A novel role of IGFBP5 in the migration, invasion and spheroids formation induced by IGF-I and insulin in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

PURPOSE: The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system includes IGF-I, IGF-II insulin and their membrane receptors. IGF system also includes a family of proteins namely insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) composed for six major members (IGFBP-1 to IGFBP6), which capture, transport and prolonging half-life of IGFs. However, it has been described that IGFBPs can also have other functions. METHODS: IGFBP5 expression was inhibited by shRNAs, migration was analyzed by scratch-wound assays, invasion assays were performed by the Boyden chamber method, spheroids formation assays were performed on ultra-low attachment surfaces, expression and phosphorylation of proteins were analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS: IGFBP5 is a repressor of IGF-IR expression, but it is not a repressor of IR in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In addition, IGFBP5 is a suppressor of migration and MMP-9 secretion induced by IGF-I and insulin, but it does not regulate invasion in MCF-7 cells. IGFBP5 also is a repressor of MCF-7 spheroids formation. However treatment with 340 nM rescues the inhibitory effect of IGFBP in the MCF-7 spheroids formation. CONCLUSION: IGFBP5 regulates IGF-IR expression, migration and MMP-9 secretion induced by IGF-I and/or insulin, and the spheroids formation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Benzo[a]pyrene promotes an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition process in MCF10A cells and mammary tumor growth and brain metastasis in female mice.

Breast cancer is the most frequent neoplasia in developed countries and the leading cause of death in women worldwide. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular process through which epithelial cells decrease or lose their epithelial characteristics and gain mesenchymal properties. EMT mediates tumor progression, because tumor cells acquire the capacity to execute the multiple steps of invasion and metastasis. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is an environmental organic pollutant generated during the burning of fossil fuels, wood, and other organic materials. B[a]P exposition increases the incidence of breast cancer, and induces migration and/or invasion in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. However, the role of B[a]P in the induction of an EMT process and metastasis of mammary carcinoma cells has not been studied in detail. In this study, we demonstrate that B[a]P induces an EMT process in MCF10A mammary non-tumorigenic epithelial cells. In addition, B[a]P promotes the formation of larger tumors in Balb/cJ mice inoculated with 4T1 cells than in untreated mice and treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). B[a]P also increases the number of mice with metastasis to brain and the total number of brain metastatic nodules in Balb/cJ mice inoculated with 4T1 cells compared with untreated mice and treated with DMSO. In conclusion, B[a]P induces an EMT process in MCF10A cells and the growth of mammary tumors and metastasis to brain in Balb/cJ mice inoculated with 4T1 cells.

Recent evaluation by nephrologists is associated with decreased incidence of tunneled dialysis catheter being used at the time of first arteriovenous access creation.

OBJECTIVE: Late primary care provider (PCP) or nephrologist evaluation of patients with progressive kidney disease may be associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Among patients undergoing initial arteriovenous (AV) access creation, we aimed to study the relationship of recent PCP and nephrologist evaluations with perioperative morbidity and mortality. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of patients from 2014 to 2022 who underwent initial AV access creation at an urban, safety-net hospital. Univariable and multivariable analyses identified associations of PCP and nephrologist evaluations <1 year and <3 months before surgery, respectively, with hemodialysis initiation via tunneled dialysis catheters (TDCs), 90-day readmission, and 90-day mortality. RESULTS: Among 558 patients receiving initial AV access, mean age was 59.7 ± 14 years, 59% were female gender, and 60.6% were Black race. Recent PCP and nephrology evaluations occurred in 386 (69%) and 362 (65%) patients, respectively. On multivariable analysis, unemployed and uninsured statuses were associated with decreased likelihood of PCP evaluation (unemployment: odds ratio [OR], 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34-0.77; uninsured status: OR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01-0.45) and nephrologist evaluation (unemployment: OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.43-0.91; uninsured status: OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.06-0.83) (all P < .05). Social support was associated with increased likelihood of PCP evaluation (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.07-3.08) (all P < .05). Hemodialysis was initiated with TDCs in 304 patients (55%). Older age (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96-0.99), obesity (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.25-0.58), and nephrologist evaluation (OR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.08-0.19) were independently associated with decreased hemodialysis initiation with TDCs in patients receiving an initial AV access (all P < .05). Ninety-day readmission occurred in 270 cases (48%). Cirrhosis (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.03-6.03; P = .04), coronary artery disease (OR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.5-3.57), prosthetic AV access (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.04-3.26), and impaired ambulation (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.15-2.66) were independently associated with increased readmission (all P < .05). Older age (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97-0.99), prior TDC (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.45-0.94), and unemployment (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.39-0.86) were associated with decreased readmission (all P < .05). Ninety-day mortality occurred in 1.6% of patients. Neither PCP nor nephrologist evaluation was associated with readmission or mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Recent nephrology evaluation was associated with reduced hemodialysis initiation with TDCs among patients undergoing initial AV access creation. Unemployed and uninsured statuses posed barriers to accessing nephrology care.

