subtrochanteric or diaphyseal sites. Long-term bisphosphonates (BPs) are administered to prevent fragility fractures in patients with primary osteoporosis or collagen diseases who are already taking glucocorticoids (GCs). Long-term BP use is one of the most important risk factors for AFFs. Its pathogenesis is characterized by severely suppressed bone turnover (SSBT), but whether the characteristics of patients are different regarding to location of fracture site remains unknown. In this study, we compared the characteristics and bone histomorphometric findings between subtrochanteric and diaphyseal sites in patients with BP-associated AFFs. Nine women with BP-associated AFFs were recruited, including 3 with systemic lupus erythematosus, 2 with rheumatoid arthritis, 2 with primary osteoporosis, 1 with polymyalgia rheumatica, and 1 with sarcoidosis. Patients were divided into the subtrochanteric group (n = 5; average age, 52 years; BP treatment, 5.9 years) and the diaphyseal group (n = 4; average age, 77 years; BP treatment, 2.6 years). Compared with the diaphyseal group, the subtrochanteric group had significantly higher daily GC doses (average, 10.9 vs. 2.3 mg/day) and significantly lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D levels (17.8 vs. 25.6 ng/mL). Bone histomorphometry of the biopsied iliac bone showed SSBT in 3 cases (subtrochanteric, n = 1; diaphyseal, n = 2). Osteoid volume and trabecular thickness were significantly lower in the subtrochanteric group than in the diaphyseal group. Bone formation was inhibited more severely in subtrochanteric than in the diaphyseal group due to the higher GC doses used.

Incidence of hip fracture in Niigata, Japan in 2004 and 2010 and the long-term trends from 1985 to 2010.

We investigated the incidence of hip fracture in a population of patients ≥50 years old in 2004 and 2010 in Niigata City, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. We also investigated the long-term trends in the incidence of hip fracture from 1985 to 2010, using our previously reported survey results obtained from 1985 to 1999. In 2004 and 2010, the survey found 2,368 and 3,218 proximal femur fractures, respectively. The crude hip fracture incidence rates in 2004 and 2010 were 215.8 and 281.5 per 100,000 of population per year, respectively. For males, the incidence rates were 99.9 in 2004 and 126.3 in 2010; for females, the incidence rates were 311.0 and 410.7, respectively. In males aged 80-84 years, the incidence rate since 1999 has been decreasing, while that for males >85 years peaked in 2004. In females of all ages, the incidence rate was higher in 2010 than in all other survey periods, and in females >85 years, the incidence has increased the fastest. Additionally, the long-term changes in the age- and sex-standardized incidence each year using the 1985 population structure in Japan in females has been increasing, although it decreased in 1999. However, in males, the incidence in 2010 was not significantly different from that in 1994, although it has been increasing since 1999. Our study findings indicate that the age-specific incidence of hip fractures in the Niigata Prefecture of Japan has not plateaued in females, but that it may have done so in males; in addition, the number and incidence of hip fractures has been increasing.

The effects of self-directed home exercise with serial telephone contacts on physical functions and quality of life in elderly people at high risk of locomotor dysfunction.

Exercise is essential for maintaining quality of life (QOL) in elderly individuals. However, adherence to exercise programs is low. Here, we assessed the effectiveness of a self-directed home exercise program with serial telephone contacts to encourage exercise adherence among elderly individuals at high risk of locomotor dysfunction. We recruited community-dwelling adults (ｧ65 years) in Niigata, Japan, who were targets of the long-term care prevention project for locomotor dysfunction but did not participate in the government-sponsored prevention programs. The study was conducted from November 2011 to October 2012. Participants received exercise instruction and performed exercises independently for 3 months with serial telephone contacts. The single-leg stance and five-times sit-to-stand tests were used to assess physical function. The SF-8 was used to measure health-related QOL. Ninety-seven participants were enrolled in the study, representing 2.5% of eligible people;87 completed the intervention. Scores from physical function tests were significantly improved by the intervention, as were 7 of eight SF-8 subscales. Adherence was 85.4% for the single-leg standing exercise and 82.1% for squatting. Thus, self-directed home exercise with serial telephone contacts improved physical function and health-related QOL, representing a promising model for preventing the need for long-term care due to locomotor dysfunction.

Bilateral atypical femoral subtrochanteric fractures in a premenopausal patient receiving prolonged bisphosphonate therapy: evidence of severely suppressed bone turnover.

