[Changes of endotoxin concentration in blood serum in patients with uncomplicated acute myocardial Q-infarction].

The effectiveness of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treatment does not correspond to high material costs for the study of its pathogenesis and development of new drugs. This circumstance gives the grounds to assume existence of nowadays unknown mechanisms of emergence and development of this disease. High probability of participation of endotoxin (ET) in the pathogenesis of AMI was theoretically proved by us for more than a quarter of the century ago, but it's clinical evidence to date is not found yet. As a result of the study a significant increase of endotoxin (ET) concentration in the blood serum of patients with AMI increasing from 1 to 14 day of the disease has been found. In women the concentration of ET was higher than in men. It allows to qualify the EA as a factor probably influencing the known difference in AMI tolerance in men and women. The source of ET were Bacteroides (most often--67.8% of patients), Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Escherichia coli. One or two bacteria more often took part in the development of EA. In 9.1% of patients the etiology of EA could not be verified, what indicates the presence of other sources of EA, not evaluated in this study. In 25% of patients with AMI serologic evidence of systemic candidiasis, caused by candida Albicans, has been found, what is able to enhance the biological effects of ET.

[Emotional stress as a clinical model to study the pathogenesis of the initial phase of the general adaptation syndrome].

INTRODUCTION: General adaptation syndrome (GAS), the basis of the development of which is stress phenomenon, is an essential component of the pathogenesis of many diseases and syndromes. However, the patho genesis of GAS hitherto is considered exclusively from the endocrinological viewpoint. This relates primarily to the initial phase of the GAS, a clinical model for the study of which may be psycho-emotional stress (PES), which we studied using three groups of volunteers. METHODS: The first one consists of 25 students who were waiting for unaccustomed physical activity (17 men) and play debut on the stage (8 women). The second group consists of 48 children (2-14 years) who expected for "planned" surgery. The third group of volunteers is made up of 80 students (41 women and 39 men) during the first exam. The concentration of cortisol, endotoxin (ET), the activity of antiendotoxin immunity (AEI) and the haemostatic system parameters were determined in the blood serum of volunteers in various combinations. RESULTS: We found laboratory evidence for PES at 92% of students of the first group, 58% of children of the second one and in 21% of students of the third group of volunteers (mostly women). The concentration of ET increased at 13 (52%) volunteers of the first group with a significant increase of average indicators in the whole group (from 0.84 ± 0.06 to 1.19 ± 0.04 EU/ml). At children of the second group, the average concentration of ET increased even more significantly (from 0.42 ± 0.02 to 1.63 ± 0.11 EU/ml), which was accompanied by the activation of the hemostasis system. A degree of the activation was directly dependent on the level of ET in the general circulation and on an activity of AEI. Examination stress in the third group of volunteers is accompanied by activation of plasma hemostasis (increased initial thrombosis rate and reduced the time it starts, lag-period) in 26% of female students and 15% of male students. CONCLUSION: We suggest that it is possible to use the PES as a clinical model for studying the initial phase of the GAS, examine the role of excess of intestinal ET in the general blood circulation (endotoxin aggression) in the induction of systemic inflammation, which is very likely participated in the initiation of the GAS.

[Nutritional factors of inflammation induction or lipid mechanism of intestinal endotoxin transport].

Food behavior disorderes (high fat diet) and systematic strong drinks use could be the most important causes of excess intake of intestinal endotoxin (ET) in circulation (endotoxin aggression development) and induction of inflammation. In this work we investigated antiendotoxin immunity activity, ET level and some biochemical parameters in two group of patients, which were treated with orlistat or medical starvation. We suggest that lipid component of food takes a part in mechanism of ET delivery in bloodstream and its recycling in hydrophobic form. High serum ET level in obesity patients could be direct corollary of excess fat intake and strong drinks use. It provides increased lipid absorption in circulation. Fatty tissue could be depot of ET hydrophobic form in organism. We also suggest that lipid mechanism takes a part in ET deposition in bloodstream. Prolonged starvation and anorexia leads to development inflammatory changing like systematic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

[Intestinal microflora and concomitant gastrointestinal diseases in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C]. / Kishechnaia mikroflora i soputstvuiushchie zabolevaniia zheludochno-kishechnogo trakta u bol'nykh khronicheskimi virusnymi gepatitami B and C.

In chronic viral hepatitis B and C the development of intestinal dysbacteriosis and high occurrence of concomitant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract were observed. In cases of increased dysbacteriosis degree and in the presence of concomitant diseases the blood plasma of patients exhibited higher activity in reaction with the of amebocytes lysate obtained from crabs of the genus Limulus. A suggestion was made that the endotoxin of Gram negative intestinal microflora could probably play some role in the development of pathological processes in chronic viral hepatitis B and C.