Bisphenol A increases the size of primary mammary tumors and promotes metastasis in a murine model of breast cancer.

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast tumor characterized for the absence of estrogen and progesterone receptors expression and low HER2/neu expression. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting chemical with estrogenic activity that has been associated with increasing rates of breast cancer. Moreover, BPA is a solid organic synthetic chemical employed in the manufacture of many consumer products, epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics including baby bottles, containers for food and beverages, and the lining of beverage cans. The G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is activated by endogenous hormones and synthetic ligands, such as BPA. GPER is expressed in TNBC cells and its expression is associated with larger tumor size, metastasis and worse survival prognosis. In breast cancer cells, BPA induces activation of signal transduction pathways that mediates migration and invasion via GPER in human TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells. In this study, we demonstrate that BPA induces an increase of GPER expression and its translocation from cytosol to cytoplasmic membrane, metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 secretion, migration and invasion in murine TNBC 4T1 cells. In a murine TNBC model "in vivo" using 4T1 cells, BPA induces the formation of mammary tumors with more weight and volume, and an increase in the number of mice with metastasis to lung and nodules in lung compared with tumors and metastasis to lung of untreated Balb/cJ mice. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that BPA mediates the growth of mammary primary tumors and metastasis to lung in a murine model of breast cancer.

Shotgun Proteomics of Co-Cultured Leukemic and Bone Marrow Stromal Cells from Different Species as a Preliminary Approach to Detect Intercellular Protein Transfer.

Cellular interactions within the bone marrow microenvironment modulate the properties of subsets of leukemic cells leading to the development of drug-resistant phenotypes. The intercellular transfer of proteins and organelles contributes to this process but the set of transferred proteins and their effects in the receiving cells remain unclear. This study aimed to detect the intercellular protein transfer from mouse bone marrow stromal cells (OP9 cell line) to human T-lymphoblasts (CCRF-CEM cell line) using nanoLC-MS/MS-based shotgun proteomics in a 3D co-culture system. After 24 h of co-culture, 1513 and 67 proteins from human and mouse origin, respectively, were identified in CCRF-CEM cells. The presence of mouse proteins in the human cell line, detected by analyzing the differences in amino acid sequences of orthologous peptides, was interpreted as the result of intercellular transfer. The transferred proteins might have contributed to the observed resistance to vincristine, methotrexate, and hydrogen peroxide in the co-cultured leukemic cells. Our results suggest that shotgun proteomic analyses of co-cultured cells from different species could be a simple option to get a preliminary survey of the proteins exchanged among interacting cells.

Caveolae Microdomains Mediate STAT5 Signaling Induced by Insulin in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells.

Caveolae are small plasma membrane invaginations constituted for membrane proteins namely caveolins and cytosolic proteins termed cavins, which can occupy up to 50% of the surface of mammalian cells. The caveolae have been involved with a variety of cellular processes including regulation of cellular signaling. Insulin is a hormone that mediates a variety of physiological processes through activation of insulin receptor (IR), which is a tyrosine kinase receptor expressed in all mammalian tissues. Insulin induces activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) family members including STAT5. In this study, we demonstrate, for the first time, that insulin induces phosphorylation of STAT5 at tyrosine-694 (STAT5-Tyr(P)694), STAT5 nuclear accumulation and an increase in STAT5-DNA complex formation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Insulin also induces nuclear accumulation of STAT5-Tyr(P)694, caveolin-1, and IR in MCF-7 cells. STAT5 nuclear accumulation and the increase of STAT5-DNA complex formation require the integrity of caveolae and microtubule network. Moreover, insulin induces an increase and nuclear accumulation of STAT5-Tyr(P)694 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. In conclusion, results demonstrate that caveolae and microtubule network play an important role in STAT5-Tyr(P)694, STAT5 nuclear accumulation and STAT5-DNA complex formation induced by insulin in breast cancer cells.