We report a case of bilateral atypical femoral fractures that occurred in a patient who had been taking bisphosphonate long-term. A 36-year-old premenopausal female diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis had been treated with glucocorticoid and alendronate (5 mg/day) to prevent glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. She was taken to our hospital because she could not walk immediately after falling down from the standing position. A plain radiograph showed a subtrochanteric fracture of the left femur. Four months later, she fell again and sustained a contralateral subtrochanteric fracture. For each fracture, a femoral intramedullary nail was inserted. Delayed union was detected in both sides, and revision surgery with an iliac bone graft was required for implant breakage in the right side. Histomorphometric findings for the ilium revealed remarkably decreased osteoid volume with no osteoclasts and a minimally eroded surface, suggesting that bone turnover was severely suppressed. However, histology of the delayed union site revealed callus formation and some osteoclast appearance, suggesting that fracture healing was occurring. In total, it took 29 months (left) and 24 months (right) until fracture healing was achieved, showing delayed union. This case is extremely rare in that patient who presented with atypical femoral fractures in spite of her premenopausal status. The bone histomorphometric findings from this case suggest that severely suppressed bone turnover is associated with atypical femoral subtrochanteric fracture and can cause delayed union in patients treated with alendronate long-term.

Incidence of osteoporotic fractures in Sado, Japan in 2010.

We conducted a survey of fracture incidences associated with senile osteoporosis in 2010 in Sado City, Niigata Prefecture, Japan, including compression vertebral fractures, hip fractures, distal radius fractures, and fractures of the proximal end of the humerus. We previously conducted a similar survey from 2004-2006 in Sado City. The purpose of the current study was to determine the incidence of osteoporotic fractures in Sado City in 2010 and to examine changes over time. We calculated the incidence of each fracture per 100,000 person-years based on the population of Sado City. Hip and vertebral fractures showed marked increases from 2004-2006, but a similar increase was not found from 2006-2010. The average age at injury increased in 2010 compared to 2004, except for fractures of the radius. Among the subjects with hip fractures, 14 % had a history of contralateral hip fracture. The percentage of patients taking medication for osteoporosis before injury was higher in 2010 compared with 2004, but these percentages were still only 7 and 13 % for those with subsequent hip and vertebral fractures, respectively.

[Space flight/bedrest immobilization and Bone. Exercise training for osteoporosis].

Osteoporosis is one of the main diseases of the locomotive syndrome. Exercise therapy is a basic approach for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, and is effective for increasing bone mineral density and preventing fall. Single foothold standing with the eyes open for one minute and squatting by "rokotore" are recommended as exercises that are easy for elderly people. Strengthening of back muscles is also useful for prevention of round back due to osteoporosis. We suggest that improved outcomes may be achieved by combining some of these exercises.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in hip and spine-fracture patients in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is used as an index that reflects the level of vitamin D. We have previously reported, on the basis of a study in Sado in Niigata, that patients with hip fracture have lower serum 25(OH)D levels than non-hip-fracture cases. In this study, the serum 25(OH)D status in hip-fracture cases was examined in four regions in Japan. Although most hip-fracture patients have experienced past spine-compression fractures, the relationship of these fractures and 25(OH)D is unknown. Therefore, we also examined the 25(OH)D level in spine-compression fracture patients in the same locations and time periods. METHODS: The levels of 25(OH)D, intact parathyroid hormone (intact PTH), undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), urine N-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX), and bone mineral density were examined in patients with hip and spine fracture due to osteoporosis in several regions in Japan. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in age, BMI, serum 25(OH)D, serum intact PTH, and serum ucOC among the regions. Levels of serum 25(OH)D were low in patients with hip fracture and spine fracture. The average serum 25(OH)D level was significantly lower in hip-fracture patients than in spine-fracture patients (16.3 vs. 18.1 ng/mL, P < 0.05). High serum ucOC was found in 37% of hip-fracture patients and 44% of spine-fracture patients. CONCLUSIONS: Both hip and spine-fracture patients have vitamin D insufficiency, with similar results found in elderly patients in four areas of Japan. The severity of this condition tends to be more serious in hip-fracture patients than in spine-fracture patients.

[Vitamin D and risk of fracture].

Although an increase in vitamin D has a small effect on bone mineral density, it has an influence on fracture prevention. This may be explained by a mechanism of improvement of bone strength that does not necessarily depend on bone mineral density. The level of serum 25 (OH) D is low in hip fracture patients compared with non-fracture controls, which suggests that a background of vitamin D insufficiency may be involved in hip fracture. Vitamin D acts on skeletal muscle and nerve cells, and it has been reported that this has an effect on fall prevention. Furthermore, recent reports suggest a role of vitamin D in cognitive function and in other tissues not involving bone.