[Functional activity of endotoxin binding factors in chronic viral hepatitis B and C]. / Funktsional'naia aktivnost' faktorov, sviazyvaiushchikh éndotoksin, pri khronicheskikh virusnykh gepatitakh B i C..

The functional state of cell-mediated and humoral antiendotoxin factors in patients with chronic viral hepatitides B and C has been studied. A decreased content of antibodies to glycolipid of chemotype Re and to Escherichia coli O14 with common enterobacterial antigen was shown to occur in these diseases. In addition, a decreased number of neutrophils, eosinophils and thrombocytes has been noted. The conclusion has been made that patients with chronic hepatitides are not protected from the pathogenic action of endotoxin penetrating from the intestines into the systemic blood stream.

[On possible prognostic values of anti-endotoxin immunological parameters in acute myocardial infarction]. / O vozmozhnom prognosticheskom znachenii pokazatelei anti-éndotoksinovogo immuniteta pri ostrom infarkte miokarda.

Endotoxin is a biologically active substance that has a lipopolysaccharide structure. It is found in the cell walls of microorganisms, principally gram-negative bacteria. By contacting with the cell, endotoxin enhances immunity. The findings suggest that acute myocardial infarction (AMI) occurs due to low immunity that remains the same at week 3 of the disease, thus the levels of antiendotoxin agents may be used in predicting AMI.

A single endotoxin aggression causes dose-dependent reversible activation of rat liver Ito cells without their transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts.

The effect of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide on rat hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells was studied. The damage and regeneration potential of the liver were evaluated by activation of perisinusoidal Ito cells and proliferative activity of liver cells. Compensatory and repair reactions in the liver induced by lipopolysaccharide manifested by proliferation of liver cells and reversible activation of Ito cells without their transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts.

[Morphological characteristics of endocrine cells of the intestine in experimental Escherichia infection]. / Morfologicheskie osobennosti éndokrinnykh kletok kishechnika pri éksperimental'nom ésherikhioze.

Ultrastructural investigation and quantitative analysis of endocrine cells of intestine were studied at the period from 15 minutes to 24 hours after inoculation using the model of experimental esherichiosis. The results obtained allow to determine the succession of changes of different types of endocrine cells in dependence on localization and duration of influence.

[The morphological characteristics of the intestinal endocrine cells in mice]. / Morfologicheskaia kharakteristika éndokrinnykh kletok kishechnika myshei.

Ultrastructural investigation and quantitative analysis of endocrine cells of intestine were studied in mice. The results obtained allow the quantitative composition and cytotopography of endocrine cells in different sections of small and large intestine in mice. The combination of these methods obtained allow to describe 15 types of endocrinocytes, and to demonstrate these localizations and electron microscopy characteristics.

[The functional morphology of the intestines in escherichiosis]. / Funktsional'naia morfologiia kishechnika pri ésherikhioze.

Inflammatory, degenerative and neurocirculatory disturbances in the intestine of children suffering from colibacillosis was followed by pronounced immune reactions: the number of IgG-, IgM- and IgE-containing cells increased and that of IgA-containing cells decreased, the number of enteroendocrinocytes and labrocytes changed. Progressing disturbances of blood circulation enhanced trophic changes of the mucosa, resulting in various complications. The data obtained allowed us to distinguish the syndrome of capillary-trophic insufficiency in the patho- and morphogenesis of colibacillosis.

[Ultrastructure of the epithelial cells of the duodenum at the early stages of experimental Escherichia infection]. / Ul'trastruktura épitelial'nykh kletok dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki na rannikh étapakh éksperimental'nogo ésherikhioza.

Ultrastructural changes of duodenal epitheliocytes were studied at the period from 15 minutes to 24 hours after inoculation using the model of experimental esherichiosis. The results obtained allow to determine the succession of ultrastructural changes and dynamics of adenylate cyclase activity of epithelial cells, involvement of endocrine cells in the pathological process. Combination of the certain morphological and cytochemical reactions and their dynamics allowed to make conclusions about typical ultrastructural changes in epitheliocytes at the early stages of experimental esherichiosis.

[Morphofunctional characteristics of the duodenum in the early stages of experimental escherichiosis]. / Morfofunktsional'naia kharakteristika dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki na rannikh étapakh éksperimental'nogo ésherikhioza.

Using the model of experimental colibacillosis in mice morphological, immunomorphological and morphometrical studies of duodenum 1 to 24 hours after inoculation were performed. Typical dynamics of cellular composition in the intestinal wall, accompanied with increased lymphoplasmacellular infiltration, and dystrophic changes in cells of submucosal and intermuscular neuroplexuses were found. The data obtained testify, that the infectious process at the acute state of experimental colibacillosis has an immune character (immediate hypersensitivity of local type), characterised by increasing in immunoglobulin-containing cells and including in this process of mast and endocrine cells.