Bovine holo-lactoferrin inhibits migration and invasion in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.

PURPOSE: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in developed countries and the main cause of deaths in women worldwide. Lactoferrin (Lf) is an iron-binding protein constituted for a single polypeptide chain that is folded into two symmetrical lobes that bind Fe2+ or Fe3+. Lf has the ability to reversibly bind Fe3+ and is found free of Fe3+ (Apo-Lf) or associated with Fe3+ (Holo-Lf) with a different three-dimensional conformation. However, the role of bovine Apo-Lf (Apo-BLf) and bovine Holo-Lf (Holo-BLf) in the migration and invasion induced by linoleic acid (LA) and fetal bovine serum (FBS), as well as in the expression of mesenchymal and epithelial proteins in breast cancer cells has not been studied. METHODS AND RESULTS: Scratch wound assays demonstrated that Holo-BLf and Apo-BLf do not induce migration, however they differentially inhibit the migration induced by FBS and LA in breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. Western blot, invasion, zymography and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy assays demonstrated that Holo-BLf partly inhibit the invasion, FAK phosphorylation at tyrosine (Tyr)-397 and MMP-9 secretion, whereas it increased the number and size of focal adhesions induced by FBS in MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, Holo-BLf induced a slight increase of E-cadherin expression in MCF-7 cells, and inhibited vimentin expression in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. CONCLUSION: Holo-BLf inhibits cellular processes that mediate the invasion process in breast cancer cells.

Cancer-associated Fibroblasts Communicate with Breast Tumor Cells Through Extracellular Vesicles in Tumor Development.

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. In solid tumors, the microenvironment plays a critical role in tumor development, and it has been described a communication between the different cell types that conform the stroma, including fibroblasts, pericytes, adipocytes, immune cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Intercellular communication is bidirectional, complex, multifactorial and is mediated by the secretion of molecules and extracellular vesicles. The extracellular vesicles are vesicles limited by two membranes that are secreted by normal and cancer cells into the extracellular space. Extracellular vesicle cargo is complex and includes proteins, miRNAs, DNA and lipids, and their composition is specific to their parent cells. Extracellular vesicles are taken up for neighboring or distant cells. Particularly, extracellular vesicles from breast cancer cells are taken up for fibroblasts and it induces the activation of fibroblasts into cancer-associated fibroblasts. Interestingly, cancer associated fibroblasts release extracellular vesicles that are taken up for breast cancer cells and promote migration, invasion, proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, changes in metabolism, chemoresistance, evasion of immune system and remodeling of extracellular matrix. In addition, the enrichment of specific cargos in extracellular vesicles of breast cancer patients has been suggested to be used as biomarkers of the disease. Here we review the current literature about the intercommunication between tumor cells and cancer associated fibroblasts through extracellular vesicles in breast cancer.

Allelic overload and its clinical modifier effect in Bardet-Biedl syndrome.

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is an autosomal recessive ciliopathy characterized by extensive inter- and intra-familial variability, in which oligogenic interactions have been also reported. Our main goal is to elucidate the role of mutational load in the clinical variability of BBS. A cohort of 99 patients from 77 different families with biallelic pathogenic variants in a BBS-associated gene was retrospectively recruited. Human Phenotype Ontology terms were used in the annotation of clinical symptoms. The mutational load in 39 BBS-related genes was studied in index cases using different molecular and next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches. Candidate allele combinations were analysed using the in silico tools ORVAL and DiGePred. After clinical annotation, 76 out of the 99 cases a priori fulfilled established criteria for diagnosis of BBS or BBS-like. BBS1 alleles, found in 42% of families, were the most represented in our cohort. An increased mutational load was excluded in 41% of the index cases (22/54). Oligogenic inheritance was suspected in 52% of the screened families (23/45), being 40 tested by means of NGS data and 5 only by traditional methods. Together, ORVAL and DiGePred platforms predicted an oligogenic effect in 44% of the triallelic families (10/23). Intrafamilial variable severity could be clinically confirmed in six of the families. Our findings show that the presence of more than two alleles in BBS-associated genes correlated in six families with a more severe phenotype and associated with specific findings, highlighting the role of the mutational load in the management of BBS cases.