Secular change of the incidence of four fracture types associated with senile osteoporosis in Sado, Japan: the results of a 3-year survey.

We conducted a three-year survey of fracture incidences associated with senile osteoporosis--compression fractures of the spine, femoral neck fractures, distal radius fractures, and fractures of the proximal end of the humerus--to examine secular change. The survey was conducted between 2004 and 2006 on patients in Sado City. We calculated the incidence of each fracture based on the population of Sado City (per 100,000 person-years). Only clinical or incident fractures were diagnosed as new fractures for compression fractures of the spine. Incidence of compression fracture of the spine was the highest, followed by femoral neck fracture, distal radius fracture, and fracture of the proximal end of the humerus. The incidence of femoral neck fracture increased annually from 2004 to 2006, significantly among the elderly in their 80s (P < 0.05). Compression fracture of the spine also increased but not significantly. The incidences of distal radius fracture and fracture of the proximal end of the humerus did not increase. This increase in incidence of femoral neck fractures associated with senile osteoporosis will become an important issue for an aging society such as Japan.

Incidence and outcome of osteoporotic fractures in 2004 in Sado City, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

Osteoporotic fracture in elderly populations is increasing worldwide, but there are few data on the incidence and outcome of osteoporotic fractures, including upper extremity and vertebral fracture, during a certain period in a defined geographic area. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of osteoporotic fractures in a particular area: Sado City, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. From January to December 2004, osteoporotic fractures of the vertebra, hip, distal radius, and proximal humerus in Sado City were recorded. The incidence, age, gender, type of fracture (for hip fracture), right or left side (for distal radius, proximal humerus, and hip fracture), place of injury, cause of injury, outcome, hospitalization period, and patient status regarding taking of drugs for osteoporosis treatment were checked for each fracture. The incidence was calculated based on the whole population of Sado City. The incidence per 100,000 population was 232.8, 121.4, 108.6, and 37.1 for fractures of the vertebra, hip, distal radius, and proximal humerus, respectively. The total incidence of these four kinds of fracture was 499.9 per 100,000 persons per year. The average age at the time of injury was 81.4, 77.7, 75.7, and 60.2 years old for fractures of the hip, vertebra, proximal humerus, and distal radius, respectively. As the average age increased, the percentage of fractures that occurred indoors also increased; that is, a higher percentage of hip fractures occurred indoors, followed by fractures of the vertebra, proximal humerus, and distal radius. Most patients were not taking anti-osteoporosis drugs before fractures of the hip or vertebra. We determined the incidence of major osteoporotic fractures in 1 year in a defined geographic area. Our data showed that 81% of hip fracture patients also had a vertebral fracture and that the average age at the time of injury was higher for hip fractures than for vertebral fractures. Therefore, these results suggest that vertebral fracture leads to hip fracture, indicating that early fracture prevention and continuous prevention strategies through positive treatment are of importance in osteoporotic elderly people.

[Muscle and bone health as a risk factor of fall among the elderly. Vitamin D for prevention of fall and fracture].

We considered the effect of vitamin D on fall and fracture prevention, since it has been suggested that vitamin D acts on cellular receptors in the muscles and nervous system to reduce muscle weakness and body sway, thereby preventing fall. Bone strength is defined by the bone mineral density plus bone quality, and vitamin D is also thought to improve bone quality and increase bone strength, although its effect on bone mineral density is only small. Vitamin D insufficiency is prevalent at a high rate in senior citizens and we suggest that vitamin D supplementation in this population is useful for prevention of fracture and fall.

Serum 25-OHD insufficiency as a risk factor for hip fracture.

The aging population and an increasing number of hip fractures worldwide have made prevention of hip fractures a matter of importance. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in patients with acute hip fracture has been reported widely in recent years, and the vitamin D nutritional status in such reports is usually evaluated based on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD). The aim of this article is to review the relationship of serum 25-OHD and osteoporotic fracture and the prevalence of 25-OHD insufficiency in patients with hip fracture, including assessment of nutritional status, oral status, activity, and dementia. We conclude that the serum 25-OHD level may be a useful index for risk of hip fracture in elderly people.

[The relationship between vitamin D insufficiency and hip fracture].

Recently the relationship of vitamin D insufficiency and fracture is noticed in elderly people. Vitamin D nutritional status is evaluated by measuring serum 25 (OH) D. Higher prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency is observed in the patients with hip fracture. This suggests that vitamin D insufficiency is one of fracture risk factor and improvement of vitamin D status reduce fracture risk. With the results of recent studies, we would like to discuss about fractures from the viewpoint of vitamin D insufficiency.