Extracellular vesicles from blood of breast cancer women induce angiogenic processes in HUVECs.

Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy among women in developed countries and the main cause of death related to cancer in women worldwide. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicles with a variable size enclosed within a phospholipid bilayer that contain a variety of molecules with biological activity. Cancer cells release EVs that induce proliferation, escape from apoptosis, reprogramming energy metabolism, invasion and metastasis. In this study we studied whether EV fractions deprived of platelet EVs from breast cancer women (BC EVs) can mediate cell processes related with angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Our findings demonstrate that BC EVs enhance migration, invasion and formation of new tubules in HUVECs, compared with EV fractions deprived of platelet EVs from healthy women (Ctrl EVs). In summary, we demonstrate, for the first time, that BC EVs induce cellular processes in HUVECs that participate in angiogenesis.

Detection and Molecular Identification of Eight Candida Species in Clinical Samples by Simplex PCR.

Systemic candidiasis is a frequent opportunistic mycosis that can be life-threatening. Its main etiological agent is Candida albicans; however, the isolation of non-albicans Candida species has been increasing. Some of these species exhibit greater resistance to antifungals, so the rapid and specific identification of yeasts is crucial for a timely diagnosis and optimal treatment of patients. Multiple molecular assays have been developed, based mainly on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), showing high specificity and sensitivity to detect and identify Candida spp. Nevertheless, its application in diagnosis has been limited due to specialized infrastructure or methodological complexity. The objective of this study was to develop a PCR assay that detects and identifies some of the most common pathogenic Candida species and evaluate their diagnostic utility in blood samples and bronchial lavage. A pair of oligonucleotides was designed, CandF and CandR, based on sequence analysis of the 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S region of the rDNA of Candida spp., deposited in GenBank. The designed oligonucleotides identified C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei/Pichia kudriazevii, C. guilliermondii/Meyerozyma guilliermondii, C. lusitaniae/Clavispora lusitaniae, and C. dubliniensis using simplex PCR based on the amplicon size, showing a detection limit of 10 pg/µL of DNA or 103 yeasts/mL. Based on cultures as the gold standard, it was determined that the sensitivity (73.9%), specificity (96.3%), and the positive (94.4%) and negative (81.2%) predictive values of the PCR assay with the designed oligonucleotides justify their reliable use in diagnosis.

Extracellular vesicles from MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells stimulated with insulin-like growth factor 1 mediate an epithelial-mesenchymal transition process in MCF10A mammary epithelial cells.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plays an important role in function and development of the mammary gland. However, high levels of IGF-1 has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer development. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process where epithelial cells lose their epithelial characteristics and acquire a mesenchymal phenotype, which is considered one of the most important mechanisms in cancer initiation and promotion of metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released into the extracellular space by different cell types, which mediate intercellular communication and play an important role in different physiological and pathological processes, such as cancer. In this study, we demonstrate that EVs from MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells stimulated with IGF-1 (IGF-1 EVs) decrease the levels of E-cadherin, increase the expression of vimentin and N-cadherin and stimulate the secretion of metalloproteinase-9 in mammary non-tumorigenic epithelial cells MCF10A. IGF-1 EVs also induce the expression of Snail1, Twist1 and Sip1, which are transcription factors involved in EMT. Moreover, IGF-1 EVs induce activation of ERK1/2, Akt1 and Akt2, migration and invasion. In summary, we demonstrate, for the first time, that IGF-1 EVs induce an EMT process in mammary non-tumorigenic epithelial cells MCF10A.

Arthroscopic and Endoscopic Treatment of Proximal Rectus Femoris Avulsion.

Proximal rectus femoris avulsion (PRFA) is an uncommon injury that is poorly reported in the literature. Historically, these injuries have been treated nonoperatively or with open techniques. This is the first study showing endoscopic treatment of this injury. We present a systematic review of PRFA treatment and a case report of a patient whose injury was treated endoscopically. Sixty-four injuries were reported across several sports. Patients underwent nonoperative management, suture repair, suture anchor repair, or excision of the tendon stump. Surgical complications included lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury and wound complications. The patient who underwent arthroscopic treatment had a good outcome. [Orthopedics. 2022;45(1):e1-e6.].

Effect on Human Vascular Endothelial Cells of Au Nanoparticles Synthesized from Vitex mollis.

A green method for synthesizing gold nanoparticles is proposed using hydroethanolic extract of Vitex mollis fruit (Vm extract) as a reducer and stabilizer. The formation of gold nanoparticles synthesized with Vm extract (AuVmNPs) was monitored by measuring the ultraviolet-visible spectra. The morphology and crystalline phase were determined using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Synthesized nanoparticles were generally spherical, and the size distribution obtained by transmission electron microscopy shows two populations with mean sizes of 12.5 and 22.5 nm. Cell viability assay using MTT and cellular apoptosis studies using annexin V on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the human mammary epithelial cell line (MCF10A) indicate that AuVmNPs have low toxicity. Cell migration tests indicate that AuVmNPs significantly inhibit HUVEC cell migration in a dose-dependent manner. The evaluation of the localization of AuVmNPs in HUVECs using confocal laser scanning microscopy indicates that nanoparticles penetrate cells and are found in the cytosol without preferential distribution and without entering the nucleus. The inhibitory effect on cellular migration and low toxicity suggest AuVmNPs as appropriate candidates in future studies of antiangiogenic activity.

Epidemiology of Systemic Mycoses in the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The physiopathologic characteristics of COVID-19 (high levels of inflammatory cytokines and T-cell reduction) promote fungal colonization and infection, which can go unnoticed because the symptoms in both diseases are very similar. The objective of this work was to study the current epidemiology of systemic mycosis in COVID-19 times. A literature search on the subject (January 2020-February 2021) was performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and LILACS without language restrictions. Demographic data, etiological agent, risk factors, diagnostic methods, antifungal treatment, and fatality rate were considered. Eighty nine publications were found on co-infection by COVID-19 and pneumocystosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis, coccidioidomycosis, or histoplasmosis. In general, the co-infections occurred in males over the age of 40 with immunosuppression caused by various conditions. Several species were identified in candidiasis and aspergillosis co-infections. For diagnosis, diverse methods were used, from microbiological to molecular. Most patients received antifungals; however, the fatality rates were 11-100%. The latter may result because the clinical picture is usually attributed exclusively to SARS-CoV-2, preventing a clinical suspicion for mycosis. Diagnostic tests also have limitations beginning with sampling. Therefore, in the remainder of the pandemic, these diagnostic limitations must be overcome to achieve a better patient prognosis.

Application of a Poisson deep neural network model for the prediction of count data in genome-based prediction.

Genomic selection (GS) is revolutionizing conventional ways of developing new plants and animals. However, because it is a predictive methodology, GS strongly depends on statistical and machine learning to perform these predictions. For continuous outcomes, more models are available for GS. Unfortunately, for count data outcomes, there are few efficient statistical machine learning models for large datasets or for datasets with fewer observations than independent variables. For this reason, in this paper, we applied the univariate version of the Poisson deep neural network (PDNN) proposed earlier for genomic predictions of count data. The model was implemented with (a) the negative log-likelihood of Poisson distribution as the loss function, (b) the rectified linear activation unit as the activation function in hidden layers, and (c) the exponential activation function in the output layer. The advantage of the PDNN model is that it captures complex patterns in the data by implementing many nonlinear transformations in the hidden layers. Moreover, since it was implemented in Tensorflow as the back-end, and in Keras as the front-end, the model can be applied to moderate and large datasets, which is a significant advantage over previous GS models for count data. The PDNN model was compared with deep learning models with continuous outcomes, conventional generalized Poisson regression models, and conventional Bayesian regression methods. We found that the PDNN model outperformed the Bayesian regression and generalized Poisson regression methods in terms of prediction accuracy, although it was not better than the conventional deep neural network with continuous outcomes.

Extracellular Vesicles from Human Plasma Show a Distinctive Proteome and miRNome Profile in Patients with Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions.

Cutaneous drug-induced reactions are immune-mediated responses that can lead to life-threatening diseases such as drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis, collectively known as severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs). Unfortunately, they cannot be predicted during drug development, and, at present, a prognostic biomarker is not available nor are validated in vitro assays for diagnosis. Thus, by using proteomic and microarray miRNA analysis, the cargo of extracellular vesicles obtained from SCARs patients was analyzed and correlated with the severity of the reaction. Confirmatory assays using Western blot and qRT-PCR were performed to validate findings, and bioinformatic tools were used to establish the correlation between protein and miRNAs expression between groups. The proteomic analysis showed an increase in the amount of pro-inflammatory proteins, von Willebrand factor, and C-reactive protein and a decrease in anti-inflammatory and protective proteins in the SCARs group compared with the control group. Additionally, histone protein H2A was enriched in DRESS patients. APO1 and SERPINA4 proteins, highly increased in the control group but absent in the SCARs group, are the target of several overexpressed miRNAs, suggesting that the regulation of these proteins might involve gene silencing and protein repressing mechanisms in the severe patients. According with previous reports showing its presence in plasma and T-cells, microRNA miR-18 was upregulated in extracellular vesicles obtained from the most severe patients. Determination of the unique cargo associated with different disease conditions will help to understand the pathophysiology of these complex reactions and might help to develop novel biomarkers for life-threatening iatrogenic cutaneous disease.

Role of Src/FAK in migration and invasion mediated by extracellular vesicles from MDA-MB-231 cells stimulated with linoleic acid.

Linoleic acid (LA) is the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid in occidental diets, which mediate a variety of processes in human breast cancer cells, including migration and invasion. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicles released from endosomes and plasma membrane that are composed of a variety of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. EVs from cancer cells promote processes related with cancer progression. In the present study, we demonstrate that treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with EVs from MDA-MB-231 cells stimulated with LA (LA EVs) promote migration and invasion via Src activity. LA EVs induce activation of FAK via Src activity and of Src and Akt2. LA EVs also induce the assembly of focal adhesions and MMP-9 secretion. These findings demonstrate that LA EVs mediate an autocrine and/or paracrine Src/FAK signaling pathway to promote migration and invasion.

Antifungal Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Candida glabrata in Ibero-America.

In different regions worldwide, there exists an intra-and inter-regional variability in the rates of resistance to antifungal agents in Candida glabrata, highlighting the importance of understanding the epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility profiles of C. glabrata in each region. However, in some regions, such as Ibero-America, limited data are available in this context. Therefore, in the present study, a systematic review was conducted to determine the antifungal resistance in C. glabrata in Ibero-America over the last five years. A literature search for articles published between January 2015 and December 2020 was conducted without language restrictions, using the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and LILACS databases. The search terms that were used were "Candida glabrata" AND "antifungal resistance" AND "Country", and 22 publications were retrieved from different countries. The use of azoles (fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole, ketoconazole, and miconazole) varied between 4.0% and 100%, and that of echinocandins (micafungin, caspofungin, and anidulafungin) between 1.1% and 10.0%. The limited information on this subject in the region of Ibero-America emphasizes the need to identify the pathogens at the species level and perform antifungal susceptibility tests that may lead to the appropriate use of these drugs and the optimal doses in order to avoid the development of antifungal resistance or multi-resistance.

Linoleic acid induces secretion of extracellular vesicles from MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells that mediate cellular processes involved with angiogenesis in HUVECs.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicles secreted by normal and malignant cells that are implicated in tumor progression. Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid that induces migration, invasion and an increase in phospholipase D activity in breast cancer cells. In this study, we determined whether stimulation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with LA induces the secretion of EVs, which can mediate cell processes related with angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Our findings demonstrate that treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with 90 µM LA for 48 h induce an increase in the number of EVs released. Moreover, EVs from MDA-MB-231 stimulated with 90 µM LA induce FAK and Src activation and migration via FAK and Src activity, whereas the secretion of these EVs is through FFAR1 and FFAR4 activation in HUVECs. The EVs from MDA-MB-231 cells treated with LA also increase proliferation, invasion, MMP-9 secretion, an increase of MMP-2 secretion and formation of new tubules in HUVECs. In summary, we demonstrate, for the first time, that treatment with LA induces the release of EVs from MDA-MB-231 cells that induce cellular processes involved with angiogenesis in HUVECs.